Water Cooling Tower
Water Cooling Tower
Water Cooling Tower
COOLING TOWER
EXPERIMENT -4
1. OBJECTIVE:
Study of the heat & mass transfer in Water Cooling Tower for different flow &
thermodynamic conditions.
2. AIM:
To measure Tower Characteristic parameter (KaV/L) for various liquid and air flow
rates (L/G) in a counter-current Forced draft Cooling Tower. Todetermine the effect of L/G
on [KaV/L] and estimate the values of mass transfer coefficient Ka for various values of L/G
3. INTRODUCTION:
Water from condensers and heat exchangers is usually cooled by an air stream in
spray ponds or in Cooling Towers using natural draft or forced flow of the air. Mechanical
draft towers are of the forced draft type, where the air blown into the tower by a fan at the
bottom.The forced draft materiallyreduces the effectiveness of the cooling.
4. THEORY:
Water may be cooled by the air as long as its temperature is above the wet bulb
temperature of the entering air. Markel's Theory is used which is based on enthalpy
potential difference as the driving force.
AirOut (G, T;, T4, h1+ Water in (L, Ts)
-Packing
Cooling Tower
Air in (G, TË, T2,h) Water Out (L,T6)
Each particle of water is assumed to be surrounded by a film of air and the enthalpy
difference between the film and the surrounding air provides the driving force for the cooling
process. In the integrated form Markel's equation can be written as:
I
Kay dT
T, h'- h
The carrying of liquid with the gas stream is termed as Liquid Entrainment. This
may be due to a high rate of air flow. This should be avoided to get better performance. This
can be avoided by following the Operational limits of the equipment.
5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is provided for the process of Forced draft countercurrent cooling of
hot water using air. The water to be cooled is heated in aheating tank using a heater. It is then
circulated; through a rotameter; to the top of the cooling tower mounted over the heating
tank. Cooled water is then re-circulated to the heating tank. A blower is provided for the
cOoling air. A valve is provided in airline to regulate the flow rate of air. There is an orifice
meter/ pitot tube mounted with its taps connected to a manometer to find the flow rate of air.
A set of two temperature sensors is provided at both inlet
and outlet of air stream. These
sensors gives Dry bulb & Wet bulb air temperatures. The cooling tower is
packed with
Aluminium expanded wire mesh.
6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Water Supply.
Drain.
7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the heating tank with water, set the temperature with the help of
D.T.C. and
switch on heater.
2. Switch on pump & blower after desired temperature achieved.
3. Set the flow rate of water and air.
4. Record the flow rate of water and manometer reading after steady state
achieved.
5. Record the temperatures.
6. Steps 3 to 5 may be repeated for different water & air flow rates within
operational \
range.
manometer.
Dry & Wet Bulb Temp Measurement: RTD PT-100 type Sensors
Control panel comprising of:
Digital Temperature Controller: Range: 0-200°C. (for hot water tank)
Digital Temperature Indicator: Range: 0-200°C, with multi-channel switch.
With Standard make On/Off switch, Mains Indicator & fuse etc.
A
good quality painted rigid MS Structure is provided to support all the parts.
9. FORMULAE:
DATA:
Orifice dia., d, 34mm
Cross section areaof Orifice, aj 9.1 x 104 m?
d 68mm
From the Psychometric Chart for air-water vapor at 1atm. pressure determine the
entering and leaving air:
following corresponding to dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of the
Y, (corresponding to TËand T;)
hË (corresponding to T;)
Y2, (corresponding to T; and Ta)
h, (corresponding to T)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
3
CALCULATION:
Calculate flow rate of air Q, and Mass flow rate of air m
For flow of compressible fluid, mass flow rate is to be multiplied by an
Expansion factor y.
For the pressure ratio nearly equal to one,y =1
Mass flow rate of dry air, G
Ts-0.1(Ts-T) h,-h,-0.1(L/G)(Ts-T)
T; h¡= h, 51.2237
hy data is evaluated at the specified temperatures from the psychometric chart to calculate
Ah;'s. Now according to Markel's Theory; the cooling tower characteristic KaV/L is
calculated as below:
Kal
L 4 Ah,
+
1
Ah,
1
Ah, Ah,
11. NOMENCLATURE:
d Diameter of Orifice, m
Diameter of the pipe in which Orificemeter is installed, m
Acceleration due to gravity, m/s
G Mass flow rate of air, Kg dry air/s.m
G Mass flow rate of air, Kg air/s
enthalpy of air stream, kJ/kg
h enthalpy of saturated air, kJ/kg
h¡ enthalpy of air-water vapour mixture at its wet bulb temp., kJ/kg of dry air.
enthalpy of air-water vapour mixture at bulk water temp., kJ/kg of dry air
hw
K mass transfer co-eff., kg of water /h-m
KaV/L tower characteristic parameter
flow rate of water, kg of water /h -n
m Mass flowrate of air, Kg air/s.m
R Orifice manometer reading (for air flow), m
1. Heater should not be switchedon before filling the water in heating tank.
2. Pump should not be switched on at low voltage.
3. Water in heating tank should be properly drained after experiment is over.
4. Cotton jacket over the wet bulb arrangement should be in its place properly.
5. Wet bulb bottle should be filled with water before starting the experiment.
13. TROUBLESHOOTING:
should be
In case of any problem regarding operation of the apparatus; the apparatus
quickly switched off and electricsupply should be cut off.
Electrical:
the panel is loose or there is no
1. Electric Shock: It mneans that either earth wire inside
plugged. So, make it sure that
earth provided in the socket to which the equipment is
the equipment is earthed properly.
the
2. Display of 1' on D.T.C/D.T.I..: It mneans sensors connections are loose. Locate
point of loose connection and solder it properly.
ON: It means there is some loose
3. No rise in temperature despite heater is
solder it or tight it, whatever is
connection. Check out for the same and then either
applicable.
General:
the concerned part is tightened
Leakage: The point of leakage should be detected &
is removed & Teflon tape is
properly. If the problem still persists then the part
then refitted carefully.
Wrapped on the threads properly & the part is
14. RErERENCES: