Taxonomy and Phylogeny of

organisims

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 Objectives
• Define terms taxonomy, classification,
homologous and analogous .
• Know the categories of classification
• Identify both invertebrate and vertebrate
phylla.

• Give characteristics of each phylla and

site examples
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• Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.

• Classification the grouping of

information or objects based on
similarities.
• Homologous characters -characters
having fundamental similarities of origin
,structure and position regardless of
function in adult.

• Analogous characters–characters with

similar function in adult but not
homologous i.e no common origin.
Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an
organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of
biology called systematic taxonomy.

Systematics, as systematic taxonomy is

commonly called, is the study of the
evolution of biological diversity.
Natural classification, -classification based
on homology.
 Charles Darwin
Served as naturalist on mapping expedition
around coastal South America.

Used many observations to develop his

ideas

Proposed that evolution occurs by

natural selection
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Voyage of the Beagle

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 Charles Darwin
evolution: modification of a species over
generations
-“descent with modification”

natural selection: individuals with superior

physical or behavioral characteristics are
more likely to survive and reproduce than
those without such characteristics
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 Darwin’s Evidence
Similarity of related species
- Darwin noticed variations in related
species living in different locations

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 Darwin’s Evidence
Population growth vs. availability of resources

-population growth
is geometric

-increase in food
supply is arithmetic

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 Darwin’s Evidence
Population growth vs. availability of resources

- Darwin realized that not all members of a

population survive and reproduce.

-Darwin based these ideas on the writings of

Thomas Malthus.

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Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Fossil record
- New fossils are found all the time
- Earth is older than previously believed

Mechanisms of heredity
- Early criticism of Darwin’s ideas were
resolved by Mendel’s theories for genetic
inheritance.
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Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Comparative anatomy
- Homologous structures have same
evolutionary origin, but different structure
and function.

- Analogous structures have similar

structure and function, but different
evolutionary origin.
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Homologous Structures

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Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Molecular Evidence

- Our increased
understanding of
DNA and protein
structures has led to
the development of
more accurate
phylogenetic trees.
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How Living Things Are Classified

Taxonomy
• discipline of identifying and
classifying organisms
according to certain rules.
– Taxonomic classification
changes as more is learned
about living things, including the
evolutionary relationships
between species

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Categories of Classification
• From smaller (least inclusive) categories to
larger (more inclusive), the sequence of
classification categories is: species, genus,
family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,
domain.
• The species within one genus share many
specific characteristics and are the most
closely related.
• Species in the same kingdom share only
general characteristics with one another

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Domains
• Biochemical evidence suggests that there are three
domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• The domains Bacteria and Archaea contain unicellular
prokaryotes; organisms in the domain Eukarya have a
membrane-bound nucleus.
• The prokaryotes are structurally simple but are
metabolically complex.
• Archaea can live in water devoid of oxygen, and are able
to survive harsh environmental conditions (temperatures,
salinity, pH).
• Bacteria are variously adapted to living almost anywhere
(water, soil, atmosphere, in/on the human body, etc.).

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Kingdoms
• The domains Archaea and Bacteria are not yet
categorized into kingdoms.
• Eukarya contains four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia.
• Protists (kingdom Protista) range from unicellular forms
to multicellular ones.
• Fungi (kingdom Fungi) are the molds and mushrooms.
• Plants (kingdom Plantae) are multicellular
photosynthetic organisms.
• Animals (kingdom Animalia) are multicellular organisms
that ingest and process their food.

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 Archaea

Bacteria-like
unicellular
prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic
environments

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 Bacteria

Microscopic
unicellular
prokaryotes

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Scientific Name
• A binomial name is a two-part
scientific name: the genus (first
word, capitalized) and the specific
epithet of a species (second word,
not capitalized).
• Binomial names are based on Latin
and are used universally by
biologists.
• Either the genus name or the
specific epithet name may be
abbreviated.

Lampropeltis getula eating Crotalus atrox

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Kingdom Animalia
 ~ Characteristics ~
◼ Multicellular

◼ Eukaryotic with no cell walls

◼ Heterotrophs (consumers)
 ~ Characteristics ~
• Have a nervous system to respond to their
environment

• Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food

• Most animals develop from a zygote

becoming an adult

• A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-

filled space forming a hollow ball of cells
called a gastrula.
~ Developmental Characteristics ~
• The gastrula is made up of three parts:
– Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface
of the gastrula, grows and divides developing
into skin and nervous tissue.

– Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner

surface of the gastrula, develops into the
lining of the animal’s digestive tract.

– Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells

lying between the ectoderm and endoderm,
forms muscles, reproductive organs and
circulatory vessels.
 ~ Body Plans ~
• Animals that are
irregular in shape are
asymmetrical.

• Animals that are

regular in shape are
symmetrical.
~ Body Plans ~

• An animal has radial symmetry if it

can be divided along any plane,
through a central axis, into equal
halves.

• An animal has bilateral symmetry if it

can be divided down its length into
similar right and left halves forming
mirror images of each other.
Which figure has bilateral symmetry?
Which has radial symmetry?
 ~ Body Plans ~
• Acoelomates – animals have three cell
layers with a digestive tract but no body
cavities.

• Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-

filled body cavity partly lined with
mesoderm.

• Coelomates – animals with a body cavity

completely surrounded by mesoderm.
 ~ Protection and Support ~
• Though not all animals have a skeleton,
those that do can be divided into two
groups:
– Those with an exoskeleton – a hard,
waxy coating on the outside of the body
that protects internal organs, provides a
framework for support, and a place for
muscle attachment.

– Those with an endoskeleton – support

framework within the body that protects
some organs and a brace for muscles to
pull against.
 ~Invertebrates~
• 8 main phyla

• No backbones

• 95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
• Sponges

• simplest form of animal life

• live in water

• Do not move around

• no symmetry

• Pores (holes) all over body

~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
• Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of
food from water using collar cells and then
pumps the water out the osculum.
~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
• Examples: Tube
Sponge, Glass
Sponge, Sea Sponge
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~

• Live in water

• Most have tentacles

• catch food with stinging cells

• gut for digesting

~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
▪ 2 different
shapes

▪ Medusa - like a
jellyfish

▪ Polyp - like a
hydra
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
• Examples -
Jellyfish, Hydra,
sea anemones,
and corals
Phylum Cnidaria

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~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
▪ Flatworms

▪ Flat, ribbon-like body

▪ Live in water or are parasites

▪ bilateral symmetry
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
▪ Examples:
Planaria

▪ eyespots detect light

▪ food and waste go

in and out the same
opening
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
▪ Examples:
Tapeworm

▪ Parasite that
lives in intestines
of host absorbing
food
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
▪ Examples: Fluke
▪ parasite

▪ lives inside
of host
45
The life history of a
blood fluke
(Schistosoma
mansoni).
~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
• Roundworms

– Round, tubular body

– small or microscopic

– bilateral symmetry

– have both a mouth and anus

– Live in water or are parasites

~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
• Examples:
– Hookworm

– Trichinella
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
• Soft bodies

• Hard Shells

• Live on land or in water

• have a circulatory system and a complex

nervous system.

• Important food source for humans

~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class
Gastropoda

– snails and slugs

– may have 1 shell

– stomach-footed -
move on stomach
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Bivalves

– 2 shells hinged
together

– clams, oysters,
scallops and
mussels
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~

Class Cephalopods

–squids and octopuses

–internal mantel
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
–Segemented worms

– Body divided into

segments(sections)

– Live in water or
underground

– have a nervous and circulatory system

 ~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
• Class Earthworms

• eat soil and

breakdown
organic matter,
wastes provide
nutrients to soil
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
»Class bristleworms
 ~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
• Class leeches

• parasites that feed on blood of other animals

~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
• Hard, spiny skin

• Live in salt water

• Radial symmetry

• name means ‘spiney skinned’

• endoskeleton
~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
• Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar
and sea cucumber
~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
• Body divided into sections/segments

• Exoskeleton

• Jointed legs

• well developed nervous system

• largest group of organisms on earth

~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
• 3 subphylums:

• Classified into classes according to the

number of legs, eyes and antennae they
have.
~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~
Subphylum Chilicerata
is divided into 3 classes

Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Merostomata – horseshoe crabs

Pycnogonida – sea spiders

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
• Class – Arachnida

• no antennae

• 2 pairs of legs

• 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen

• spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
• Class Merostomata

• Horseshoe crabs
– Ancient group of species

– Changed little over 350 million years

– Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf

coasts of United States.
~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata
• Class Pycnogonida
– Sea spider
~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum - Crustacea
5 Classes
• Aquatic ones have gills

• 2 antennae

• 2 body regions or segmented

• Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles,

isopods
Many species taste delicious in butter
• Subphylum Uniramia: 3 classes

• Class Insecta (insects)

• Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

• Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia
• Class Insecta

• 2 antennae

• 3 pairs of legs

• 3 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen

• grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia
• Class Diplopoda

• Millipedes

• segmented animals

• Have 2 pairs of legs per segment

• Primarily herbivores & decomposers

~Invertebrate Phylum
Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia

• Class Chilopoda

• Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores

• Have 1 pair of antennae

• Are often poisonous, using modified front

claws to immobilize prey
~ Phylum Chordata ~ subphylum Vertebrata
5 classes
• Fish

• Mammals

• Reptiles

• Amphibians

• Birds