CHAPTER 1

THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST

1. Scientific inquiry- process used by the scientist to search a question to develop

ideas/curiosity
2. Collection of information/data- after we identify questions we collect data
3. Conduct investigation/background research- it looks at the findings of the past
scientists to predict what will happen in an experiment
-it is out anchor to find what possibilities can happen in the experiment
-after this step we can start to observe and conduct experiment

Hypothesis- it is somewhat related to the result but it is just a mere prediction

Observation- the test you use for the hypothesis

-through observation you can state if your hypothesis prediction is correct or not
-after we collect our observations, we compare the different observation
Qualitative observation- base on qualities of the specimen
Quantitative observation- observations that can be measurable
Conclusion- different from hypothesis it is findings

Model- representation of something that is too small or too big or too expensive to
observe in real life that is why scientist used this models to simplify their observations
Computer model- can have 3D simulation
Mathematical model- scientific calculator –normal calculator
Physical model-globe, map

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY STEP BY STEP PROCESS

Step 1: Ask a question

-to become a real scientist you should always have a question in mind
Step 2: Background research
-research related to the questions
Step 3: Make your prediction or hypothesis
Step 4: Test your hypothesis with experiment or observation
Step 5: Analyze the result
-we will see what the results of our quantitative & qualitative observations are
Step 6: Conclusion
Step 7: Share the results
-if conclusion is the same with hypothesis share it but if not, don't share:> go back to the
start
CHAPTER 2
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT

DESIGNING A SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT

Keypoint
●Observe- when we are curious about something we tend to observe
●Alter- changes some process to make the experiment right
●Repeat- repeat the same experiment to see if you will get the same conclusion like the
other scientists

Scientific Procedure- we list all the materials needed to conduct the experiment. It is a
detailed step by step process in an experiment

TYPES OF VARIABLE IN PROCEDURE

Independent variable- is the variable that you can change in an experiment on a purpose
Dependent variable- is a variable that is influenced by the independent variable
Constants- variable that remains the same in an experiment
Variable- factor that you can alter for your experiment

COLLECTION OF DATA
Keypoint
●A good data is specific and detailed
●Data with quantitative descriptions is often helpful
●Good data is accurate
●Observe and measure carefully

➤In collecting data make sure to take note of the measurements in a paper in order to
acquire accuracy.
Analyzing and presenting data
-the collected data will be presented when analysing common ways on how to organize
and display our data for analysis

1. Tables- presents data in rows and columns

-best way to record data during the experiment
-more convenient in quantitative data
-easy analysing and comparing data because the numbers are side by side
2. Graph-second way on presenting data
-we plot the data we collected using the table
Line Graph- two variables will be plotted with x and y axis
- shows the relationship between two sets of data

Scatter Plot Graph- a type of line graph that shows the relationship between two sets of
data
-the data as ordered pairs(by plotted pairs)

3. Bar graph-commonly used in business management

- present data as rectangle of different heights
-needs color with legend

4. Pie graph/chart- pie cut into pieces

-needs color with legend along with the title and labels of the scale

Conclusion
Always ask "Did your result support the hypothesis?
Infer- when you are still in doubt find more background research as a basis for the
conclusion to support the study.

CHAPTER 3
LABORATORY REPORTS AND EVALUATING RESULTS

Laboratory Reports- one of the ways to communicate the result or findings to others.
It is very important to share the results to other scientist so they can learn from the
experiment and critic the experiment itself.

How do we write laboratory report/Component of laboratory report

1. Title- what to expect with the report

2. Purpose- brief description to answer the question what was the purpose of doing the
experiment
 -what is the question that you want to be answered
3. Background information- definition of terms and explanation of the key concepts
4. Hypothesis- write the predictions
5. Materials and equipment- we must list the detailed materials needed in the experiment
with sketch and description
6. Procedure - step by step description on how to carry out the experiment
7. Data- basis on observation and measurement gathered while collecting data. It must be
presented in simplest and more organized manner the data must also be accurate and
precise.
Precision- how consistent and exact your measurements are
Accuracy- how close to the actual value your measurement is
8. Conclusion- summary of what you have learned on your experiment

●Sometimes our experiment yield not exact measurement. In case we conduct an

estimate or sometimes rounding off numbers.
Estimation- rough guess of a measurement using reason and observation
Rounding of numbers- giving a number a nearby value
Evaluating results- make sure you are not bias on assessing results

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM INTERNAL UNIT

SL System- base measurement or standard unit of measurement in science

Example:
Meters- length/distance Newton- weight/force
Grams- mass Liter- volume/capacity
Kelvin- temperature Seconds- time
Ampere- electric current Molecules- amount of substance

Types of Measurements
Length- distance between two points.
Volume- amount of space something occupies.
Mass- amount of matter in solid, liquid, gas especially in weight.
Weight- a force exerted by a mass.
Density- amount of matter in a volume (ex. Oil and water combined. Water is denser than
oil, which means that water will always sink below oil in a container.)
Temperature- how hot or cold something is.
Measurement tools

Length
Meter stick- is like a ruler but it is a meter long
and a bit longer than a yard stick

Trundle wheel- to measure long distances just

roll the trundle wheel on the ground and every
time you walk a meter the trundle wheel will
make a click sound.

Tape measure- measuring distances that would

be hard to measure using the meter stick or the
trundle wheel.

Volume
Graduated cylinder/measuring cylinder/mixing cylinder-
is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to
measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical
shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents
the amount of liquid that has been measured.

Volume of rectangular solids- length x width x height

Volume of irregular solid- place it in a water

Mass

Electronic Balance- it is used to precisely

measure the weight of materials

Double pan balance- it compares the weight

of the object on the two sides of pan

Triple beam balance- to measure the mass

(how much stuff is inside something) of an
object that is placed on the pan.
Density Formula

Time- clock or stopwatch

Temperature
Thermometer-it is used to measure temperature

CHAPTER 5
LABORATORY SAFETY AND SCIENTIFIC TOOLS

General Laboratory Safety Rules

1. Make sure a teacher or an adult is present and follow directions carefully.
2. Wear protective clothing.
3. When going to the laboratory make sure you are wearing closed toe shoes.
4. Tie back your long hair.
5. Wash your hand before and after.
6. Do not drink or eat inside the laboratory
7. Keep the laboratory clean and organized.
8. Do not run or throw things in the laboratory.
Safety Equipment
1. Eye wash 2. Thermal mitts and tongs 3. Fire extinguisher

4. Fire blanket 5. Shower

Accidents than can happen inside the laboratory
1. Minor burns- place your hand on running water at least 5 minutes
2. Laboratory fire
3. Person on fire
4. Water spills
5. Chemical spill and broken glasses

Waste disposal of hazardous waste

Biological waste- blood samples, dead animal being experimented, animal waste or
anything contaminated
Toxic waste- anything poisonous like chemical solution and cleaning materials.
Radioactive waste- things that is contaminated by radiation like X-ray room and
equipment
Flammable waste- any waste that causes fire like alcohol, solvent and gasoline
Corrosive waste- chemicals such as acid and old batteries
Sharp objects- broken glasses, blades, needles and glassware

Reminder!
1. Never leave a heat source unattended
2. Never heat something in a closed container, it may explode
3. Use mittens and tongs to handle hot containers
4. Never taste or smell directly the chemicals