IWCF WI Course - Day 1

Day 1 GULF TECHNICAL & SAFETY TRAINING CENTRE
WELCOME TO
WELL INTERVENTION
COURSE
COURSE
INTRODUCTION
AIMS & OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course, delegate must be able to:
• Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.
• List the necessary parameters to enable a safe operation of well kill
• List the well kill types, associated advantages & disadvantages.
• Identify the Well Intervention services
• List the Coiled Tubing equipment & application.
• List The Wireline equipment & application.
• List the Well Completion accessories & its purposes.

IWCF
PHILOSOPHY
& CONCEPT
IWCF PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT

“IWCF PHILOSOPHY IS TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT
COMPROMISING SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
Two factors govern the Success of Well Control:
1. Human
2. Equipment
1. HUMAN 2. EQUIPMENT
• Fitness (Physical & Mentally) • Full Inventory
• ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge) • Independent Inspection
• Team Effort • MPT Suitability
• Democratic approach • Function and/or Pressure Test
• Communications & Coordination
• Back-up & Spares
• Responsibility
WELL CONTROL THEORY

Barrier Definition:
^ Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow of
wellbore fluids.
Barrier Classification:
1. Primary Barrier
2. Secondary Barrier
3. Tertiary Barrier
Barrier Requirement :
1. Drilling & Workover – Double Barriers Protection
2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection
WELL CONTROL THEORY

BARRIER ENVELOPES
Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.
Examples:
^ Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.
^ Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.
^ Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc

WELL CONTROL THEORY

Example of Barrier Envelope :
STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
• BOP
• Lubricators
• Stuffing Box
WELL CONTROL THEORY

Example of Barrier Envelope :
PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
• Packer
• Tubing
• Tubing Accessories
• Tubing Hanger
• Xmas Tree
WELL CONTROL THEORY

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
• Production Casing
• Side Outlets Valves
• Tubing Hanger
• Tubing Head
• Casing Head Housing

WELL CONTROL THEORY

PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
• Packer
• Tubing
• Tubing Accessories
• DHSV
WELL CONTROL THEORY
Barrier Type: Barrier Integrity:
1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”
1.1 Closed Type Must be “Leak Tight”
1.2 Closable Type API leakage criteria “400 cc/min or 900 scf/hr”
2. Hydrostatic Barrier Must be diligently monitored for a period of time

to Ensure Thermal Expansion & Contraction
^ Liquids with circa 200psi
Effects Have Ceased.
overbalanced from
formation pressure.
^ Must be observable from surface. (If possible, use a plug to segregate kill
fluids from the formation.)
STUFFING BOX
BARRIER TYPE
1. Mechanical Barrier
Advantage:
- Reduces formation potential
damage & cost efficient.
BOP
Disadvantage: XMAS TREE

MUD
- Working under pressure.
2. Hydrostatic Barrier DHSV
Advantage:
-Working in dead well. FORMATION FLUID
Disadvantage:
- High potential of formation PACKER
WL PLUG
damage. FORMATION FLUID
WELL CONTROL THEORY

Example of Barriers:
MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Stuffing Box BOP
Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Completion Fluid Salt Water
DOWNHOLE BARRIER
WL Plugs Ice Plugs
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid
FORMATION DAMAGE
& WELL KILLING
FORMATION DAMAGE
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;
• Pore or fracture plugging by circulating or kill fluid solids.
• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate invasion.
• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed

during acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.
• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.
• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.
• Pore or perforations plugging due to bullheading with scale or

debris in the tubing.
DAMAGE PREVENTION
Thorough planning is compulsory to minimize or eliminate formation
damages.
1 Well Plugging
• Always isolate fluids from formation by setting a mechanical barrier (only
possible if no work to be done below it)).
• Use long neck fishing neck plugs for better recovery due to scale/debris
4 Health & Safety
2 Filtration & Cleanliness • MSDS
• Filtration unit or Centrifuge • PPE
• Procedures
3 Fluids Selection
• Compatible 5 Pollution Control
• Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids • Legislative requirements
• Maintain pH • Retain leakage or spillage
• Consider Inhibitors • Close monitor & recorded.
WELL KILLING
Well Kill Method:
1. Bullhead
2. Forward Circulation
1 Bullhead:
• Fill CT below Quad BOP with kill fluids through Quad BOP Kill Port
• Pump 1½ - 2 volumes of seawater with high pumping rate (faster than
freefall) to push hydrocarbon into formation via Xmas Tree.
• Followed by pumping kill fluids at high pumping rate (e.g. 1000 lpm) &
reduce pumping rate before the kill fluids reaches formation (e.g. 200
lpm)
• Squeezed kill fluids into formation at given overpressure (lower than
formation fracturing pressure).
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate of pressure
reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue squeezing &
monitor pressure bleed off.
WELL KILLING
2 Forward Circulation
• Prepare kill fluids circa 200 psi overbalance.
• Pump down kill fluids through CT & returns up the tubing.
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate of pressure
reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue pumping &

monitor return pressure.
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
Well Intervention Common Challenges are:
• Surge Pressure • Hydrates

• Swab Pressure • Equipment Failure and/or Defect
• Blockages • Human Error
1. Surge Pressure
Piston Power arises from running of tubing in hole & caused by:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures
Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• May activate pressure-activated equipment downhole.
e.g. Entering 2⅞” tubing with 250 m/h speed will results injection rate
of 1.05 m3/h =17.5 l/m. This can be compensated by bleeding of
via choke to separator while RIH.
2. Swab Pressure
Piston Effect occurs when downhole equipment is being pulled from the well &
caused by following conditions:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures.
• Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• Greater effect when downhole tools closer to reservoir & causes
hydrocarbon to be drawn out from reservoir.
3. Blockages
• Formation sand
• Scale
• Collapsed casing, liners or jammed valves etc.
Removing Blockages
• Mechanical methods
• Chemical methods
4. Hydrates
Crystalline water structures filled with small molecules. 1 m3 of hydrates
contains approximately 0.8 m3 water & 180 m3 gas.
• Presence of free water
• Presence of light gas molecules
• Relatively high pressure
• Relatively low temperature
Removing Hydrates
• Reduce pressure
(Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up).
• Raise temperature
• Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).
5 Equipment Failure and/or Defect
Equipment failures lead to disastrous tragedy.
Certified independent inspection body, pre-job function & pressure tests,

good equipment handling, effective maintenance program, sufficient
spares & back-up equipment are essential in achieving maximum
safety standard & high rate of operation success.
6 Human Error
Qualified, well trained competent personnel are essential in achieving

maximum safety standard & high rate of operation success.
Two ways communication is vital to this dynamic WI operations. Well

developed intra-personnel relationship is essentially important.
WELL
INTERVENTION
WELL INTERVENTION
IWCF Definition:
Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live wells.

(Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
No guarantee that Well Intervention may succeed to achieve the objectives.
&
Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.

High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is not properly calculated.
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers
WELL INTERVENTION
Reasons for Well Intervention:
1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene, scale,

paraffin, hydrates etc.
2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories.
4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash, matrix
acidizing and fracturing).
5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on-stream.
6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from various
zones or layers in stratified reservoirs.
7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir pressure,
temperature, electrical & chemical properties.
8. Isolating zones or wells.
9. Etc.
WELL INTERVENTION
Well Mechanical Failure:
Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well Intervention

techniques.
However Workover technique is required, if the failure is serious &

required to pull tubing such as;
• TRSV failure or leak.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak.
• Casing, Tubing collapse.
• Serious Cement failure.
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional
method.
WELL SERVICE & MAINTENANCE

WELL SERVICE & MAINTENANCE
ROUTINE MONITORING WELLHEAD SERVICING EMERGENCY
WELL INTERVENTIONS WORKOVERS
WELL COILED RE WELL

WIRELINE SNUBBING REPAIRS CAPPING
TESTING TUBING COMPLETE KILL
WELL INTERVENTION
METHOD
1. Snubbing
• Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
2. Coiled Tubing
• Technique using continuous thin-walled
tube into pressurized well by means of a
mechanically driven belt.
3. Wireline
• Convey tools using wire or cable.
WI PRINCIPLES
Well Intervention Procedures must be tailored to each well conditions.
CONTROL is the virtue of the Well Interventions.
3 Essential Elements of Control:

• Human
• Equipment
• Contingency Plan
BARRIER
The key element of CONTROL is………………
MECHANICAL type of barrier.

Well Intervention employs……………………
HYDROSTATIC
Workover employs ……………………..type of barrier.
What are the rational for these?
WELL COMPLETION
Objective:
Provide general knowledge of design philosophy, types,

functional requirements & accessories.
WELL COMPLETION
WC is the “hardware” of the outflow system & final stage of a drilled well.
The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.

– by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
– by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.
Quality concepts for WC is;
“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle, maximum
monetary value, without compromising safety & environmental
standards”
WELL COMPLETION TYPE

1. PRODUCER
2. INJECTOR
3. KILL
The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.

• Open Hole Completion
• Uncemented Liner Completion
• Gravel Pack / WWS Completion
• Tubingless Completion
• Cemented & Perforated Completion
• Single String or Multiple String Completion

• Convectional or Monobore Completion
WELL COMPLETION
1. Conventional Completion
2. Mono-bore Completion
“Completion with fullbore access across the payzone without
diameter restrictions”.
CONVENTIONAL Same tubing ID CONVENTIONAL
WRSV Use full bore slimline tubing run SSSV

TRSV
SSD Omit, use CT well servicing
Minimize annular “waste” (swedge ▼or run Liner)
SPM Omit or use slimline SPM
Bottle Neck ▪▪ No Restriction

◦◦◦◦
Use TCP or CT run guns
GULF TECHNICAL & SAFETY TRAINING CENTRE
Int Segregation
3 PRODUCING ZONES
Concentric String
Multiple String
MULTIPLE
Single String
Co-Mingling Int
SINGLE
Standard
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Sub-Pump
Plunger Rod
2 OUTFLOW
Gas Lift
SEC RECOVERY
WELL COMPLETION
Rod
High Rate Liner
PRI RECOVERY High Pressure
Simple, Low Cost
Tubing-less
HORIZONTAL
Internal GP
PERFORATED CASING
Standard
1 INFLOW
PERFORATED LINER
Ext GP
P//Pack Screen
UNCEMENTED LINER
WWS
VERTICAL
Slotted Pipe
OPENHOLE
Day 1
1 INFLOW 2 OUTLOW 3 PRODUCING ZONE
ZONE 1 ZONE 1
ZONE 2 ZONE 2
PRODUCING PRODUCING
WELLBORE
ZONE ZONE ZONE 3
ZONE 3
Interface between Producing Interface between Wellbore No of Zones

Zones & Wellbore & Surface Facility
VERTICAL VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL Gas Cap

GOC
Hits multiple
fractures
Oil Rim
Coning WOC Limited Drawdown
Hits few
fractures
1. INFLOW SYSTEM - VERTICAL

Technological advances allow boosting of the well inflow to a considerable
extent – albeit at a cost.
WWS or
SLOTTED PREPACK
OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACK
LINER SCREEN
1. INFLOW SYSTEM - VERTICAL
STD CEMENTED & INTERNAL GRAVEL

PERF PROD CASING PACK
1. INFLOW SYSTEM - HORIZONTAL

OPEN HOLE SLOTTED LINER PRE-PACK SCREEN
Production
Casing
Cement Sheath Slotted Liner Pre-Pack Screen

Open Hole Section
◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦
GRAVEL PACK CMT & PERF LINER
Graded Gravel
Gravel Pack Screen Perforations
• •••••••••••••••••••
•
••• •••• •••• ••••
2. OUTFLOW – PRI RECOVERY

It’s essentially a conduit with flow controls & where necessary artificial lift or
pressure boosting facilities.
TUBINGLESS HIGH PRESSURE MONOBORE

With out tubing. Cemented, perforated & With high rate liner
completed with tubing &
accessories.
Low pressure gas reservoir Restriction Free

Susceptible for WI
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY

ROD PUMPING
Pumping Unit
HYDRAULIC PUMPING
Production Casing
Tubing
Sucker Rod String
Gas
Operating Fluid Level
Oil
Tubing Anchor
Plunger
Pump Barrel
Travelling Valve
Stationary Valve
Gas Anchor
Perforations
Sump
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY

GAS LIFT
Compression
Manifold Gas
Surge
Tank
Water Oil
Motorised
Flowline Valve
Continuous Intermittent
Gas Lift Gas Lift
Gas Supply
Unloading Unloading
Control And
Valves Valves
Metering System
Operating
Gas Lift
Valve (OGLV)
Standing Valve
3. PRODUCING ZONES – SINGLE

Single Single Single
Single
Selective Selective Commingle
Completion
Interval Interval
3. PRODUCING ZONES – MULTIPLE

Multiple Multiple
Multiple Concentric
Commingle Selective
Completion Completion
Completion Completion
WELL COMPLETION
Well Completion design is dictated by the type of well to be completed.

1. Producer
2. Injector
3. Kill
The 3 considerations of designing well completions are;

1. Inflow system
2. Outflow system
3. Number of zones to be produced

THE END
&
THANK YOU

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Day 1 GULF TECHNICAL & SAFETY TRAINING CENTRE

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

• Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.

• List the necessary parameters to enable a safe operation of well kill

• List the well kill types, associated advantages & disadvantages.

• Identify the Well Intervention services

• List the Coiled Tubing equipment & application.

• List The Wireline equipment & application.

• List the Well Completion accessories & its purposes.

IWCF PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT

WELL CONTROL THEORY

WELL CONTROL THEORY

Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.

^ Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.

^ Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.

^ Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc

WELL CONTROL THEORY

STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:

WELL CONTROL THEORY

Barrier elements include:

WELL CONTROL THEORY

• Side Outlets Valves

• Casing Head Housing

WELL CONTROL THEORY

WELL CONTROL THEORY

Barrier Type: Barrier Integrity:

1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”

1.1 Closed Type Must be “Leak Tight”

2. Hydrostatic Barrier Must be diligently monitored for a period of time

Disadvantage: XMAS TREE

2. Hydrostatic Barrier DHSV

WELL CONTROL THEORY

• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate invasion.

• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed

• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.

• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.

• Pore or perforations plugging due to bullheading with scale or

• Pump down kill fluids through CT & returns up the tubing.

• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue pumping &

• Surge Pressure • Hydrates

Equipment failures lead to disastrous tragedy.

Certified independent inspection body, pre-job function & pressure tests,

Qualified, well trained competent personnel are essential in achieving

Two ways communication is vital to this dynamic WI operations. Well

Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live wells.

Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.

1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene, scale,

Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well Intervention

However Workover technique is required, if the failure is serious &

WELL SERVICE & MAINTENANCE

ROUTINE MONITORING WELLHEAD SERVICING EMERGENCY

WELL INTERVENTIONS WORKOVERS

WELL COILED RE WELL

CONTROL is the virtue of the Well Interventions.

3 Essential Elements of Control:

MECHANICAL type of barrier.

Provide general knowledge of design philosophy, types,

The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.