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Ib Chem SL

s2.1

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30 views3 pages

Ib Chem SL

s2.1

Uploaded by

nel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure 2

S2.1

The Ionic bond

- forms between metals and non-metals.

- the outer electrons of metal atoms experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than
the outer electrons of non-metals (refer to the table below).

Electronegativity: the ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons towards itself within a
covalent bond.

- On descending a group, electronegativity decreases. This is because there are more


electrons and these try to repel the bonding electrons

- Across a period, electronegativity increases. This is caused by the increased number of


protons (nuclear charge) causing an increase in attraction for the bonding electrons.

- most electronegative elements are in the top right of the periodic table. (F, O and N).

- The larger the electronegativity difference, the more the charge separation, and the
more ionic the bond is.

- Zero difference in electronegativity – compounds are purely covalent.

- Ions are arranged in a continuous, three-dimensional crystalline structure of repeating


units of positive and negative ions known as an ionic lattice.
- There are no individual molecules. Instead, the bonding extends fairly uniformly
throughout the whole structure called a giant structure.

- The strength of the electrostatic force between the ions is called lattice enthalpy. It
depends on the charge and radius of the constituent ions. The higher the charges and
the smaller the radius of ions, the larger the lattice enthalpy and the more energetically
stable the ionic compound.

Ionic radius: the distance between the nucleus and outermost electrons of positive metal cations
or negative non-metal anions.

- Both metal cations and non-metal anions increase in size on descending the group.

- Metal cations tend to be smaller than their atoms as they have lost their outermost
electrons.

- Non-metal anions tend to be larger than their atoms as they have gained electrons into
their outer energy levels.

- Across a period, the metal cations and the non-metal anions get smaller. This is because
of an increase in protons (nuclear charge) whilst all the ions have the same electronic
configuration.

Assumptions for the ionic model:

1. The only interactions between ions come from electrostatic forces between cations and
anions

2. The crystal is made up of perfectly spherical ions.

The value of lattice energy depends on the ionic charges and ionic radii

1. An increase in the ionic radius of one of the ions decreases the attraction between ions
(thus a decrease in the value of lattice energy).

2. An increase in the ionic charge increases the ionic attraction between the ions (thus
increasing the value of the lattice energy).

Physical properties of ionic compounds

1. Melting Points / Boiling Points


a. Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points as the forces of
electrostatic attraction between the ions in the lattice are strong and thus require
high energy to break. These compounds are solid at room temperature.

b. Impurities will lower the melting point of all of these types of compounds since
they will interfere with the attractive forces between the ions.

c. The melting and boiling points are generally higher when the charge on the ions
is greater, due to the increased electrostatic attraction between the ions. For
example, calcium oxide has a much higher melting point than sodium chloride.

2. Volatility– the tendency of a substance to vaporise.

a. Ionic compounds have low volatility due to the strong electrostatic forces
between the ions.

3. Electrical conductivity–

a. Ionic compounds are not able to conduct electricity in the solid state as the
ions are firmly held within the lattice and so cannot move. However, when the
compounds are either in the molten state or dissolved in water, the ions are
free to move and they can conduct electricity.

4. Solubility– the ease with which a solid becomes dispersed through a liquid to form a
solution.

a. Many ionic compounds are soluble in water, a polar solvent. The water causes
the ions to become hydrated which is an exothermic process.

b. Ionic solids are not usually soluble in non-polar solvents such as hexane. This is
because a great deal of energy is required to break apart the ionic lattice.

5. Brittleness–

a. Ionic compounds are generally brittle, which means the crystal tends to shatter
when force is applied. This is because the movement of the ions within the lattice
places ions of the same charge alongside each other, so the repulsive forces
cause it to split.

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