SECTION 1

NETWORK PROJECT

(MULTIPLATFORM NETWORK)

STUDENT: OLATOSI DAMILOLA

GROUP: A-11-11
SUPERVISOR: PhD, ASSOCIATE PROF. OZHOGIN M.A

MOSCOW 2015
 Table of Contents

1. Project Task......................................................................................................................................................3
2. THE REFERENCES REVIEW....................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Benefits.....................................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Standard Features....................................................................................................................................5
2.3 Requirements...........................................................................................................................................6
3. BASIC SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION.....................................................................................................................6
3.1 The IP Address..........................................................................................................................................6
3.2 The Subnet Mask......................................................................................................................................7
3.3 Domain.....................................................................................................................................................7
3.4 DNS (Domain Name System)....................................................................................................................8
3.5 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)..........................................................................................8
4. NETWORK PLANNING...........................................................................................................................................9
4.4 Calculation of the cabling system...........................................................................................................11
4.5 Fast Ethernet calculations......................................................................................................................13
4.6 Is the Preplanned LAN Adequate?..........................................................................................................13
5. Choosing Network Components.........................................................................................................................14
5.1 Network architecture.............................................................................................................................14
5.2 Operating System...................................................................................................................................14
5.3 Cabling....................................................................................................................................................15
5.4 Network Adapter Card............................................................................................................................16
5.5 Switch.....................................................................................................................................................16
5.6 The Network Protocols...........................................................................................................................17
6. CONNECTING LAN TO THE INTERNET.................................................................................................................17
6.1 ANALOG CONNECTIVITY.........................................................................................................................17
6.2 DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY..........................................................................................................................18
6.3 PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS............................................................................................................18
7. Network Architecture.....................................................................................................................................19
8. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................................21
9. References:.........................................................................................................................................................21
 1. Project Task

MULTIPLATFORM NETWORK

There are two Intel 2 GHz computers in the office 1 and eleven Intel 3 GHz
computers in the office 2 (fig. 1-3). Two databases have to be installed on office 1:
SQL server 2000 (Windows 2000 platform) and Informix (UNIX platform). Two
computers placed in the office 1 have 200 Gb HDD and 1 Gb RAM. All other
computers have 4 Gb HDD and 2 Gb RAM. All computers must have an access to
these databases. All computers have to be connected to the internet. You have 6 IP
addresses (191.201.99.1 – 191.201.99.6). Two remote users must have an access to
the SQL database from home notebooks. There are two HP LJ 1100 printers in the
office 2.

Choose network architecture and topology, operating system, protocols, cabling

media and network equipment. Explain your choice. Make necessary calculations.
Write report and equipment list.

200 m

Office 1 Office 2

Fig. 1. The location of the offices.

100 m

Fig. 2. Office 1
 40 m 40 m 60 m

50m

50m

50m

Fig. 3. Office 2.
 2. THE REFERENCES REVIEW

The designed network has to contain SQL server and Informix databases, so therefore it
is necessary to install two operating systems: UNIX and Windows 2000 platforms.

Microsoft is broadening its interoperability product offering to include Microsoft

Windows 2000 Services for UNIX Add-On Pack, an integrated suite of utilities designed
to ease integration of existing UNIX environments with Windows 2000 Server and
Windows 2000 Workstation. Windows 2000 Services for UNIX provides the core
interoperability components that customers have most frequently requested, including
resource sharing, administration, and security features. Customers are expected to
benefit from lower deployment costs, improved supportability of mixed environments,
and the most complete integration with current and future Windows 2000-based
technologies.

2.1 Benefits
Access to resources is easier. Seamless integration with the Windows 2000 graphical
user interface allows users in a mixed Windows 2000 and UNIX environment to easily
access disk resources across platforms. Administration is easier. Support for remote
administration of Windows 2000 Server and UNIX systems via Telnet allow easy
administration of a mixed environment. Supporting mixed environments is easier.
Password synchronization eases user management, and with Windows 2000 Services for
UNIX shell and commands you can run many UNIX scripts and commands on Windows
2000.

2.2 Standard Features

a. Resource sharing
b. Remote Administration
c. Cross-platform scripting and utilities
d. Password synchronization
 2.3 Requirements

Computer/processor: Intel or compatible Pentium 166 MHz or Higher

Memory: 64 MB RAM 50 -270 MB available hard disk space minimum

Operating system: Windows 2000 server 5.0 (service pack 4)

3. BASIC SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

3.1 The IP Address

The 32-bit IP address is often depicted as a dot address (also called dotted quad
notation) - that is, four groups of decimal digits (each group representing a quad or
eight bits) separated by periods. Here's an example:
130.5.5.25
Each of the decimal digits represents a string of four binary digits. Thus, the above IP
address really is this string of 0s and 1s:
10000010.000000101.00000101.00011001
As you can see, we inserted periods between each eight-digit sequence just as we
did for the decimal version of the IP address. Obviously, the decimal version of the IP
address is easier to read and that's the form most commonly used.
Some portion of the IP address represents the network number or address and some
portion represents the local machine address (also known as the host number or
address). IP addresses can be one of several classes, each determining how many
bits represents the network number and how many represent the host number. The
most common class used by large organizations (Class B) allows 16 bits for the
network number and 16 for the host number. Using the above example, here's how
the IP address is divided:

130.5.5.25
If you wanted to add sub netting to this address, then some portion (in this example,
eight bits) of the host address could be used for a subnet address. Thus:
 130.5.5.25
To simplify this explanation, we've divided the subnet into a neat eight bits but an
organization could choose some other scheme using only part of the third quad or
even part of the fourth quad.

3.2 The Subnet Mask

Once a packet has arrived at an organization's gateway or connection point with its
unique network number, it can be routed within the organization's internal gateways
using the subnet number as well. The way the router knows which bits to look at
(and which not to look at) is looking at a subnet mask. A mask is simply a screen of
numbers that tells you which numbers to look at underneath. In a binary mask, a "1"
over a number says "Look at the number underneath"; a "0" says "Don't look." Using
a mask saves the router of having to handle the entire 32 bit address; it can simply
look at the bits selected by the mask.
Using the previous example (which is a very typical case), the combined network
number and subnet number occupy 24 bits or three of the quads. The appropriate
subnet mask carried along with the packet would be:
255.255.255.0
Or a string of all 1's for the first three quads (telling the router to look at these) and
0's for the host number (which the router doesn't need to look at). Subnet masking
allows routers to move the packets on more quickly.
If you have the job of creating subnets for an organization (an activity called
subnetting) and specifying subnet masks, your job may be simple or complicated
depending on the size and complexity of your organization and other factors. Some
of the "Additional Information" we list below may help.

3.3 Domain

A domain is an area of control or a sphere of knowledge.

In computing and telecommunication in general, a domain is a sphere of knowledge
Identified by a name. Typically, the knowledge is a collection of facts about some
program entities or a number of network points or addresses. On the Internet, a
domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is organized in levels. The
top level identifies geographic or purpose commonality (for example, the nation that
the domain covers or a category such as "commercial"). The second level identifies a
unique place within the top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent to a unique address
on the Internet (or IP). Lower levels of domain may also be used.
On the Internet's domain name system (DNS), a domain is a name with which name
server records are associated that describe subdomains or host. For example,
"whatis.com" could be a domain with records for "www.whatis.com" and
"www1.whatis.com," and so forth.

3.4 DNS (Domain Name System)

The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and
translated into IP addresses. A domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember
handle for an Internet address.
Because maintaining a central list of domain name/IP address correspondences would
be impractical, the lists of domain names and IP addresses are distributed throughout
the Internet in a hierarchy of authority. There is probably a DNS server within close
geographic proximity to your access provider that maps the domain names in your
Internet requests or forwards them to other servers in the Internet.

3.5 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that lets network

administrators manage centrally and automate the assignment of Internet Protocol
(IP) addresses in an organization's network. Using the Internet's set of protocols
(TCP/IP), each machine that can connect to the Internet needs a unique IP address.
When an organization sets up its computer users with a connection to the Internet,
an IP address must be assigned to each machine. Without DHCP, the IP address must
be entered manually at each computer and, if computers move to another location
in another part of the network, a new IP address must be entered. DHCP lets a
 network administrator supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point and
automatically sends a new IP address when a computer is plugged into a different
place in the network.
DHCP uses the concept of a "lease" or amount of time that a given IP address will be
valid for a computer. The lease time can vary depending on how long a user is likely
to require the Internet connection at a particular location. It's especially useful in
education and other environments where users change frequently. Using very short
leases, DHCP can dynamically reconfigure networks in which there are more
computers than there are available IP addresses.
DHCP supports static addresses for computers containing Web servers that need a
permanent IP address.
DHCP is an alternative to another network IP management protocol, BOOTP
(Bootstrap Protocol). DHCP is a more advanced protocol, but both configuration
management protocols are commonly used. Some organizations use both protocols,
but understanding how and when to use them in the same organization is important.
Some operating systems, including Windows NT, come with DHCP servers. A DHCP or
BOOTP client is a program that is located in (and perhaps downloaded to) each
computer so that it can be configured.

4. NETWORK PLANNING

4.1 Three steps of traditional LAN planning:

1. Gather as much data as possible.

2. Explore all possible implementations for your site.
3. Choose the best price and performance component combination available.

However, this type of research and planning is not usually successful because it:
• Takes an enormous amount of time.
• Is expensive.
• Does not always result in the best possible LAN implementation.
This is because there are so many variables involved in every aspect of a LAN.

4.2 The Default Network Plan

Networking professionals usually plan a network by starting with a preplanned LAN.

Instead of researching every possible component which might be appropriate for
their network and narrowing the list down, networking professionals start with a
predetermined "good for most situations" network plan which they alter to fit each
individual situation. It is much easier to develop a plan from this perspective than to
choose each component from scratch.
These are generic configurations that will work in many environments. If they work
for your site, you can use the default plan and will not have to do much further
design work for your network.
The following chart outlines what is probably the most common LAN configuration
being implemented today for networks serving up to 50 users. It is a combination
network, meaning it has elements of both peer-to-peer and server-based networks.

Components Implementation
Topology Star bus

Cable Category 5 UTP

Network adapters Ethernet 10baseT

Hubs Ethernet 10BaseT

This default configuration was chosen because it is the most common and easy to
implement. Also, finding resources for supporting this type of network is not
difficult. As you gain experience you may develop your own default configuration
which might differ from what is here. Because changing market conditions and
 many other factors affect what is installed, keeping up with current technology is
a must for a networking professional.

4.3 The Map

As the plans materialize, draw a picture of the network. It will help you visualize what
your system will need.
It may be a good idea to draw an actual picture of the physical layout of the company
including different departments. This will help clarify the topology and any cabling
challenges. If nothing else, this will help create a realistic picture of the implementation.
For example, if the organization occupies more than one building, you may have to start
thinking in terms of a WAN.

4.4 Calculation of the cabling system.

There are used two models in the Ethernet configuration calculation.

The first model recommends to use 'the 5-4-3 Rule' for Ethernet mixed network (UTP +
thinnet): Ethernet network can combine as many as five cable segments connected by
four repeaters (or hubs), but only three segments can have stations attached. Thus,
two segments are untapped and are often referred to as inter-repeater links.
The second model is used for the calculation of the network time characteristics. There
are two systems of calculations. One of them is used for the calculation of double
passing time of a signal through the longest path in the network. The other system is
used for the checking of inter - packet time interval. The calculations are made for the
worst case in both systems.
The first system uses ' start segment ', ' inter-segment ' and ' final segment ' terms.
Remark that the start segment and the final segment can change by places in different
calculations. Path Delay Value (PDV - double signal's passing time in bit intervals) for the
longest path in the 10 Mbps network must be less 57, 5 s. Double signal’s passing
times for 10 Mbps network calculation are shown in the table 1:

Table 1. Double signal's passing time for 10 Mbps Ethernet

Eth Ma Star Inte Fina Del
ern xim t r- l ay
et um seg seg seg per
seg leng me me me met
 me th, nt nt nt er
nt m T0, T0, T0, T1,
typ s s s s
e
10B 500 1,1 4,6 16, 0,0
ase 8 5 95 087
5
10B 185 1,1 4,6 16, 0,0
ase 8 5 95 103
2
10B 100 1,5 4,2 16, 0,0
ase 3 5 113
T
10B 200 1,2 3,3 15, 0,0
ase 0 3 5 65 1
FL
AUI 50 0 0 0 0,0
103

The calculation consists of the following operations:

1. Select the longest path in the network.
2. Calculate the double passing time Ts for each segment using the formula
Ts = L * T1 + T0, (1)
Where L is the segment length in meters, T0 - initial delay, T1 - delay per meter of a
cable length.
3. Calculate the sum of segment delays T. The size of T has to be less than 57,5 s for
correct network.
4. Do these operations in the reverse way (the start segment will be final and the final
segment will be start).
5. If the size of T in both cases is less than 57,5 s, the LAN will work properly.
The second system checks the size of inter-packet interval decrease Path Variability
Value (PVV). Repeaters and hubs can to decrease this size because the inter-packet
interval is reduced when the packet is passing through the repeater or hub. There are
very simple calculations in this case. The size of the inter-packet interval decrease for
10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT is equal 1,6 s for start segment and 1,1 s for inter-
segment. For 10BaseFL segment these sizes are 1, 1 s for start segment and 0, 8 s for
inter-segment. Summing the sizes of inter-packet intervals for the longest path and
comparing this sum with the limit size 4, 9 s we can do a conclusion about correct
network work. Remark that the final segment is absent in this calculation because there
is no repeaters or hubs in this segment.

4.5 Fast Ethernet calculations

Fast Ethernet network uses star topology and UTP cable category 5. The rule '5-4-
3' is not working for Fast Ethernet. Instead this rule you have to use 'one hub' rule:
100 Base TX collision domains can contain only one hub. To built complex large
Fast Ethernet LAN you have to use switches for network segmentation. You can
connect only one hub to each port of the switch. Instead table 1 for 10 Mbps
Ethernet IEEE committee suggests next table for time calculations:

Table 2. Double signal's passing time for 100 Base TX.

Cable type Delay per Hub's Network adapter

meter, s delay, s card's delay, s

UTP cat.5 0,0111 1,4 0,5

STP 0,0111 1,4 0,5

Fiber-optic 0,01 1,4 0,5

The size of T has to be less than 5, 75 s, because the shortest packet for 100
Base TX equals 5, 75 s - in 10 times shorter than for 10 Base T).

4.6 Is the Preplanned LAN Adequate?

The preplanned network is adequate for most networks. However, there may
reasons why it will not work for your site including:
• Speed
• Security
• The number of servers
• The number and type of printers
• Non-standard software requirements
• Cost

If the preplanned network does not provide the specifications or the detail you
need, continue the planning of your own original network.

5. Choosing Network Components

5.1 Network architecture

Since there are no special requirements for speed or long distance, ETHERNET is best
suitable for this project task.

5.2 Operating System

UNIX and Windows 2000 based databases have to act in the designed network, thus
it is necessary to install two operating systems: UNIX onto the server with Informix
database and Windows 2000 onto the server with SQL Server database.
The most productivity computers must to be used as servers. We have two such
computers: computer1 and computer2 with 200 Gb HDD and 1 Gb RAM in office 1.
Windows 2000 Server 5.0 will be installed onto computer1 and Informix will be
installed onto computer2.
Windows 2000 computers have to interact with UNIX server. That is possible because
Microsoft Corporation recently have developed Windows service for UNIX. Windows
2000 Services for UNIX is an add-on product that makes it easier for customers to
integrate Windows 2000 Server into their existing UNIX environments. It provides a
set of core technologies that improves resource sharing, administration and security
between Windows 2000 in a UNIX environment. Installation and configuring
instructions are supplied by Microsoft together the software.
 5.3 Cabling

Star bus topology is used in the both offices, Computers 1 and 2 are connected to
Hub1 in office 1 and computers 3, 4 and 5 are connected to Hub2 by UTP cable
category 5, computers 6 and 7 are connected to Hub3 by UTP cable category 5,
computers 8, 9 and 10 are connected to Hub4 by UTP cable category 5 and
computers 11, 12 and 13 are connected to Hub5 by UTP cable category 5.
Hub2 and Hub3 are connected by thin coaxial cable RG58 also Hub4 and Hub5 are
connected by thin coaxial cable RG58 because the distance between hubs more than
100 meters.

The distance between the offices is 200 meters, so therefore it uses fiber-optic cable
between Hub1 and Hub2.
Hub1 must have 4 RJ45 ports for connecting computers 1, 2, router and AUI port for
connecting the transceiver for fiber-optic cable.
Hub2 must have 5 RJ45 ports for connecting computers 3, 4, 5 and AUI port for
connecting the transceiver for fiber-optic cable.
Hub3 must have 4 RJ45 ports for connecting computers 6, 7, and 2 AUI ports for
connecting the transceivers for thin coaxial cable RG58.
Hub4 must have 5 RJ45 ports for connecting computers 8, 9, 10 and 2 AUI port for
connecting the transceiver for thin coaxial cable RG58.
Hub5 must have 4 RJ45 ports for connecting computers 11, 12, 13 and AUI port for
connecting the transceiver for thin coaxial cable RG58.

Calculation of the cabling system.

Ts calculations
Segmen Segment Segment Segment Ts, s
t description type length,
number m

1 comp.1 - 10BaseT, 50 Ts = 50 * 0,0113 + 1,53 = 2,095

hub1 start
 2 hub1 - hub2 10BaseFL, 200 Ts = 200 * 0,01 + 4,65 = 6.65
inter

3 hub2 - hub3 10Base5, 40 Ts = 40 * 0,0113 + 3,35 = 3,802

inter
4 hub3 - hub4 10Base5, 40 Ts = 40 * 0,0113 + 4,65 = 9,17
inter
5 Hub4 – 10base5, 60 Ts = 60 * 0,0113 + 16,5 = 17,178
Hub5 inter
6 Hub5 – 10base5, 50 Ts = 50* 0,0113 + 1,53 =
comp.13 final 2,095

5.4 Network Adapter Card

The network adapter card with AUI connector for computers are needed It may be
SMS8416BTA Ether EZ Adapter Ethernet card with RJ45/BNC/AUI connectors.
These cards are Plug &Play and all the setup is done automatically for Microsoft
operating system it is necessary to choose free IRQ (3, 5, 11 or other), Base I/O port
address (300H - 30FH, 310H-31FH), Base RAM address ( D8000H typically).

5.5 Switch

Switches map the Ethernet addresses of the nodes residing on each network segment
and then allow only the necessary traffic to pass through the switch. When a packet is
received by the switch, the switch examines the destination and source hardware
addresses and compares them to a table of network segments and addresses. If the
segments are the same, the packet is dropped or "filtered"; if the segments are
different, then the packet is "forwarded" to the proper segment.

5.6 The Network Protocols

 TCP/IP is used in this network because we need the Internet and UNIX server
connection.

5.7 Network printing

Two printers in the office 2 are connected to LPT ports of computers 5 and 10.
This printers are located an equal distance from segment's computers. Computers 2
and 4 have access to the printer connected with computer 5 and computers 8 and 9
have access to the printer connected with computer 10.

6. CONNECTING LAN TO THE INTERNET

Communication between LAN and the Internet provider involves one of the following
transmission technologies:
- Analog
- Digital
- Packet switching

6.1 ANALOG CONNECTIVITY

Dial-up lines use modems and PSTN as a Wide Area Network (WAN) link.
Because the PSTN is a circuit-switched network, the connections do not have
consistent quality. Any single communication session will only be as good as the
circuits linked for that particular session.
Dedicated analog lines. Unlike dial-up lines which must be reopened each time they
are used, dedicated (or leased) analog lines provide a ready communication link. A
leased analog line is faster and more reliable than a dial-up connection.
Dial-up or dedicated? There is no best type of service. The choice will depend on a
number of factors including: - the amount of time the connection is used; -the cost of
the service; -the data transmission speed; -the need for a 24-hour a day connection.
If the need is infrequent, dial-up lines will work well. If the connection needs a high
level of reliability, then the quality of a dial-up line may not be adequate.
6.2 DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY
Organizations that need a faster and more secure transmission environment than
analog lines can turn to digital lines. The primary reason customers use digital lines is
because it provides transmission that is nearly 99 percent error free. Digital lines are
available in several forms, including DDS, T1, T3, and ISDN.
DDS. Because DDS uses digital communication, it does not require modems. Instead,
DDS sends data from a bridge or router through a device called a CSU/DSU (channel
service unit/data service unit). DDS provides point-to-point synchronous
communications at 2.4, 4.8, 9.8, or 56 Kbps. Point-to-point digital circuits are
dedicated circuits which several telecommunications carriers can provide. The carrier
guarantees full-duplex bandwidth by setting up a permanent link from each
endpoint.
T1. T1 is perhaps the most widely used type of digital line at higher data speeds. It is
a point-to-point transmission technology that uses two-wire pairs to transmit a full-
duplex signal at a rate of 1,544 Mbps. T1 can divide this into 24 channels. Each of the
24 channels can transmit at 64 Kbps. User can lease one, several or all of these 24
channels.T1 is used to transmit digital voice, data and video signals. T1 uses a copper
wire. Outside the USA T1 service may not be available, but a similar service called E1
often is. E1 is similar T1, but has a signaling rate of 2,048 Mbps.
T3. T3 provides transmission speed from 6 Mbps to 45 Mbps. A T3 line can be used
to replace several T1 lines. T3 uses fiber-optic cable or microwave transmission.
ISDN. Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) uses T1 channels.

6.3 PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS.

Because packet technology is fast, convenient and reliable, it is used in transmitting

data over wide areas such as between cities, states or countries. X25, Frame Relay
and ATM are known as packet-switching networks.
 7. Network Architecture

OFFICE 1 WAN
Frame relay

ROUTER

WINDOWS 2000 SERVER utp catse UNIX SERVER

HUB 1

1 2
10 base T 10 base T

10 base FL (fiber optics)

OFFICE 2

3 6 8

4 7 9 11
HUB 2 HUB 3 HUB 4 HUB 5

10 base 5 10 base 5 10 base 5

5 10 12
USB cable USB cable

13
HP LJ 1100 HP LJ 1100
 The equipment list

Numb Type Name Price, Quantity

$
1 Hub CNet CN8800TPC 39 1
2 Hub Transition E-TBT-HB-0400 60 3
3 Transceiver Cnet NE-201T Transceiver UTP/AUI 22 1

4 Transceiver 3Com 3C 1114-1 124 3

5 Transceiver E-FRL-MC01© 123 2
6 Router Cisco 1603-CH 1454 1
7 Connector BNC-C58P 0.63 2
8 Connector T-connector BNC -T 1.0 2
9 Connector Terminator BNC-E50P 1.0 2
10 Connector RJ45 Cat.5 UTP patch 0,51 13
11 Cable UTP Cat.5, patch, Berk-Tek 540121 0,63 170 m

12 Cable RG58, USB cable 0,32 120 m

13 Cable Thick Ethernet 3.52 100 m
14 Cable Fiber-optic Comm Scope 85-058-02 200 200 m

15 Modem Cnet CN5614 UB External, V90, 56K 100 2

 8. Conclusion

In this project task, two Data bases are installed on office 1 and all computers in
offices 1 and office 2 are connected to the internet, two remote users from home
notebooks are connected to the SQL database. The setup of the network is achieved
with very affordable cost and all the conditions required for network to function
properly are fulfilled. Users are able to access files and data on the computers on the
network and they can make use of the two printers on the network.
DHCP server is installed on one of the computers on the network to assign IP addresses
dynamically to other computers on the network because the number of the computers
on the network (13 computers) is more than the number of IP addresses available (6 IP
addresses).

9. References:
1. Lectures on Computer Networks by Prof M. A. Ozhogin, Department of Computer
Systems and Network.
2. The Wikipedia encyclopedia (http://www.wikipedia.org).
3. Network Essentials (http://www.microsoft.com).
4. Multiplatform Network (http://www.lynda.com ).