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Lab 3 - Universal Gates

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Fariha Mehzabin
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131 views8 pages

Lab 3 - Universal Gates

Uploaded by

Fariha Mehzabin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lab 3: Universal Logic Gates

1. Objectives:

● Understand the concept of Universal Gates (NAND & NOR)


● Implement the basic logic gates using universal gates
● Implement boolean functions using universal gates
● Understand gate level minimization

2. List of Equipments:

● IC 7400 Quadruple 2-input NAND gates


● IC 7402 Quadruple 2-input NOR gates
● Trainer Board
● Wires

3. Theory:

Universal Gate: A Logic Gate which can infer any of the gate among Logic Gates. OR a
gate which can be use to create any Logic gate is called Universal Gate.

This is the circuit diagram of a NAND gate used to make work like a NOT gate, the
original logic gate diagram of NOT gate is given beside.
The above diagram is of an OR gate made from combinations of NAND gates, arranged
in a proper manner. The truth table of an OR gate is also given beside the diagram.

The above diagram is of an AND gate made from NAND gate. So we can see that all the
three basic gates can be made by only using NAND gates, that’s why this gate is called
Universal Gate and it is appropriate.

The above diagram is of an OR gate made by only using NOR gates. The output of this
gate is exactly similar to that of a single OR gate. As we can see the circuit arrangement
of OR gate using NOR gates is similar to that of AND gate using NAND gates.

The above diagram as the name suggests is of AND gate using only NOR gate, again we
can see that the circuit diagram of AND gate using only NOR gate is exactly similar to
that of OR gate using only NAND gates. Now we will finally see how a NOT gate can be
made by using only NOR gates.
The above diagram is of a NOT gate made by using a NOR gate. The circuit diagram is
similar to that of NOT gate made by using only NAND gate.

So, from the above discussion it is clear that all the three basic gates (AND, OR, NOT)
can be made by only using NOR gate. And thus, it can be aptly termed as Universal
Gate.

4. Circuit Diagram:

XOR

XNOR
Figure 1: Implementation of XOR and XNOR using NAND gates
NOT

AND

OR
XOR

XNOR

Figure 2: Implementation of NOT, AND, OR, XOR and XNOR using NOR gates
Part1

Part2

Figure 3: Universal (NAND) gate implementation of the circuit of Figure D2


5. Truth Table:

Table 1: Truth table of combinational circuit in fig

6. Questions and Answers:


7. Discussion:

In our lab session we were given four (XOR,AND,XNOR) circuit to implement using
NAND and NOR gate in given manner. After collecting all equipment we checked all the
IC’s and we started working. We implemented the circuit and get the expected result for
XOR using NAND gate. We use IC 7400 for implement 1st circuit. For implementation of
AND we use IC 7402. Before starting the work we just checked this additional IC. That
was okay. So we started the work. We got all the output. In same manner we build XNOR
using same IC and got the output without any error. Then we started the work for
implementing the last circuit which is using NAND gate. We found that the theoretical
result is exactly matched with the practical result. There was no fluctuation.

There are some precautions to avoid some mishaps and miscalculation. Wires in the
circuit should be connected to each other and to ICs in proper way. ICs should be
removed using the equipment provided in the lab. And we have to be more careful during
the time when we connect the VCC and ground.

There was a problem in Trainer Board. Ground was not working properly. So we used a
switch instead of ground. My suggestion is trainer board should be upgraded.

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