Module 1:

Introduction to Data Processing

Data Processing Data Processing Operations, Types and Methods

Data – is defined as any collection of facts. Data Processing Operations

Example: Test scores, student name etc. Recording is the transferring of data onto
some for or document
Data processing – is the manipulation of data into a more Duplicating refers to reproducing the data onto
useful form many forms or documents
Types of Data Processing Cycle Verifying since recording is usually done
manually, it is important that the
1. Basic Data Processing Cycle recorded data be carefully checked
for errors
Classifying refers to separating of data into
categories
Sorting is arranging data in a specific order
Input in this step the initial data, or input Merging This operation takes two or more
are prepared in some convenient sets of data, all sets having been
form of processing. sorted by same key, and puts them
Process in this step the input data are together to form a single sorted set
changed, and usually combined with of data
other information, to produce data Calculating Refers to performing numerical
in a more useful form. calculations of the (numerical) data
Output here the results of the preceding Summarizing In this operation, a collection of
processing steps are collected. The and report data is condensed and certain
particular form of the output data writing conclusions form the data are
depends on the use of the data. represented in a meaningful
format
2. Expanded Data Processing Cycle Sorting Placing similar data into files for
future references is storing
Retrieving Recovering stored data and/or
information when needed is the
retrieving step
Feedback Feedback is the comparison of the
output(s) and the goal set in
advance; and discrepancy is
analyze, corrected, and fed back to
the proper stage in the processing
operation
Origination Refers to the processes of collecting
the original data into source
Types of Data Processing
documents.
Manual Data This method of data involves
Distribution Refers to distribution of the output.
Processing human intervention.
Recordings of the output data are
Mechanical Different calculations and
often called report documents.
Data Processing processing are performed using
Storage Crucial step in many data processing
mechanical machines like
procedures. The processed results
calculators etc. The use of
are stored for use as input data in
mechanical machines makes data
the future. A unified set of data
processing easier and less time-
storage is called a file which consists
consuming. The chances of errors
of records. A collection of files forms
also become far less than manual
a database.
data processing.
Electronic Data different type of input, output, and
Processing storage devices may be
interconnected to an electronic
computer to process data.

Methods of Processing Data

Batch Refers to processing of data or
Processing information by grouping it into
groups or batches
Online Consist of terminals connected to a
processing computer and communication by
lines that connect different
department of the
business/system to a computer
Realtime Method of data processing which
processing has the capability of fast-response
to obtain data from an activity or a
physical process, perform
computations, and return a
response rapidly enough to affect
the outcome of the activity or
process
Distributed The most complex level of
Processing computer processing, distributed
processing, generally consists of
remote terminals linked to a large
central computer system to help
the user conduct inquiries about
accounts, process jobs, or other
data processing operations
 Module 2:
Computer Concepts
COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE interactive smartboard, and
fingerprint scanner.
Computer Game Controller Joystick, gamepad, and steering
A computer is a machine or device that performs wheel.
processes, calculations and operations based on Audio Input Microphone and midi keyboard.
instructions provided by a software or hardware Device
Bluetooth Keyboard, mouse, headset,
program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process
Peripheral gamepad.
it, and then produce outputs. (techopedia.com)
Visual and Webcam, digital camera, digital
Hardware Imaging Device camcorder, TV capture card,
biometric scanner, and barcode
It represents the physical and tangible components of a reader.
computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and Network Device Ethernet hardware (Hub, Router,
touched. Switches)

Types of Computer Hardware

Input Devices These components are mostly to Examples of Processing Devices
be used to recognized the input
data that are given by users for
solving their problems.
Input instructions can be different
types such as text, images, audio,
and video.
Process Devices Processing is the most important
function of computer, because in
this phase transformation has
been done to data to make a
useful information using different
processing components of
computer.
Output Devices Output devices received the
processed information form from
processing components, and
finally produce them into text,
audio, video, etc. These output
devices might be connected with Examples of Output Devices
computer wireless or wired.
Memory/Storage • Using storage devices, all data
Devices files and objects can be sorted,
ported, and extracted. The
information can be stored
temporarily and permanently.
These devices can be used
internal or external.

Types of Input Devices

Input Type Examples
Pointing Device Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen,
multi-touch screen, pen input,
motion sensor, graphics tablet,
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

There are basically three main ways to classify

computers. These are:

• By Purpose
• By Type
• By Size / Capacity

Classification according to purpose

Types of Memory/ Storage Devices General purpose These are computers designed to
Primary storage are designed for temporary storage computers perform a variety of tasks when
installed with appropriate
programs.
Special purpose Computers developed in a way
computers that allows them perform a
specific task. These computers
cannot perform any other task
except the one they were meant
Secondary storage used for permanently storage of to do.
data
Example of Special Computer

• ATM Machines - is a machine built into the wall

of a bank or other building, which allows people
to take out money from their bank account by
using a special card. ATM is an abbreviation for
'automated teller machine'
• Robots - used in manufacturing industry and war
functionality.

Classification according to type

Analog Computer These computers recognize data
as a continuous measurement of
a physical property (voltage,
Software pressure, speed and
temperature). Example:
It is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a automobile speedometer
well-defined function. A program is a sequence of Digital Computer These are high speed
instructions written to solve a particular problem. programmable electronic devices
that perform mathematical
Types of Software calculations, compare values and
System software The system software is a program store results. They recognize data
that runs and manages the by counting discrete signal
computer. It is also known as representing either a high or low
Operating System. voltage state of electricity.
Ex: windows, linux, mac Example: digital watch, smart
Application are designed to satisfy a phones
software particular need of a particular Hybrid Computer A computer that processes both
environment. analog and digital data
Ex: word, excel, ppt, outlook “Hybrid computer is a digital
computer that accepts analog
signals, converts them to digital
 and processes them in digital of input and output devices at
form” a time.
✓ Mainframe is ahead of our
conventional modern
Example of hybrid computer personal computers in almost
every metric
• Vital sign machine - Hybrid computer used in
Super computer ✓ A Supercomputer is the
hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the
fastest, powerful, and
patient
expensive type of computer
• Petrol pump - Hybrid computer used in petrol for processing data.
pump. ✓ Supercomputers’ size and
storage capacity are also huge
Classification according to capacity
(can occupy huge premises)
Microcomputers ✓ Microcomputers are also
designed to process vast
called personal computers
amounts of data in a short
(PCs).
time with high productivity.
✓ The primary purpose of
✓ These are specially made to
microcomputers is to keep
perform multi-specific tasks.
and process everyday tasks
Therefore, many CPUs work
and needs of the people.
in parallel order on these
✓ Only one person can work on
supercomputers.
a single PC at a time, but its
operating system is
multitasking.
✓ The PC can be connected to
the Internet to take benefits
and enhance the user
experience.
Minicomputer ✓ System performs the basic
arithmetic and logic functions
and supports some of the
programming language used
with large computer systems.
✓ They are physically smaller,
less expensive, and have
small storage capacity
compared to mainframes
✓ Minicomputers are ideally
suited for processing tasks
that do not require access to
huge volumes of stored data.
Main Frame ✓ Mainframe computers are
Computer multi-programming, high-
performance computers, and
multi-user, which means it
can handle the workload of
more than 100 users at a time
on the computer
✓ The storage capacity of the
mainframe is enormous, with
a highspeed data process as
well. It can handle hundreds
 Module 3:
Computer History
EARLY COMPUTING DEVICE represented a significant contribution to the
development of computing devices.
Abacus
Slide Rule
• Abacus is known to be
the first mechanical calculating • Although the slide rule appeared in
device. various forms in Europe during the
• The abacus itself seventeenth century, its invention is
doesn't calculate; it's simply a attributed to the English mathematician
device for helping a human William Oughtred.
being to calculate by • Basically, a slide rule consists of two
remembering what has been counted. movable rulers placed side by side
• This device was a first develop by the Egyptians • Each ruler is marked off in such a way that the
in the 10th century B.C, but it was given its final actual distances from the beginning of the ruler
shape in the 12th century A.D. by the Chinese are proportional to the logarithms of the
educationists. numbers printed on the ruler. By sliding the
• Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod rulers can quickly multiple and divide.
where fitted across with rounds beads sliding on
Pascal Calculator
the rod. It is divided into two parts called
‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’ • In 1645, Blaise Pascal developed
• Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the a calculating machine that was
lower one. Thus, any number can be capable of adding and subtracting
represented by placing the beads at proper place numbers
• There are two reasons for its popularity: The • The machine was operated by
abacus is simple and it is effective. dialing a series of wheels.
• Approximately a size of a cigar box, Pascal’s
Napier’s Bone
machine could add and subtract numbers
• As the necessity containing up to eight digits.
demanded, scientist started • It had a 10-toothed wheels or dials represented
inventing better calculating decimal numbers. The machine performed
device. In thus process John computations by counting integers. One of the
Napier’s of Scotland invented a important features was an automatic carry that
calculating device, in the year is, when one wheel was turned from 9 to 0, the
1617 called the Napier Bones next wheel to the left moved on digit.
• In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the • Addition was performed by “stepping” (hand
counting purpose where some number is printed turning) the appropriate wheels by the amount
on these rods. These rods that one can do to be added. Subtraction requires turning the
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division wheels in reverse.
easily.
Leibniz Calculator
• John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who
became famous for his invention of logarithms • Gottfried Leibniz was a 17th
• Napier’s` “bones” are rods with numbers marked century scientist who recognized the
on them in such a way that by simply placing the value of building machines that could
rods side by side products and quotients of large do mathematical calculations and save
numbers can be obtained. labor too
• The sticks were called “bones” because they • He was one of the greatest
were made of bone or ivory. Napier’s “bones” scientific geniuses of his time. At the
age of 26 he taught himself
 mathematics and then proceeded to invent constructed an electromagnetic counting
calculus. machine to sort the data manually and tabulate
• Leibniz completed his calculator in 1964. It the data.
utilized the same techniques for addition and • The 1980 census was processed in one-fourth
subtraction as Pascal’s device but could also time needed. Hollerith left the Census Bureau to
perform multiplication and division, as well as build and sell his own tabulating machine. His
extract square roots. company was the forerunner of IBM
Corporation. Also, his machine was the first
Charles Babbage
commercially successful data processing
• Charles Babbage, a 19th century machine that could sort 300 cards per minute.
Englishman, is frequently considers the
EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTRONIC DATA
father of modern computer. Although he
PROCESSING
did not build an operational computer
himself, his ideas became the basis for All the early machines, except for Babbage's
modern computational device. analytical engine, were essentially single-purpose
devices. These machines were designed to perform a
Babbage Difference Engine
specific task or set of tasks. The innovation of the first
• In 1982, Babbage began work on modern-age machines was its capability to perform
a device called the Difference Engine, automatically a long sequences of varied arithmetical
which was designed to automate a and logical operations
standard procedure for calculating
World War II greatly accelerated the
the roots of polynomials. The
development of a working general-purpose computer
machine was based on the principle that, for
and many historians say that the wartime is a particularly
certain formulas, the difference between certain
fertile period for technological invention. The case of the
values is constant. This type of procedure was electronic digital computer clearly supports that point of
used frequently for producing astronomical
view.
tables, which were particularly useful for the
British Navy for navigational purposes. MARK I

Babbage Analytical Engine • Howard Aiken work on

the Mark I at Harvard
• The Analytical Engine was
University with the
designed to use two types of cards –
assistance of graduate
one, called operation cards, to indicate
students and engineers
the specific functions to be performs,
from IBM.
and the other, called variable cards, to
• 50 feet long, 8 feet tall
specify the actual data. This idea of
• The project, which was completed in 1944, was
entering a program or a set of instruction, on
knows as the Mark I Sequence Controlled
cards, followed by data cards, is one method
Calculator.
used by modern computers for implementing
• It was approximately 50 feet long and 8 feet high,
stored-program concept.
and consisted of some 700, 000 moving parts
Hollerith’s Punch Card and several hundred miles of wiring.
• The Mark I could perform the four basic
• In the 1980’s, Herman Hollerith,
arithmetic operations and could locate
a statistician with the US Bureau of
information stored in tabular form.
the Census completed a set of
• It processed numbers up to 23 digits long, and
machines to help process the results
could multiply three eight-digit numbers in 1
of the 1980’s census. Using 3 by 5 inch
second. Internal operations were controlled
punched cards to record the data he
 automatically with electromagnetic relays and • In 1947, the ENIAC was moved to the Aberdeen
the arithmetical counters were mechanical. Proving Grounds, a government research center,
• It was not an electronic computer but rather an where it continued to be used until October
electromechanical one since it was powered by 1955.
an electric motor and used switches and relays. • In 1959 it was placed in the Smithsonian
• It was also the first automatic general-purpose Institute.
digital computers.
EDVAC
• The Mark I is now on display at Harvard
University. • EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) was one of the earliest electronic
ENIAC
computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it
• ENIAC (Electronic was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored
Numerical Integrator and program computer.
Computer) was the world's • Invented by John Presper Eckert and John
first general-purpose William Mauchly in the year 1946, who were
computer. also the inventors of ENIAC (Electronic
• During the World War II, the U.S. government Numerical Integrator and Computer).
actively sought to support numerous projects • EDVAC could perform operations such as
that might assist in solving its diverse problems. automatic subtraction, addition, programmed
Largely as a result of there wartime needs, the division, multiplication and automatic checking.
government funded a group of young engineers It had a memory of 1000 words capacity and this
working at the Moore School of Electrical was later improved to 1024 words.
Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania,
APPLE I & II
who proposed the first electronic digital
computer to solve ballistics problems. • Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976 produced
• Under the direction of Presper Eckert Jr., and by hand the Apple I computer. But it was until
John Mauchly, the ENIAC was developed during 1977 when they produced the Apple II
the period 1943 to 1946. computer, which eventually a benchmark for
• It was the first large-scale vacuum tube Personal Computers (PC)
computer. • The Apple II is more technologically advanced
• It consisted of over 18, 000 vacuum tubes and than Apple I thus making Apple II a commercial
required the manual setting of switches to success that other manufacturers began
achieve desired results. producing their own version of the PC.
• It could perform 300 multiplications per second.
Operating instructions were not stored
internally; rather they were fed through
externally located plug boards and switches.
• On its test run in February of 1946, the ENIAC
took only two hours to solve a nuclear physics
problem that would previously required 100
years of calculation by a physicist. IBM
• The ENIAC’s speed calculation was a thousand
• In August 1981, IBM launched their version of
times faster than the best mechanical
the PC and was to compete with Apple II. This will
calculators. Each it’s 20 accumulators could
eventually be copied or cloned by numerous
perform 5, 000 additions of ten-digit numbers in
manufacturers.
1 second. But it could store only 20 tendigit
numbers in its memory at a time.
COMPUTER GENERATION computers. Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
First Generation
which drastically increased the speed and
• The period of first generation: 1940-1956. efficiency of computers.
• Vacuum tube based • Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
• The first computer systems used vacuum tubes interacted with third generation computers
for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
and were often enormous, taking up entire with an operating system, which allowed the
rooms. These computers were very expensive to device to run many different applications at one
operate and in addition to using a great deal of time with a central program that monitored the
electricity, the first computers generated a lot of memory. Computers for the first time became
heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. accessible to a mass audience because they were
• First generation computers relied on machine smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
language, the lowest-level programming Fourth Generation
language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one • The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980.
problem at a time. It would take operators days • Microprocessor based
or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input • In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the
was based on punched cards and paper tape, and home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
output was displayed on printouts. Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of
• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples the realm of desktop computers and into many
of first-generation computing devices. The areas of life as more and more everyday
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer products began to use microprocessors.
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census • As these small computers became more
Bureau in 1951. powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the
Second Generation
development of the Internet. Fourth generation
• The period of second generation: 1956-1963 computers also saw the development of GUIs
• Transistor based (Graphical User Interface), the mouse and
• The world would see transistors replace vacuum handheld devices.
tubes in the second generation of computers. Fifth Generation
The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947
but did not see widespread use in computers • The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards
until the late 1950s. • Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
• The transistor was far superior to the vacuum • Fifth generation computing devices, based on
tube, allowing computers to become smaller, artificial intelligence though there are some
faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more applications, such as voice recognition, that are
reliable than their first-generation predecessors. being used today. The use of parallel processing
• Second-generation computers still relied on and superconductors is helping to make artificial
punched cards for input and printouts for intelligence a reality.
output. • Quantum computation and molecular and
• From Binary to Assembly nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-
Third Generation generation computing is to develop devices that
• The period of third generation: 1964-1971. respond to natural language input and are
• Integrated Circuit based capable of learning and self-organization
• The development of the integrated circuit was
the hallmark of the third generation of
 Module 4:
Computer System
Computer System Complementary metal – oxide – semiconductor (CMOS)

− is a collection of entities (hardware, software − is a technology for constructing

and liveware) that are designed to receive, integrated circuits. CMOS technology
process, manage and present information in a is used in microprocessors,
meaningful format. microcontrollers, static RAM, and
other digital logic circuits. CMOS
Components of Computer System
technology is also used for several analog circuits
Computer hardware are physical parts/tangible
such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data
parts of a computer. eg. Input
converters, and highly integrated transceivers
devices, output devices,
central processing unit and for many types of communication.
storage devices BIOS (basic input/output system)
Computer software also known as programs or
applications. They are − is the program
classified into two classes on a personal
namely - system software and computer's
application software microprocessor uses to
Liveware is the computer user. Also get the computer
known as the humanware. system started after
The user commands the
you turn it on.
computer system to execute
− is software stored on a small memory chip on the
on instructions.
motherboard.
− It also manages data flow between the
Computer Case computer's operating system and attached
devices such as the hard disk, video adapter,
− also known as a computer
keyboard, mouse and printer.
chassis, tower, system unit, CPU (When
referring to the desktop as a whole), or Processor Chip
cabinet, is the enclosure that contains
most of the components of a computer − sometimes called a logic chip, is
(usually excluding the display, a computer processor on a microchip.
keyboard and mouse). − The microprocessor contains all,
or most of, the central processing unit
Power Supply (CPU) functions and is the "engine"
that goes into motion when you turn your
− is a component that supplies
computer on.
power to at least one electric load
Random Access Memory (RAM)

− is the physical hardware inside a

Motherboard
computer that temporarily stores data, serving
− is one of the most essential parts as the computer's "working" memory.
of a computer system. It holds − Additional RAM allows a computer to
together many of the crucial work with more information at the same time,
components of a computer, including which usually has a dramatic effect on total
the central processing unit (CPU), system performance.
memory and connectors for input and output
devices.
Read Only Memory (ROM) Computer Peripherals

− is "built-in" computer − device connects to a computer system to add

memory containing data that functionality.
normally can only be read, not
Three general categories of Computer Peripherals
written to.
Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices
− ROM contains the
• Mouse • Monitor • Flash drive
programming that allows your computer to be
• Keyboard • Printer • External
"booted up" or regenerated each time you turn
etc. Hard Drive
it on.
− Unlike a computer's random-access memory
(RAM), the data in ROM is not lost when the
computer power is turned off.
− The ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery
in your computer.

Cables

− is an assembly of one or more

wires running side by side or bundled,
which is used to carry electric current.

Storage Devices

− a piece of computer equipment

on which information can be stored

Video Cards

− Alternatively known as a display adapter,

graphics card, video adapter, video board, or
video controller, a video card is an expansion
card that connects to a computer motherboard.
− It is used to creates a picture on a display;
without a video card, you would not be able to
see this page.
− Video cards are used by gamers in place of
integrated graphics due to their extra processing
power and video ram.

DVI - Digital Visual Interface

VGA – Visual Graphics Array
HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
S-Video – Super VideoComputer Peripherals