Definition: A complex number z=a +ib where a, b are real numbers, and i=√-1.

Here, a and b are called real part and imaginary parts of z respectively and are denoted by Rez and Imz

A complex number z=a+ ib is called purely real if b=0 but a≠0 and is called purely imaginary if a=0 but
b≠0

Observation- Every real number is a complex number.

Definition: Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal if and only if Rez1 =Rez2 and Imz1=Imz2.

Algebra of complex numbers:

ADDITION : For complex numbers z1 =a+ ib and z2 = c+ id, their addition z1 +z2 is defined by

z1 +z2= (a+ c) + i (b+ d)

PROPERTIES:

1) z1+ (z2+z3) =(z1+z2) +z3 for any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3

2) For each complex number z, z+0=0+z=z where 0=0+i0 is the zero complex number

3) For each complex number z, there exists another complex number (-z) , called negative of z, such
that z+(-z) =(-z) +z=0

4) z1 + z2 = z2+z1 for any two complex numbers z1, z2.

MULTIPLICATION For complex numbers z1=a+ ib and z2= c + id, their multiplication is the complex
number z1. z2, is defined by z1. z2 = (ac- bd) +i(ad+ bc)

PROPERTIES:

1) z1. (z2.z3) =(z1.z2). z3 for any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3
2) For each complex number z, z. 1=1.z=z
3) For each complex number z≠0, there always exists a complex number 1/z (or, z-¹), called
multiplicative inverse of z, such that z-¹.z =z.z-¹ =1
4) For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1. z2 = z2. z1

Definition- The conjugate of a complex number z=a + ib, denoted by 𝒛̅, is defined to be the complex
number 𝒛̅=a-ib

The conjugate of a complex number z = a+ ib, denoted as 𝑧̅, is the complex number 𝑧̅ = a-ib i.e.

Im (𝑧̅) = - Im (z) e.g. conjugate of -2+3i is -2-3i

Properties of conjugate : For any complex numbers z1 , z2 ,

i. (𝒛𝟏 ± 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝒛̅1±𝒛̅2

ii. 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛̅1𝒛̅2
𝒛
iii. (𝒛̅1 / z2) = 𝒛𝟏 provided z2 ≠0
𝟐
iv. 𝒛̅1 = z for any complex number z

Definition (Modulus):
The Modulus of a complex number z = a+ib , denoted by ∣z∣, is defined to be the non-negative real
number √𝑎2 + 𝑏2

Properties: For any two complex numbers z1 , z2 ,

i. ∣z1 + z2∣=∣z1∣∣z2∣
ii. ∣z1 / z2∣=∣z1∣/∣z2∣
iii. ∣z1 + z2∣≤∣z1∣+∣z2∣
iv. ∣z∣= 0 if and only if z = 0
 Argument of a complex number:

Let z = x+iy be a non-zero complex number. Then z is represented by the point P(x,y) in the
argument plane. Let, x = rcos𝜃 and y = rsin𝜃

r2 = x2+y2 → r = + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

r = ∣z∣

x = ∣z∣cos𝜃 → (1)

and y = ∣z∣sin𝜃 → (2)

It can be shown that there is an unique 𝜃 in ( -𝜋, 𝜋 )satisfying (1) and (2) both. This 𝜃 is called the
principal argument of z and is denoted by arg z.

Calculation for argument of z:

i. Given z = x+iy, find 𝜃 satisfying tan 𝜃 =∣y/x∣, x ≠0

ii. If z is in the 1st quadrant, arg z = 𝜃
iii. If z is in the 2nd quadrant, arg z = 𝜋 – 𝜃
iv. If z is in the 3rd quadrant, arg z = −𝜋 + 𝜃
v. If z is in the 4th quadrant, arg z = - 𝜃

Im(z)

P(x,y) = x+iy

O M Re (z)
 1. Find the value of ( i77+i70+i87+i414)3

SOLUTION- We know that i2=-1 and i4=1 . Therefore, i77=(i4)19 i=i ,

i70=(i4)17i2=i2=-1

i87=(i4)21i3 =i3=-i and i414=(i4)103i2=-1

Hence, given expression=(i-1-i-1)3=(-2)3=-8

𝟐+𝒊
2. If z=−𝟑+𝒊 , find 𝒛̅,the conjugate of z in the form a + ib
(2+𝑖)(−3−𝑖) −6−2𝑖−3𝑖−𝑖2 −6−5𝑖+1
SOLUTION- Here, z=(−3+𝑖)(−3−𝑖) = 9−𝑖2
= 9+1
(since i2=-1)

−5 −5
= + i( ).
10 10

−5 5 −5 −1 −5 −1
So 𝑧̅=10 + i 10 which is in the form a+ib where a= 10 = 2 , b= 10 = 2

3 .Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers

a)𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 ,b)−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑, c) 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑, 𝒅) − 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑

SOLUTION: (a) Let z=1 + 𝑖√3. Rez=1 , Imz=√3

IzI=√1 + 3=√4 =2

Now z=(1,√3) 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 in the argand plane is in the first quadrant.

√3 𝜋 𝜋
If α=argz then tanα= 1 =tan 3 gives α=3 and clearly,-π<α≤π

(b) Let z=−1 + 𝑖√3. Rez=-1 , Imz=√3

IzI=√1 + 3=√4 =2

Now z=(-1,√3) 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 in the argand plane is in the second quadrant

√3 𝜋
So, argz=π−α where tanα=|−1|=√3=>α=3
𝜋 2𝜋
argz =π-− 3 = 3 and clearly,−π<argz≤π

c) Let z=1 − 𝑖√3. Rez=1 , Imz=−√3

I z I=√1 + 3=√4 =2

Now z= (1,− √3) 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 in the argand plane is in the fourth quadrant
√3 𝜋
So, argz=−α where tanα=|−1|=√3=>α= 3
 𝜋
argz =− 3 and clearly,−π<argz≤π

d) Let z=−1 − 𝑖√3. Rez=-1 ,Imz=-√3

IzI=√1 + 3=√4 =2

Now z=(-1,− √3) 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 in the argand plane is in the third quadrant
√3 𝜋
So, argz=-π+α where tanα=|−1|=√3=>α=3
𝜋 2𝜋
argz =-π+ 3 = - 3 and clearly,−π<argz≤π

4 .Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number (1+i√𝟑)2

SOLUTION: z =(1+i√3)2 =1+2𝑖√3 +3i2=1+2i√3-3= -2+2√3𝑖

−2−2√3𝑖 −2−2√3𝑖 −2−2√3𝑖 −2−2√3𝑖 −2 2√3 −1 √3
So, z-1=(−2+2 = 4−12𝑖 2
= = = 16 -i 16 = 8 -i 8
√3𝑖 )(−2−2√3𝑖) 4+12 16

𝒛−𝟏
5. If 𝒛+𝟏 is purely imaginary (z≠-1), find the value of |𝒛|

SOLUTION: Writing z=x+iy we have,

𝑧−1 𝑥+𝑖𝑦−1 {(𝑥−1)+𝑖𝑦}{(𝑥+1)−𝑖𝑦}
= = {(𝑥+1)+𝑖𝑦}{(𝑥+1)−𝑖𝑦}
𝑧+1 𝑥+𝑖𝑦+1

(𝑥 2 −1−𝑖 2𝑦 2 )+𝑖{𝑦(𝑥+1)−𝑦(𝑥−1)}
= (𝑥+1)2−𝑖 2𝑦 2

𝑥 2 −1+𝑦 2 2𝑦
=(𝑥+1)2+𝑦2 +i(𝑥+1)2+𝑦2 [since i2=-1]

Since the above complex number is purely imaginary, so its real part=0
𝑥 2−1+𝑦 2
i.e.(𝑥+1)2 +𝑦2 =0=>𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑦 2 = 0 =>𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =1

Therefore, |𝑧| =√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √1 =1

6. What is the smallest positive integral value of n for which

(1+i)2n =(1-i)2n

SOLUTION: The given relation implies {(1+i)2}n={(1-i)2}n

 (1+2i+i2)n = (1-2i+i2)n
 (1+2i-1)n = (1-2i-1)n
 (2i)n = (-2i)n
 (2i)n = (-1)n(2i)n
  1=(-1)n
 n is an even integer

Required smallest positive such n is 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
7. If z1, z2, z3 be complex numbers such that |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 | = |𝒛 + 𝒛 + 𝒛 | = 𝟏,then find the value
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
of|𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 |

SOLUTION: |̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 |=
𝑧1 1
̅̅̅.𝑧 𝑧2. 2
̅̅̅̅𝑧 𝑧3 3
̅̅̅.𝑧 |𝑧1 |2 |𝑧2 |2 |𝑧3 |2
|𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅3 |=| + + |=| + + |
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

1 1 1
=| + + |
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

=1

Therefore, |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 |=|̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | =1