1. What are the different layers in cloud computing?

Explain working of
them.
There are 3 layers in the hierarchy of cloud computing.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):
It provides cloud infrastructure in terms of hardware as like memory, processor,
speed etc.
Platform as a service (PaaS):
It provides cloud application platform for the developer.
Software as a service (SaaS):
It provides the cloud applications to users directly without installing anything on
the system. These applications remains on cloud

2. What is on-demand functionality? How is it provided in cloud

computing?
Cloud computing provides an on-demand access to the virtualized IT resources. It can be used by
the subscriber. It uses shared pool to provide configurable resources. Shared pool contains
networks, servers, storage, applications and services.

3. What are the different models for deployment in cloud computing?

These are the different deployment model in cloud computing:
Private cloud
Private clouds are used to keep the strategic operations and other reasons secure.
It is a complete platform which is fully functional and can be owned, operated and
restricted to only an organization or an industry. Now a day, most of the
organizations have moved to private clouds due to security concerns. Virtual
private cloud is being used that operate by a hosting company.
Public cloud
The public clouds are open to the people for use and deployment. For example:
Google and Amazon etc. The public clouds focus on a few layers like cloud
application, infrastructure providing and providing platform markets.
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid clouds are the combination of public clouds and private clouds. It is
preferred over both the clouds because it applies most robust approach to
implement cloud architecture. It includes the functionalities and features of both
the worlds. It allows organizations to create their own cloud and allow them to
give the control over to someone else as well.

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 Community cloud
A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining
facilities of the public cloud and private cloud.

4. What is the difference between scalability and elasticity?

Scalability is a characteristic of cloud computing which is used to handle the increasing
workload by increasing in proportion amount of resource capacity. By the use of scalability, the
architecture provides on demand resources if the requirement is being raised by the traffic.
Whereas,
Elasticity is a characteristic which provides the concept of commissioning and decommissioning
of large amount of resource capacity dynamically. It is measured by the speed by which the
resources are coming on demand and the usage of the resources.

5. Mention in details the components of Network Architecture for Cloud.

There are three components of Network Architecture for Cloud:
 Data Center Network that interconnects the infrastructure resources (e.g. servers and
storage devices) within a cloud service data center,
The Access Layer:
It provides connectivity for server resource pool residing in the data center.
The commonly used approaches for data center Access Layer connectivity are:
 End-of-Row (EoR) switch,
 Top-of-Rack (ToR) switch,
 Integrated switch (typically in the form of blade switches inside a modular
blade server chassis).
The Aggregation Layer:
It provides a consolidation point where access layer switches are connected
providing:
 connectivity between servers for multi-tier applications,
 connectivity across the core of the network to the clients residing within
the campus, WAN, or Internet.
The Core Layer:
It provides highly available, high performance Layer-3 switching for IP traffic
between the data center and the Telco’s Internet edge and backbone.
Example: in some situations, multiple geographically distributed data centers
owned by a cloud service provider may be connected via a private WAN or a
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
 Data Center Interconnect Network that connects multiple data centers in a private,

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 public, or hybrid cloud to supporting the cloud services,
 Public Internet that connects end-users to the public cloud provider’s data centers.

6. What is Virtualization in Cloud Computing? And give an example.

Virtualization is a technique, which allows sharing a single physical instance of a resource or an
application among multiple customers and organizations.
Virtualization Example:
 Consider a company that needs servers for three functions:
o Store business email securely
o Run a customer-facing application
o Run internal business applications
 Each of these functions has different configuration requirements:
o The email application requires more storage capacity and a Windows operating
system.
o The customer-facing application requires a Linux operating system and high
processing power to handle large volumes of website traffic.
o The internal business application requires iOS and more internal memory
(RAM).
 To meet these requirements,
o The company sets up three different dedicated physical servers for each
application.
o The company must make a high initial investment and perform ongoing
maintenance and upgrades for one machine at a time.
o The company also cannot optimize ‫ تحسين‬its computing capacity.
o It pays 100% of the servers’ maintenance costs but uses only a fraction of their
storage and processing capacities.
 With virtualization,
o The company creates three digital servers, or virtual machines, on a single
physical server.
o It specifies the OS requirements for the virtual machines and can use them like
the physical servers.
o However, the company now has less hardware and fewer related expenses.
o “Efficient Hardware Use”
 The company can use a cloud instance or virtual machine from a cloud computing
provider such as AWS. (IaaS)
o AWS manages all the underlying hardware, and the company can request
server resources with varying configurations.

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 o All the applications run on these virtual servers without the users noticing any
difference.
o Server management also becomes easier for the company’s IT team.

7. Define and draw the Cloud Computing Reference Model

This reference model groups the cloud computing functions and activities into:
 Five Logical Layers
 Three Cross-layer Functions
 The Five Logical Layers are:
o Physical Layer
 Functions of physical layer :
 Executes requests generated by the virtualization and control
layer.
o Virtual Layer
 Functions of virtual layer :
 Abstracts physical resources and makes them appear as virtual
resources (enables multitenant environment).
 Executes the requests generated by control layer.
o Control Layer
 Functions of control layer:
 Enables resource configuration, resource pool ‫تجمعععلموامععع و‬
configuration and resource provisioning.
 Executes requests generated by service layer.
 Exposes resources to and supports the service layer.
o Service Orchestration Layer
 Functions of orchestration layer :
 Provides workflows for executing automated tasks.
 Interacts with various entities to invoke provisioning tasks.
o Service Layer
 Functions of service layer:
 Stores information about cloud services in service catalog and
presents them to the consumers.
 Enables consumers to access and manage cloud services via a self-
service portal.

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 The Three Cross-layer Functions are:
o Business Continuity,
o Security,
o Service Management.

8. Define the Cloud Computing Actors?

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9. Draw Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (CCRA) Conceptual Reference
Model.

10. Mention usage scenario for Cloud Brokers.

 A cloud consumer may request service from a cloud broker instead of contacting a
cloud provider directly.
 The cloud broker may create a new service by combining multiple services or by
enhancing an existing service.
 In this example, the actual cloud providers are invisible to the cloud consumer and the
cloud consumer interacts directly with the cloud broker.

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