UNIT ORGANIZATION OF DATA IMPORTANT NOTES Statistical enquiry A statistical enquiry means a search for knowledge through statistical methods, Stages of statistical enquiry 1, Planning and preparation 2. Execution of the survey Investigator The investigator is the person who conducts the statistical enquiry. Enumerator ‘The person who collects the information for the investigator is called enumerator. Respondents (Informants) The respondents (informants) are the persons from whom the information will be collected. ‘Types of data in a statistical survey 1 Primary data 2. Secondary data Primary d Data which are collected for the first time, data. ctly from the field by the investigator is called primary jethods of collection of primary data 1, Direet personal observation 2. Indirect oral interview: 3. Information through agencies 4. Mailed questionnaire 5. Schedules sent through enumerator Correspondents Agents who collect information from the informants are called correspondents. Questionnaire ‘Questionnaire is a list of questions where the answers are filled by the informant and these answers are the required information for the investigation, Schedule Schedule is a list of questions where the facts will be supplied by informants and recorded by enumerator, Guidelines for the construction of a questionnaire (General principles are to be considered while ratti ‘The number of questions should be as less as possible, 2, The questions should be simple to understand. 3. Questions should be arranged logically. 4, Answers to the questions should be short. (Yes/No type) §, Necessary instructions should be given to the informants, 6. As far as possible, questions regarding personal matters should be avoided 7. Any clarifications, should be supplied in the form of foot nate. 4, A.questionnaire should be attractive 9, Questions which require mathematical rigour should be avoided, 10. Questionnaire should also assure that the information supplied will be kept confidential questionnaire)Secondary data Secondary data is the data which has been already collected and analyzed by enumerators Sources of secondary data 1. Published sources @) Official publications of international bodies such as I.M.F., W.H.O., U.N.O ete. b) Official publications of central and state governments. ¢) Journals, news papers, periadicals, websites ete Unpublished sources a) Records maintained at government offices, municipal offices, gram panchayats et ) Records maintained by research institutions, research scholars, Ways of collection information in a statistical enquiry 1. Census enumeration 2. Sample survey Census enumeration A complete enumeration of each and every unit of the population is called census enumeration. Merits (advantages) of census enumeration i. The results are more accurate and reliable ii, Itprovides the detailed study of all the units of population, iii, Census method is free from sampling errors. Demerits (disadvantages) of census enumeration: i It requires more money, labour and time, ii, This method is impossible if the population is infinite: iii, Non sampling errors are likely to be more. Sample survey An enumeration based on a sample is called sample survey. Sample ‘The representative units of a population is called sample, Sampling ‘The process of extracting sample from the population is called sampling. Merits (advantages) of sample survey i. This method requires less labour , less time and is economical. Sample survey is more scientific. iii, Sample survey is free from non-sampling errors iv. In destructive cases , only this method can be used. Demerits (disadvantages) of sample survey i. Sample survey requires appropriate sampling method and appropriate methods of analysis. ii, IE the population is too beterogencous in nature, the use of sampling procedure is impossible, iii, Sampling errors are part and parcel of sample survey. Pilot survey A survey conducted before any general survey is called a pilot survey. Methods of sampling i Simple random sampling ii, Systematic sampling iii, Stratified samplingSimple Itis a technique where the sample is drawn in such a way that each and every unit of the population will have an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. Arancom sample may be selected by i) Lottery method Systematic sampling ii) Using random number tables Systematic sampling is a procedure of drawing samples by selecting equally separated units in a saumerically, alphabetically or geographically arranged population, Stratified sampling Here, the population is divided into a number of sub-groups called Strata, Each stratum is homogeneous. From each strattim appropriate number of units are randomly selected, Difference between « 1. Enumeration of each and every unit of the | population is called census enumeration, 2. Non samp! kely to be more, ‘3. This method is not scientific. 10 ump! ~ 3. This method is more scientific. 4. This method is impossible ifthe population is infinite, hod requires more money, time and labour. 4. This method is more suitable if the population is infinite, 6. In destructive cases this method cannot be used. 6. In destructive cases this method is only method which can be used. Statistical error (sampling error) Statistical error is the difference between the estimated value and the actual value. Causes of statistical errors (sampling errors) 1. Error of origin 2. Errorof inadequacy 3, Error of manipulation Classes of statistical errors (sampling errors) 1. Biased errors 2, Unbiased errors Biased errors ‘The errors that occur with the notice of the investigator are called biased errors. Unbiased errors ‘The errors that occur without the notice of the investigator are called unbiased errors. ‘Types of measurement of errors 1. Absolute error 2. Relative error Absolute error Absolute error = Actual value ~ Estimated value. Relative err oF Relative error is the ratio of absolute error and the estimated value,Methods of collection of primary data Explain the methods of collection of primary data with relative merits and demerits | Direct personal observation: In this method the investigator collects the required information by personal observation of the units, through the enumerator, from the informants. This method is successively employed where the field of enquiry is confidential, small, greater accuracy and sufficient time is available. : This method is most reliable, accurate and confidential. : This method is expensive, time consuming, chance of personal bias in collection of data. 2 Indirect oral interview: this method is applied, where the required information from the informant is not possible to obtain by direct interview method Merits: this method is simple, convenient, free from bias and successively employed by newspaper, investigating agencies ean in this method there is an ample scope of influencing the enquiry by the third personUNIT-I ORGANIZATION OF DATA SECTION ~A UESTION NUMBER: 6 (i) TI Match the following. (1 mark) (Please note: Here answers are given directly for the sake of convenience) Tnvestigator The person who conducts statistical enquiry Direct personal observation Primary data Indirect oral interview Primary data Information through agencies Primary data ‘Mailed questionnaire Primary data ‘Schedules sent through enumerator | | Primary data ‘Correspondents ‘Agents who collect information from the informants ‘Absolute error Actual value — estimated value SECTION ~B QUESTION NUMBER: 18 Short answer type question (2 marks) 1. Mention the two stages of statistical enquiry. (Mention two stages of statistical investigation) 1. Planning and preparation 2. Execution of the survey 2. What do you mean by primary data? Mention a method of collecting primary data. Data which are collected for the first time, directly from the field by the investigator is called primary data. i) Direct personal observation ii) Mailed questionnaire (any one) — 3. Mention two methods of collecting primary data. 1. Direct personal observation 2. Indirect oral interview 3. Information throt i : : a 4, Mailed questionnaire 5. Schedules sent through enumerator Cay two) 4. Mention the sources of secondary data. 1. Published sources 2. Unpublished sources 5. Mention two methods of sampling. i. Simple random sampling ii, Systematic sampling (any two methods)» 6. Define census enumeration and sample survey. A complete enumeration of each and every unit of the population is called census enumeration. An enumeration based on a sample is called sample survey. 7. Write any two merits of census enumeration. i, The results are more accurate and reliable ii, It provides the detailed study of all the units of population. (any two) 8. Write any two demerits of census enumeration, i, Itrequires more money, labour and time. ii. This method is impossible if the population is infinite. (any two) 9. Write any two merits of sample survey. i, This method requires less labour , less time and is economical. ii, Sample survey is more scientific. (any two) 10. Write any two demerits of sample survey. i. If the population is too heterogeneous in nature, the use of sampling procedure is impossible. ii, Sampling errors are part and parcel of sample survey. (any two) 11. Define stratified sampling. Here, the population is divided into a number of sub-groups called Strata. Each stratum is homogeneous. From each stratum appropriate number of units are randomly selected. 12. Mention two causes of sampling errors. 1. Error of origin 2. Error of inadequacy 13. Distinguish between biased and unbiased errors. The errors that occur with the notice of the investigator are called biased errors. The errors that occur without the notice of the investigator are called unbiased errors. 14. Mention the methods of measurement of errors. 1. Absolute error 2. Relative error