International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

An Effective Review of Various Routing Protocols

in Wireless Sensor Network
Priyanka Sharma
GCET, Greater Noida, India

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network is one of the emerging and latest research areas which are used to scan and analyze surrounding
state like sound, light, pollution, temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure, direction etc. WSNs are also used in a variety of
application areas like traffic scanning, industrial scanning, machine health monitoring, traffic monitoring etc. Cluster-based WSN
gives benefits, functionality, and output in numerous approaches so that multiple cluster-based routing protocols have been evolved.
The aim of this work is to give the short study of the clustering based routing protocols. This paper explains the introduction of the
cluster based routing techniques in Static WSN and in Mobile WSN. The major concern of this paper is to examine two dissimilar
hierarchal cluster-based routing protocols such as homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Keywords: Wireless sensor network, LEACH, Sensor node, Cluster head, MWSN, SWSN, Routing protocol

1. Introduction calculate the stored information, future information and

remove the redundancy [3].
Wireless Sensor Network is one of the latest technologies
used nowadays. It is composed of distributed and self-
determining little, a small battery powered sensor nodes
which are used to feel, operate, enumerate, and interface
with each other [1]. A sensor network is employed in
unspecified geographical extents that are made up of a wide
range of small nodes. The fundamental operations which are
used to execute in WSN may disrepair the battery of sensor
nodes rapidly, because of which the craved for operations
remain incomplete and this results in a network failure. To
keep away such circumstances, the main focus shifted
towards the battery life of the sensor nodes. It is important to
know the components that influence the life of the battery
and ways to minimize the consumption of energy which is
one of the main provocations [5]. Cluster Based Routing is
used in both mobile as well as in static WSN. In this sensors
are assembled into dissimilar clusters which consist, Cluster
Head and gather information from each node in its cluster.
In this paper, WSN is classified as Static Wireless Sensor
Figure 1: Wireless Sensor Network
Network (SWSN) and Mobile Wireless Sensor Network
(MWSN) [6]. The SWSN are composed of sensor nodes that
Impact of network deployment on data credibility
are static in nature i.e. the place of the nodes are fixed
Numerous points are there in network deployment that is
Whereas MWSN composed of sensor nodes which are static
used to amount the entire scanned region. Some of these
in nature i.e. the place of the nodes are not fixed, they can
points are as follows [10]:
easily move place to place.
 Mainly the deployment model: In a small region, the
sensor node is positioned one after one to ensure a
To please the requirements of an application, the physical
scanned region. However, in a large region, the sensor
deployment of the WSN need to be review. The network
nodes are deployed randomly.
deployment recognizes the network density [2]. The level of
 The network density: The numbers are represented as per
redundancy is not exactly similar to the whole network also
square meter in the sensor node. This point is swiftly
dense zone and sparse zone both have a different effect on
handled by positioned nodes. But it is hard to handle
sleeping decision. When the sensing coverage is lower than
randomly deployed WSNs.
the precision level is higher. The random deployment has a
dissimilar place for nodes. Thus, the node which is used for  The sensing coverage per sensor node: circle is used for
joining two categories of the network will always in an representing each node that is placed in the middle of it
active position to minimize. The place of a node in WSN with a radius r described by the developer of the system.
defines its role and operations [4].

The radio communication is the main part of power

consumption. When the transmission is higher than the life
of sensor node is shorter [7]. Several methods are known to
Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20164070 284
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
limiting processing and computing resources, and they are
inexpensive compared to traditional sensor maintaining the
integrity of the specifications

Figure 2: Block diagram of sensor node

2. Sensor Nodes’ Characteristics

i) Sensor nodes’ types: a classification by application nature
 Terrestrial Sensor Nodes could be deployed for large-scale
environmental applications like a desert, forest etc.
 In industrial applications, such as underground mine or
petroleum fields, strong sensor nodes are required
 The Underground sensor nodes (UGSN) have restricted Figure 3: Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in SWSN
because their battery is unchangeable or not chargeable.
 The Underwater Sensor Nodes (UWSN) are planned to be Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in SWSN
deployed in underwater applications
 Multimedia application is another type of sensor node i) LEACH chooses node as cluster heads is a cluster-based
which is also known as MSNs (Multimedia Sensor protocol. The operation of LEACH protocol is performed in
Nodes). two phase: set-up phase is a phase in which clusters are
 TSNs, UGSNs, UWSNs and the MSNs which are mobile established and Cluster Head is chosen for every cluster and
and fixed can be used in several militaries, civil and steady phase is a phase in which TDMA nodes transfer
industrial applications. information to each cluster head under the time which is
allocated.
ii) Technologies advancements
 The first one is a basic, light event-based operating system ii) Hierarchical Cluster-based Routing protocol (HCR) is the
which is written in nesC one in which each cluster uses round-robin technique and is
 The second is a sunspot which is a product of Sun supervised by a headset. A cluster member is used to
Microsystems, Inc. encompassing both hardware and transmitting notes to the cluster head and then gathers the
software Sun. notes and transmits it to the Base Station (BS) [9]. The
simulation is executed on versions of HCR (HCR-1, HCR-2)
iii) Radio entity: importance and power consumption and LEACH and discovered that HCR-1 manifest a little
The radio communication is the main organization of the enhancement over LEACH but for HCR-2 the enhancement
sensor node to make the wireless network. This organization is an increase [8].
is familiar to be the main consumer of power [8].
iii) In cluster-based energy-efficient routing protocol, the
3. Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in WSN sensor nodes do not know their position. As claimed by the
state of the network, it utilizes the left out the energy of
There are two types of schemes in clusters protocols: sensor networks and desire number of CHs. It was
Homogeneous schemes and Heterogeneous schemes. discovered that the data rate and life of the sensor networks
of this protocol is enhanced as compared to LEACH.
3.1 Homogeneous schemes
iv) Dynamic Clustering Reactive Routing (DCRR) is a
Homogeneous schemes have an equal amount of energy protocol that depends upon the structure and the
levels. LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS and much more come fundamentals of neural network where the sensor nodes are
under homogeneous schemes, where LEACH is a basic event driven [9]. The execution of DCRR is contrasted with
protocol. LEACH protocol is a self-organized and self- TEEN and discovered that DCRR performs superior in
adaptive protocol that represents Hierarchical routing [9, respect to battery power distribution and enhanced the
11]. LEACH protocol has two phases: Setup phase is the effectiveness of energy and life of the network.
phase in which cluster heads are chosen, and Steady-State
phase is a phase in which cluster head is maintained. v) Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network
(TEEN) protocol relies on LEACH routing protocol which is
3.2 Heterogeneous Schemes used in WSN for time critical approaches [14]. It contains
nodes with first level and second level CHs which are
Heterogeneous schemes have a different amount of energy formed away from BS and near to BS. There are two
levels and surroundings [9, 12]. E-LEACH, DEEC, SEP, categories of neighbor nodes i.e. is Hard Threshold (HT)
EECS, Novel HRP and much more come under mode and Soft Threshold (ST) mode.
Heterogeneous schemes. M-LEACH Protocol gives mobility
to cluster head and non-cluster heads node. are small, with
Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20164070 285
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in MWSN Wireless Sensor Network,” International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software
i) Cluster Based Routing (CBR) protocol is the protocol Engineering, Volume 3, Issue7, July 2013.
which is performed by using MATLAB and it minimizes the [7] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, et al., “Wireless sensor networks:
loss of packets by 25% as compared to LEACH protocol a survey”, Computer Networks 38 (4) (2002) 393–422.
[13]. There is an enhancement in transferring information as [8] Akyildiz, I. F., Melodia, T. & Chowdhury, K. R. (2007).
contrasted with the LEACH-mobile protocol. A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks,
Comput. Netw. 51(4): 921–960.
ii) Shortest Path (SP) routing protocol is a protocol which [9] K.SOHRABY,D.MINOLI,T.z NATI" WIRELESS
minimizes the cost of establishment of WSN and the SENSOR NETWORKS, Technology, Protocols, and
complications of saving energy. The output discovers that Applications" Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Shortest Path routing protocol performs as compared with Hoboken, New Jersey. 2007
LEACH by defining again the task of nodes, by keeping [10] L. Sun, J. Li, Y. Chen, et al., “Wireless Sensor
sleeping mode on for some nodes and transferring data Network”, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, China,
packets from shortest path to the sink [7]. 2005.
[11] J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal, “Wireless sensor
iii) Energy-efficient Chain-cluster Routing protocol network survey”, Computer Networks, Vol. 52, No. 12,
(ECRM). In this the nodes which are static are hard to 2292-2330, 2008.
recharged battery, are put into the transmission backbone to [12] Basavaraj S. Mathapati , Patil Dr. Siddarama. R. , and
maintain the network connection and enhanced the Mytri Dr. V D. "Energy Efficient Cluster based
efficiency of energy. Mobility Prediction for Wireless Sensor Networks",
(IEEE (International Conference on Circuits, Power and
4. Conclusion Computing Technologies (ICCPCT)), 2013.
[13] Sachin Gajjar, Shrikant N. Pradhan, Kankar Dasgupta,
WSN contain self-ruling, the restricted power of battery, less “Performance Analysis of Cross Layer Protocols for
value sensor nodes install in a particular region. The most Wireless Sensor Networks”,
important approach used for data routing is cluster based [14] Houda Zeghilet, Nadjib Badache, and Moufida
routing. Efficient clustering system is used by which Maimour, "Energy Efficient Cluster-based Routing in
efficient energy is attained to lesser the use of energy. In the Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE symposium on
last few years, routing in wireless sensor networks has computers and communication 2009, ISCC- 2009, pp.
pulled a great deal of care and has proposed unique 701-704, sepember 2009.
challenges in comparison of conventional data routing in
wired networks. The goal of this thesis is to analyze and
calculate variety of routing protocols in WSNs and examine
their primary routing selection principles.

References
[1] S.K. Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh, “A survey of
Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-based Routing in
Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of
Advanced Networking and Application (IJANA), Sept.–
Oct. 2010, vol. 02, issue 02, pp. 570–580.
[2] Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour, “Wireless Sensor
Networks: A Networking Perspective”, a book
published by A John & Sons, Inc, and IEEEE, 2009.
[3] W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H.
Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient Communication
Protocol for Wireless microsensor Networks”, in IEEE
Computer Society Proceedings of the Thirty Third
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
(HICSS '00), Washington, DC, USA, Jan. 2000, vol. 8,
pp. 8020.
[4] Bhoopathy, V. and R.M.S. Parvathi, “Securing Node
Capture Attacks for Hierarchical Data Aggregation in
Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol.
2, Issue 2, pp.466-474,Mar-Apr 2012.
[5] Karl Holger, Willig Andreas, “Protocol and
Architecture for Wireless Sensor Network”, John
Willey and Sons Ltd, 2005
[6] Amrinder Kaur, Sunil Saini,” Simulation of Low
Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol for
Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20164070 286