SL NO.

2/Sem 5/I

Scoring Indicators

Model Question Paper I

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES AND FHP MOTORS

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PART A

I. 1 1 1
Cylindrical rotor type (non salient pole type)

I. 2 1 1
Demagnetization

I. 3 0.5x2 1
Terminal voltage and generated emf.

I. 4 1 1
EMF Method (Synchronous impedance method)

I. 5 0.5x2 1
Dark lamp method,

bright lamp method,

synchroscope

I. 6 0.5x2 1
A. Over excited

B. Motor on no load or light load

I. 7 1 1
Shows the relationship between armature current and
excitation current.

I. 8 1 1
The angle between brush axis and filed axis should be other
than 0 or 90 degree to develop a net torque at the starting of
the motor.

I. 9 0.5x2 1
A. Permanent magnet

B. Hybrid

C. Variable reluctance
 PART B

II. 1 Slots per pole n = 18/2 = 9 3

Slot angle β = 180/n = 180/9 =20 degree 3

Slots per pole per phase m= 9/3 =3

Distribution factor Kd = sin (mβ/2) / m sin (β/2)

= sin (3*20 /2) / 3* sin(20/2) = 0.959

II.2 Any three advantages each carry one mark.

1. The generation level of AC voltage may be higher as

11 KV to 33 KV. This gets induced in the armature.
For stationary armature large space can be provided to
accommodate large numbers of conductors and the
insulation.
2. It is always better to protect high voltage winding from
the centrifugal forces caused due to the rotation. This
avoids the interaction of mechanical and electrical
stresses.
3. It is easier to collect larger currents at very high
voltage from a stationary member than from the slip
ring and brush assembly. The voltage required to be
supplied to the field is very low (110 V to 220 V d.c.)
and hence can be easily supplied with the help of slip
ring and brush assembly by keeping it rotating.
4. The problem of sparking at the slip rings can be
avoided by keeping the field rotating which is a low
voltage circuit and high voltage armature as stationary.
5. Due to low voltage level on the field side, the
insulation required is less and hence the field system
has very low inertia. It is always better to rotate low
inertia systems than high inertia, as efforts required to
rotate low inertia systems are always less.
6. Rotating field makes the overall construction very
simple. With simple, robust mechanical construction
and low inertia of the rotor, it can be driven at high
speeds. So greater output can be obtained from an
alternator of given size.
7. If the field is rotating, to excite it to an external DC
supply two slip rings are enough. Once each for
positive and negative terminals.
The ventilation arrangement for high voltage side can be
improved if it is kept stationary.
II. 3
Describe the ZPF characteristics of a synchronous generator.

Characteristics 1.5 marks

Explanation 1.5 marks

3 3

Zero power factor characteristics show the variation of

generated voltage to the excitation current under purely
inductive load.

II. 4
Explain the necessary conditions to be satisfied for parallel
operation of alternators.

4 points 3 marks

3 3
1. The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage
and the bus bar voltage should be identical.

2. The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar

or already running machine and the incoming
machine should be the same.

3. The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.

4. The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming

machine and the bus bar) should be nearly the same.
Large power transients will occur when frequencies
are not nearly equal.
II. 5
Describe the experimental method to plot the open circuit
characteristics of the alternator.

Circuit diagram 1.5 marks

Explanation 1 marks

Sample graph 0.5 marks

The alternator is run at rated synchronous speed and the load

terminals are kept open. That is, all the loads are
disconnected. the field current is set to zero,this condition is
called open circuit test.

The field current is gradually increased in steps, and the

terminal voltage Et is measured at each step. The excitation
current may be increased to get 25% more than rated voltage
of the alternator. A graph is plotted between the open circuit
voltage E and the field excitation current If.

3 3
II. 6
Define the term synchronizing current in parallel operation of
alternators.

Two alternators in parallel operation have equal voltages at its

terminals so no resultant voltage is produced between them.

If there is a disturbance in the system an unequal voltage

develops across the generator terminals.

Thus a resultant voltage is developed.

This developed voltage produces a synchronizing current

circulating between the machines.

This current will try to get back the synchronization by

delivering and consuming the energy.

3 3

II. 7
Develop the power flow diagram of a synchronous motor.

3 3

II. 8
Identify the basic features of synchronous motors.

Any 3 features each carry one mark.

I. Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting. 3

They require some external means to bring their speed
close to synchronous speed before they are
synchronized.
II. The speed of operation of a synchronous motor
 depends on the frequency of supply. for a particular
frequency the speed is constant irrespective of the
load.
III. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating
under any power factor. This makes it being used in
power factor improvement.

II. 9
Describe the necessary conditions to be satisfied to self start a
single phase induction motor.

1. Single phase supply should be split into two

2. Stator winding split into main field winding and

auxiliary winding.

3. The winding should have a phase difference of 90

degree.

4. Auxiliary winding has a high resistance compared to

main winding.

5. Now for producing this rotating magnetic field, we

require two alternating fluxes, having some phase
difference angle between them. When these two
fluxes interact with each other, they will produce a
resultant flux. This resultant flux is rotating in nature
and rotates in space in one particular direction only.

6. Once the motor starts running, we can remove the 3 3

additional flux. The motor will continue to run under
the influence of the main flux only.

II.10
Explain why a synchronous motor is known as a doubly
excited machine.

Figure 1.5 marks

Explanation 1.5 marks

 1.5x2 3
Synchronous motor works based on the interaction by two
magnetic fields

Fields created by AC supply provided on the stator side and

DC supply provided on the rotor side of the motor.

PART C

III 7
Frequency = PN/120 = 6x1200 /120 = 60 hz

Slots per pole = 54/6 = 9

7
Slots per pole per phase = 9/3 = 3

Slot angle β = 180/9 = 20 degree

Short pitch angle α = 20 degree

Pitch factor Kp = cos α/2 = cos 10 = 0.98

Distribution factor Kd = sin (mβ/2) / m sin (β/2) = sin (3*20

/2) / 3* sin (20/2) = 0.95

Total no of conductors = 54*2 =108

Total turns per phase = 108/2/3 = 18

EMF developed per phase = 4.44 ⱷ f Tph Kp Kd =

4.44*0.1*60*18*0.95*0.98 = 446.4 V

EMF per line = 773.2 V

IV
Slots per pole per phase m= 2

Slots per pole n = 6

Total no of slots = 60

Total no of conductors = 60x4 = 240

 No of turns per phase = 240/2/3 = 40

Slot angle β = 180/6 =30 degree

Coil span = 150 degree

Short pitched angle α = 30 degree

Pitch factor Kp = cos α/2 = cos 30/2 = 0.96

Distribution factor = sin (mβ/2) / m sin(β/2) = sin (2x30/2) / 2

sin (30/2)

Kd = 0.96

EMF developed = 4.44ⱷ f Tph Kp Kd = 4.44

*0.12*50*40*0.96*0.96

= 982.4 V

V
Compare the salient pole and cylindrical rotor type
synchronous generators.

Any 7 points each carry one mark.

Salient pole rotor cylindrical rotor type rotor

Air gap is no uniform. Air gap is Uniform.

Mechanically weak. Mechanically strong and

robust.

Poles are projecting out from Poles are non projected from
its surface. its surface.

Diameter is high and the Diameter is small and the

axial length is small. axial length is high.

Preferred only for low speed Preferred only for high

alternators ranging from 125 speed alternators ranging
r.p.m to 500 r.p.m. from 1500 r.p.m to 3000
r.p.m.

Separate damper winding is Separate damper winding is

necessary. not necessary.

For the same size of smooth For the same size of salient
 cylindrical type rotor, the pole type rotor, the rating is
rating is smaller. higher.

Preferred for hydroelectric Preferred for thermal and

power stations nuclear power stations.

1x7 7

VI
List out the advantages of short pitched and distributed type
winding in alternators.

7 points each carry one marks

Advantages of short pitched winding

1.The effect of harmonics will be eliminated, mainly 5th and

7th harmonics if we short pitch by 30°[approx.. ]. There is no
effect of triple harmonics in line voltage so 3rd harmonics will
be automatically eliminated.

2.Since harmonics are eliminated, generated emf will be more

sinusoidal which is our requirement.

3. With the elimination of harmonics, iron losses(which are

proportional to frequency) will be reduced. So,efficiency can
be improved.

4.Copper which are used at the end connections are reduced.

For large rated machines, reduction in copper will reduce the
cost of the machine considerably.

5.Since the net length of the coil is also reduced, leakage 1x4
inductance will be reduced, so inductive reactance is reduced,
so less voltage drop(IaXs), and so better will be the voltage
regulation.

Advantages of distributed type winding

a) It reduces harmonics present in the generated emf

which also improves the sine waveform.

b) It reduces armature reaction and improves cooling.

c) The coil is distributed over the slots, so the core

(copper and iron) is fully used.

d) It improves the mechanical strength of the winding.

1x3
 7

VII
V = 2000 V Ia = 100 A Ra = 0.8 ohm

Synchronous impedance Zs = open circuit voltage / short

circuit current

Zs = 500 / 100 = 5 ohm

Synchronous reactance Xs = √( 52-0.82) = 4.9 ohm

EMF per phase = √ (Vph cos ⱷ + Ia Ra)2 + (Vph sin ⱷ - Ia Xs)2

= √(2000*0.8 + 100*0.8)2 + (2000*0.6 - 100*0.6)2 = 1823 V

% regulation = (1823 -2000)/2000 *100 = -8.85 %

7 7

VIII
V = 3000 / √3 = 1732 V

Full load current = 200*1000/√3*3000 = 38 A

Ra = 0.6 ohm

Synchronous impedance = open circuit voltage / short circuit

current

Zs = 1040/√3 / 240 = 2.5 ohm

Synchronous reactance xs = √(2.52 - 0.62 ) = 2.42 ohm

EMF per phase = √(1732 *0.8 + 38 *0.6)2 + (1732*0.6 +

38*2.42)2 = 1806 V 7 7
%regulation = (1806 -1732)*100 /1732 = 4.3%

IX
Explain the working principle of synchronous motors with the
help of neat diagrams.

Figure 2 marks.

Explanation 5 marks.
 Synchronous motor is a doubly excited machine, i.e., two
electrical inputs are provided to it. We provide three-phase
supply to three-phase stator winding, and DC to the rotor
winding.

The 3 phase stator winding carrying 3 phase currents produces

3 phase rotating magnetic flux. The rotor carrying DC supply
also produces a constant flux. Considering the 50 Hz power
frequency, from the above relation we can see that the 3 phase
rotating flux rotates about 3000 revolutions in 1 min or 50
revolutions in 1 sec.

At a particular instant rotor and stator poles might be of the

same polarity (N-N or S-S) causing a repulsive force on the
rotor and the very next instant it will be N-S causing attractive
force. But due to the inertia of the rotor, it is unable to rotate
in any direction due to that attractive or repulsive forces, and
the rotor remains in standstill condition. Hence a synchronous
motor is not self-starting.

Here we use some mechanical means which initially rotates

the rotor in the same direction as the magnetic field to speed
very close to synchronous speed. On achieving synchronous
speed, magnetic locking occurs, and the synchronous motor
continues to rotate even after removal of external mechanical
means. 7 7

X
Compare three phase induction motor and synchronous motor.

Any 7 points,each carry one mark.

 No Synchronous motor Induction motor

1 Construction is Construction is simple

complicated. particularly in case of cage
rotors.

2 Not self starting self starting

3 Separate DC excitation Rotor gets excited by

required for rotor. induced emf.

4 Speed is constant Speed is always less than

irrespective of load. synchronous speed.

5 Speed control is not speed control is possible.

possible.

6 It can be used for power Not possible for power

factor improvement. factor improvement.

7 Motor is sensitive to Phenomenon of hunting is

sudden load changes. absent.
1x7 7
8 Costly and requires Cheaper and Less
frequent maintenance. maintenance is needed.

XI
Explain with the help of double field revolving theory that the
single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor.

Explanation 3 marks

Equations 2 marks

Torque slip chara of induction motor 2 marks.

When a single-phase AC supply is given to the single-phase

stator winding, a sinusoidally pulsating magnetic field varying
with time is produced. As the magnetic very two times in a
cycle, therefore, no torque will be produced in the rotor and
hence the rotor doesn't rotate. Therefore, single-phase
induction motors are not self-starting motors.

However, when an initial rotation is given to the rotor, it starts

rotating in that direction which can be explained by the
double-revolving field theory.

The magnitude of each revolving field is equal to one half of

the maximum value of the alternating field, i.e., φ1m / 2 where
φ1m is the maximum value of an alternating field.

Let us consider the two revolving fields as φf ( rotating in

an anti-clockwise direction ) and φb ( rotating in a clockwise
direction ). The resultant φR of these two fields gives the value
of the magnetic field produced by the alternating supply ( i.e.,
alternating field ).

Rotor started, by rotating in the clockwise direction with

speed N. the flux rotating in the clockwise direction called as
forward rotating flux Φf and has synchronous speed Ns. and
flux rotating anticlockwise direction called as a backward flux
Φb having speed -Ns.

At standstill, speed =0 Hence Sf=Sb=1 for forward rotating

flux, slip s and has a value less than 1 and for backward
rotating flux, slip is 2-s and its value is greater than 1.

7 7
XII
Explain the construction and working of repulsion type
motors.

circuit diagram 2 marks

constructional details 1 marks.

working principle 4 marks.

Repulsion Motor is a special kind of single phase AC motor

which works due to the repulsion of similar poles. The stator
of this motor is supplied with 1 phase AC supply and rotor
circuit is shorted through carbon brush.

Construction.

The main components of a repulsion motor are stator, rotor

and commutator brush assembly. The stator carries a single
phase exciting winding similar to the main winding of a single
phase induction motor. The rotor has distributed DC winding
connected to the commutator at one end just like in DC
motors. The carbon brushes are short circuited on themselves.

Working principle.

o When the brush axis is parallel to the main field axis

then induced emf is maximum but no torque is
developed.Equal and opposite torque is developing
on both half of the brushes so net torque is zero.

o When brush axis is perpendicular to the main field

axis the flux linkage is maximum but flux change
is minimum so no emf and no rotor flux. So rotors
do not rotate.
 o In between 0 to 90 degree brush axis net torque is
developed to brush shift direction and motor starts
rotate.

o The direction of rotation is based on the direction in

which the brush shift provided.

7 7

XIII
Describe the working of the servo motor with help of block
diagram.

Block diagram 3 marks

Explanation 4 marks

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate

an object with great precision. If you want to rotate and object
at some specific angles or distance, then you use a servo
motor. It is just made up of a simple motor which runs through
a servo mechanism.
 It consists of three parts:

1. Controlled device

2. Output sensor

3. Feedback system

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear

assembly and a controlling circuit. First of all we use gear
assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of the motor.

Now an electrical signal is given to another input terminal of

the error detector amplifier. Now the difference between these
two signals, one comes from a potentiometer and another
comes from another source, will be processed in a feedback
mechanism and output will be provided in terms of error
signal.

This error signal acts as the input for motor and motor starts
rotating. Now the motor shaft is connected to the
potentiometer and as the motor rotates so the potentiometer
and it will generate a signal. So as the potentiometer’s angular
position changes, its output feedback signal changes.

After sometime the position of the potentiometer reaches at a

position that the output of the potentiometer is the same as the
external signal provided. At this condition, there will be no
output signal from the amplifier to the motor input as there is
no difference between external applied signal and the signal
generated at potentiometer, and in this situation the motor
stops rotating.

7 7

XIV
Explain the working of permanent capacitor type single phase
induction motor with the help of circuit diagram and
vector diagram.

Circuit diagram 2 marks

Phasor diagram 1 marks

Explanation 4 marks
Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor
This motor is also called a capacitor run motor in which a low
capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding and
is not removed from the circuit even in running condition.
Due to this arrangement, a centrifugal switch is not required.

Here the capacitor is capable of running continuously. The

low value capacitor produces more leading phase shift bur less
total starting current as shown in phasor diagram.

Hence, the starting torque produced by these motors will be

considerably lower than that of the capacitor start motor. The
schematic circuit of this motor is shown in figure below.

The paper capacitor is used in the motor as an Electrolytic

capacitor cannot be used for continuous running. The cost of
the paper capacitor is higher, and size is also large as
compared to the electrolytic capacitor of the same ratings.

It has low starting torque, less than full load torque.

7 7
SL NO.2/Sem 5/II

Scoring Indicators

Model Question Paper II

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES AND FHP MOTORS

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PART A

I. 1 1 1
No of brushes required for DC field supply = 2

I. 2 1 1
Cylindrical rotor (non salient pole type)

I. 3 0.5x2 1
Leakage reactance and armature reactance

I. 4 0.5x2 1
EMF Method, MMF method and potier triangle method

I. 5 1 1
When a disturbance in an alternator synchronizing system
current circulates in the system that develops a torque is known
as synchronizing torque.

I. 6 1 1
When excitation current is increased under lagging power
factor loads the power factor of the system improves.

I. 7 0.5x2 1
1. Synchronous motor is a constant speed motor.

2. It can be operated at different power factors.

I. 8 1 1
1. Inter pole D. Reduce sparking on
brushes.

2. Compensating A. To improve armature

 winding reaction

3. Reduction of no of B. Reduce inductance of

turns in field winding field coils.

4. Laminated field core C. Reduce eddy current

loss

I. 9 Universal motors are used in various home appliances like 0.5x2 1

vacuum cleaners, drink and food mixers, domestic sewing
machines etc

PART B

II. 1 3 3
Coil span of winding =150 degree

Since the coil span is 150 degree the winding is short pitched
by 30 degree

Short pitch angle α = 30 degree

Pitch factor Kp = Cos α/2 = cos 15 = 0.96

II. 2
Describe the effect of armature reaction under leading power
factor load in alternators.

3
1. At leading power factor condition, armature current “I” 3
leads induced emf E by an angle 90 degree. Again, we
have shown just, field flux φf leads, induced emf E by
90 degree.
2. Again, armature flux φa is proportional to armature
current I. Hence, φa is in phase with I. Hence, armature
flux φa also leads E, by 90 degree as I leads E by 90
degree.
3. As in this case both armature flux and field flux lead,
induced emf E by 90 degree, it can be said, field flux
and armature flux are in the same direction. Hence, the
resultant flux is simply an arithmetic sum of field flux
and armature flux.
 4. Hence, at last, it can be said that the armature reaction
of alternator due to a purely leading power factor is
the magnetizing effect.

II. 3
Illustrate the nature of open circuit and short circuit
characteristics of alternators.

Characteristics 1.5 marks

Explanation 1.5 marks

Open circuit has a linear variation between field current and

induced emf at the beginning.

As the field current increases the variation in emf is reduced

this is due to the magnetic saturation of the core material.

Short circuit characteristics has a linear variation because the

armature reaction effect due to armature current do not allow
the material to attain saturation.So the armature current varies
linearly with the field current. 3 3

II. 4
Draw the layout of paralleling two alternators in the dark lamp
method.
 3 3

II. 5
List out any three advantages of parallel operation of
alternators.

Any three points each carry one mark

1) When there is maintenance or an inspection, one

machine can be taken out of service and the other
alternators can keep up for the continuity of supply.
2) Load supply can be increased.
3) During light loads, more than one alternator can be shut
down while the other will operate in nearly full load.
4) High efficiency.
5) The operating cost is reduced.
6) Ensures the protection of supply and enables
cost-effective generation.
7) The generation cost is reduced.
8) Breaking down a generator does not cause any
interruption in the supply.
9) Reliability of the whole power system increases. 3 3

II. 6 Describe the operation of a synchronous motor as a

synchronous condenser.

Circuit diagram 1.5 marks

Explanation 1.5 marks

 A synchronous condenser or a power factor compensator is a
synchronous motor running without a mechanical load. It can
generate or absorb reactive volt-ampere (VAr) by varying the
excitation of its field winding. It can be made to take a leading
current with over-excitation of its field winding.

Over-excitation causes the motor to operate at a leading power

factor. Under excitation causes it to operate at a lagging power
factor. When the motor is operated at no load with
over-excitation, it takes a current that leads the voltage by
nearly 90 degrees.

3 3

II. 7 Define any three torques developed in synchronous motors.

List of torques 1.5 marks

Explanation 1.5 marks

1. Starting torque
It is the torque developed by the synchronous motor
when rated voltage is applied.
2. Running torque
It is the torque developed by the synchronous motor
under running condition.
3. Pull in Torque
Amount of torque required for the synchronous motor
to pull into synchronism.
4. Pull out torque
It is the maximum torque which can develop in the
motor without pulling out of synchronism. 3 3

II. 8 List out any three applications of synchronous motor.

Any three applications each carry one mark

 I. The basic use of a synchronous motor is “power factor
II. correction” which means to increase the power factor
of a system.
III. Synchronous motors are used in voltage regulation
IV. Synchronous motors are generally used for low speed,
high power loads.
V. Synchronous motors are generally used in air and gas
compressors and vacuum pumps.
VI. Synchronous motors also find their application in
crushers, mills and grinders.
3 3
VII. They are also used in exhausts, fans, and blowers.

II. 9 Describe the nature of capacitor used in capacitor start

induction run type single phase induction motors.

Explanation to capacitor nature CSIR type 1.5 marks

In capacitor start induction run type motors electrolytic

capacitors are used. They are mainly used for short term
operations.

The centrifugal switch provided on the motor will isolate the

capacitor when the motor attains 70 to 80 % of rated speed.

But the capacitance value of the electrolytic type is high so that

it can develop a high starting torque.
3 3

Describe how the damper winding helps to the self starting of

II.10 synchronous motors..
Explanation for hunting 1 marks
Explanation how the damper winding eliminate hunting 2
marks

Damper windings are special type windings provided on the

pole faces.
They are short circuited in nature.
When a three phase voltage is applied to the stator a rotating
magnetic field is created that will induce an emf in the short
circuited damper winding.
then the motor will start rotating as an induction motor.
when the motor reaches the speed near to the synchronous
speed the rotor is excited with a DC supply. then the motor will
continue to run at synchronous speed.
At synchronous speed the emf induced in the rotor becomes
zero. So damper winding becomes disabled.
3 3
 PART C

III
Frequency = 50 hz

Slots per pole = 36/4 = 9

Slots per pole per phase = 9/3 = 3

Slot angle β = 180/9 = 20 degree

Pitch factor Kp =1

Distribution factor Kd = sin (mβ/2) / m sin (β/2) = sin (3*20 /2)

/ 3* sin (20/2) = 0.96

Total no of conductors = 36*30 =1080

Total turns per phase = 1080/2/3 = 180

EMF developed per phase = 4.44 ⱷ f Tph Kp Kd =

4.44*0.05*50*180*0.96*1 = 1918 V

EMF per line = 3322 V

7 7

IV
Slots per pole per phase m= 72/8/3= 3

Slots per pole n = 9

Total no of slots = 72

Total no of conductors = 72x12 = 864

No of turns per phase = 864/2/3 = 144

Slot angle β = 180/9 =20 degree

Short corded by 2 slots

Short pitched angle α = 40 degree

Pitch factor Kp = cos α/2 = cos 40/2 = 0.0.94

Distribution factor = sin (mβ/2) / m sin(β/2)

= sin (3x20/2) / 3 sin (20/2)

Kd = 0.95
 EMF developed = 4.44ⱷ f Tph Kp Kd

= 4.44 *0.06*50*144*0.95*0.94

= 1712V
7 7
EMF between line = 2966 V

V
Derive the equation for generated EMF in synchronous
generators.

Average EMF induced per conductor = rate of change in flux

Change in flux in one rotation = Flux per pole x total no of

poles

=ⱷxP

Time taken for one rotation = 1/N

Time taken in seconds = 60/N

Since f = PN /120 so 60 /N = P/2f

Emf induced per conductor = change in flux / time taken

= ⱷ x P / P/2f

=2ⱷf

Average Emf induced per turn = 4 ⱷ f ( one turn consists of

two conductors)

form factor =1.11

RMS value of induced Emf = 4.44 ⱷ f

Emf induced per phase = 4.44 ⱷ f Tph (for full pitched

concentrated type winding)

Emf induced per phase = 4.44 ⱷ f Tph KP Kd (for short pitched 7 7

distributed type winding)
VI
Develop the phasor diagrams of alternators under lag lead and
unity power factor loads.

Phasor diagram for lagging power factor load 2.5 marks

Phasor diagram for leading power factor load 2.5 marks

Phasor diagram for unity power factor load 2 marks

7
7

VII
V = 11000/√3 = 6351 V Ia = 52.5 A Ra = 0.45 ohm

Synchronous impedance Zs = open circuit voltage / short

circuit current

Zs = 422/ √3/ 52.5 = 4.64 ohm

Synchronous reactance Xs = √( 4.642-0.452) = 4.62ohm

EMF per phase = √ (Vph cos ⱷ + Ia Ra)2 + (Vph sin ⱷ - Ia Xs)2

= √(6351*0.8 + 52.5*0.45)2 + (6351*0.6 - 52.5*4.62)2 =

6227V

% regulation = (6227 -6351)/6351 *100 = -1.94%

7 7
VIII

Field current required for rated voltage If1 = 37.5 A

Field current required for rated current If2 = 20 A

Net field current required to circulate required emf = √ ( If12 +

If2 2 + 2 If1 If2) = √ (37.52 + 202 + 2 x37.5x20 ) = 52 A

EMF corresponds 52 A field current = 7600 V

% regulation =( 7600 - 6600)*100 /6600 = 15.15 %

7 7

IX
Describe the different starting methods in synchronous motors.

Naming of different starting methods 2 marks

Explanation of different starting methods 5marks

1. Using pony motors

In this method, the rotor is brought to synchronous speed with

the help of some external device like a small induction motor.
Such an external device is called ‘pony motor’.

Once the rotor attains the synchronous speed, the d.c.

excitation to the rotor is switched on. Once the synchronism is
established, the pony motor is decoupled.
 2. Using Damper Winding

In a synchronous motor, in addition to the normal field

winding, the additional winding consists of copper bars placed
in the slots in the pole faces. The bars are short circuited with
the help of end rings. Such an additional winding on the rotor
is called damper winding. This winding as short circuited, acts
as a squirrel cage rotor winding of an induction motor.

Once the rotor is excited by a three phase supply, the motor

starts rotating as an induction motor at sub synchronous speed.
Then d.c. supply is given to the field winding. At a particular
instant motor gets pulled into synchronism and starts rotating
at a synchronous speed. As the rotor rotates at synchronous
speed, the relative motion between damper winding and the
rotating magnetic field is zero. Hence when the motor is
running as a synchronous motor, there can not be any induced
e.m.f. in the damper winding.

3. As a Slip Ring Induction Motor

The above method of starting synchronous motor as a squirrel

cage induction motor does not provide high starting torque. So
to achieve this, instead of shorting the damper winding, it is
designed to a form a three phase star or delta connected
winding. The three ends of this winding are brought out
through slip rings. An external rheostat then can be introduced
in series with the rotor circuit. So when stator is excited, the
motor starts as a slip ring induction motor and due to resistance
added in the rotor provides high starting torque. The resistance
is then gradually cut off, as motor gathers speed. When motor
attains speed near synchronous. d.c. excitation is provided to
the rotor, then motors gets pulled into synchronism ans starts
rotating at synchronous speed.

4. Using Small D.C. Machine

Many times, a large synchronous motor is provided with a

coupled d.c. machine. This machine is used as a d.c. motor to
rotate the synchronous motor at a synchronous speed. Then the
excitation to the rotor is provided. Once a motor starts running
as a synchronous motor, the same d.c. machine acts as a d.c.
generator called exciter. The field of the synchronous motor is
then excited by this exciter itself

X
Illustrate the experimental method to plot the V and inverted V
curves of a synchronous motor.
V curve is the variation of field current to the armature current.

Synchronous motor is applied with a constant load that is the

output torque made to a constant.

Then the field current is varied by varying the rheostat and the
variation in armature current is noted.

Inverted V curve gives the relationship between field current

and power factor.

For constant torque the field excitation is varied and the two
watt meter readings are noted.

Power factor of the motor is calculated using the two watt

meter method. 7 7
XI
Describe the construction and working of universal motors.

Circuit diagram 2 marks

Explanation 5 marks

Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the

construction of a DC machine. It consists of a stator on which
field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field
poles. However, the whole magnetic path (stator field circuit
and also armature) is laminated. Lamination is necessary to
minimize the eddy currents which induce while operating on
AC. The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or
skewed slots and commutator with brushes resting on it. The
commutation on AC is poorer than that for DC. because of the
current induced in the armature coils. For that reason brushes
used are having high resistance.

A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC

supply. When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it
works as a DC series motor.. When current flows in the field
winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The same
current also flows from the armature conductors. When a
current carrying conductor is placed in an electromagnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical
force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction of this
force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.
When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional
torque. Because, armature winding and field winding are
connected in series, they are in the same phase. Hence, as
polarity of AC changes periodically, the direction of current in
armature and field winding reverses at the same time. Thus, the
 direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature
current reverse in such a way that the direction of force
experienced by armature conductors remains the same. Thus,
regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the
same principle that DC series motors work.

7 7

XII
Describe the construction and working of capacitor start
capacitor run type single phase induction motor with neat
sketches.

Circuit diagram ( 3 Marks)

Explanation (4 marks)

Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Induction Motor

These motors are also called two-value capacitor motors. It

combines the advantages of capacitor start type and permanent
capacitor type induction motors.

This motor consists of two capacitors of different value of

capacitance for starting and running. A high value capacitor is
used for starting conditions while a low value is used for
running conditions.

At starting, both starting and running capacitors are connected

in series with the auxiliary winding. Thus the motor starting
torque is more compared with other types of motors.

Once the motor reaches some speed, the centrifugal switch

disconnects the starting capacitor and leaves the running
capacitor in series with auxiliary winding.
 Thus, both running and auxiliary windings remain during
running condition, thereby improving power factor and
efficiency of the motor.

These are the most commonly used single phase motors due to
high starting torque and better power factor. These are used in
compressors, refrigerators, air conditioners, conveyors, ceiling
fans, air circulators, etc.

XIII
Explain the construction and working of switched reluctance
motors.

Circuit diagram 2 marks

Explanation 5 marks

Variable Reluctance Motor or Switched Reluctance Motor has

two different constructions: Singly Salient Construction and
Doubly Salient Construction. Stator and rotor magnetic circuits
are laminated to reduce the core losses in both types of SRM.

A singly salient construction SRM comprises a non-salient

stator and a salient two pole rotor. The rotor do not have any
winding wound over it but the stator have two phase winding

As we know that magnetic flux has a tendency to flow through

the lowest reluctance path, therefore rotor always tends to align
along the minimum reluctance path. This is the basic working
principle of Switched Reluctance Motor or Variable Reluctance
Motor.
 Therefore, when stator phase winding A is energized, the rotor
align along this phase.
7 7
When stator phase winding A is de-energized and winding B is
energized, the rotor align itself along B phase

Similarly, the rotor occupies a position along phase winding C

when this phase is energized.

Thus rotor rotation in clockwise direction is achieved by

energizing the phase winding in a ABC sequence. If rotor
rotation in an anti-clockwise direction is required, stator phase
winding must be energized in ACB sequence.

It must also be noted that a particular phase winding must be

energized / de-energized in synchronism with the rotor
position. This means as soon as the rotor aligns along the A
phase, B phase must be energized and A phase must be
de-energized if clockwise rotor rotation is required.

XIV
Explain the construction and working of shaded pole motors.

Circuit diagram 3 marks

Explanation 4 marks
1. During the portion OA of the alternating-current
cycle, the flux begins to increase and an EMF is
induced in the shading coil. This flux induces
voltage and hence current in the copper ring, and by
Lenz’s law, the direction of current is such that it
opposes the flux entering the coil. Hence, in the
beginning, the greater portion of flux passes
through the unshaded side of each pole.

2. During the portion AB of the alternating-current

cycle, the flux has reached almost maximum value
and is not changing. Consequently, the flux
distribution across the pole is uniform since no
current is flowing in the shading coil.

3. As the flux decreases (portion BC of the

alternating-current cycle) the current induced in the
shading coil now tends to prevent the flux linking
with the shading coil from decreasing and hence the
greater portion of flux passes through the shaded
side of each pole.

4. Thus the flux reaches its maximum value first at the

shaded side of the pole and later reaches its
maximum on the unshaded side of the pole. This
gives a motion of flux across the pole face in the
direction of the arrow (in the direction of rotation of
the rotor) as shown in the figure above.

5. Under the influence of this flux small starting torque

is produced. As soon as this torque starts to revolve
the rotor, additional torque is produced for running
 because of the single phase induction motor action.
The shaded pole motor accelerates to a speed
slightly below synchronous speed and runs as a
single phase motor.

Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost these

motors are mostly employed in small instruments, hair dryers,
toys, record players, small fans, electric clocks

7 7

Prepared by Scrutinized by

SABAREESAN D SHANMUGHAN M S

Lecturer in Electrical and Electronics Lecturer in Electrical and

Engineering Electronics Engineering

Govt polytechnic college pala Govt polytechnic college

Muttom.