0 Complex Numbers

lntr tf 11 c• • ) :
For this, we mtroducc a symbol i , uch that
Uptil now you have been u~mg the fact that square i =.[-T and r"Z:-1.
root of any non-negauve number can be deternuned. 1 is called as an i aginnry unit or an i 1 1 'r,·11-,
Thus. the quadratJc equation of lhe type ;cl_ a2 = o, a e Ol'"' ' ~.
R could be solved. This is ~cause every number was
non-negative after squanng it. Swiss mathematician Euler (1707-1783) was the
first mathematician to introduce the symbol I with
However, if we consider lhe equation of lhc type 1= '1=[ and r=-1.
r ~ a~ = 0, a e R then we have no number (real)
J.J C ,..L\ nu nhtr :
~·h1ch 1s negative_ after squanng it. Thus. to give solu-
tion to such equations we have to invent a new number. J.111) Tr· •) I )' N 1r,'1tr

Herc no one could believe lhat any 'real' use would be A number of the fonn ki.. where k.e R. k~ and
found for this new number, olher lhan using it in deter- i={:f is called an imaginary number.
mining solutions of certain equations. So the new
number's existence was imagt.nary nnd was invented e.g. 2i, Si. ~ I, -11 /, +4 etc.
for convenience sake. This new number was called·;•
for 'imaginary' as at lhat time 'everybody knew' that The number I sausfics foUowing pro~rucs,
i was not 'rear. Th.is imaginary number is defined to be i) ixO =()

1=~ withP=- 1. ii) If aeR. then R = m = :1:,a

!\" J • r C •nr ' .. '< ~, 1 n : iii) If a. be R and ai=bi then a=b
The concept of numbers was gradually extended
3.11h1 Cmuplt.:X Nli,nb, r :
from lhe set N of naturaJ numbers.
J) The equation x+2=3 ha.~ a soluuon in N but lhe U n • • 1 : A number of the fonn a+,b, where
cqua110n .x+4=2 bas no solution in N. In s;encral, 11. be R and i = .[-T with ,'1..: - t is called a complex
the equation of lhe type .t+a=b where a and b number and 1s denoted by z ,
are in N, may not have a solut10n in N. Such :. z = a+1b
an cquauon has a solution (b-a)e Z. the ~t of
In a complex number z = a+,b
integers.
2) The equauon 2.r-5 has no solution in Z. Hence. •a• is calle!d the real part of z and is denoted by H (1..I
Z is extended to Q, the set of rJlional numbers. (- u,
In gencr.1.J. every equation ax=b, a~ where a 'b' is called imaginary part of z and is denoted by
and b arc in Q. has a solution (b/a)e Q. • (,) f • I )
3) Note that every polynomial equation with rational
The set of complex numbers is denoted by C
cocffic1ents need not have soluuon in Q e g.
xl-3::0. Thus. there is a need to extend the set :. C = (a+,b / a. beR. and i ={-T, r"=--1}
of rational numbers to R, the set of real numbers.
4) However. note lhat every polynorrual docs nO(
l) A complex number who~ real p.ut is zero is
have any solution in R, the set of real numbers.
called a purely imaginary number. Such a number
Can you give one example of such nn equation?
is of the form 1b.
Wh.1t can you say about lhe cquauon .r+J::01
This equation has no solution in the set of real 2) A complex number ~ho-,c imaginary pan is zero
numbers because there is no real number whose is a real number.
square JS negative. We have to extend ~c set of real :. a+Oi = a, for e,ery real number.
numbers to a larger set. which would mcludc such A complex number whose bolh real and imaginary
3)
solutions. pans arc zero is lhe zero comple, number.

4S

I
 U1u,1rii·ju: l ,.a •- I .Ill.I amrhlu.k
lbc ~ R of real' num kn is • _ r.nJ
l+J.i. ,, the ITl'-Ju u,
C of C11mpk-. num hcn .
SU ~ or the ,-ct , .. ::l lto
of l-
'• '
~ , •mn . i • h~i
1J, - Tuu comple1 numtx-n z a a+1b and
,., a c + id MC NUJ to be ~ua l it th!:-,r tt..l
p.llU
:. w. ~ f
a.re cqw..;J II.OJ lhri r inua:in.v, ~ are ~ua l- .., ,.fu
• ie. 1,= z~ if a~ anJ b=J
IC'.J. am(' I • t.tn •(!)
i) 1f .1+.y • 4+31 th(-n - ~ anJ _p,3
ii) If ll♦d> = 0 then a=O and bo-0
1
C LIJJ J
llfl,'"Un.cnl anJ conJui;arc
•• ~ ; finJ !be 1 1U~
flKllU
.U Con l r nf u (.'orunle-.s • . ~ ~ 1 ♦
.,, .
...,.
~ UD hN" r the C'\.,mrlc 1 nUJU
D o 7+"-'I a=7, b= 2-'
. The conJu~.llc of a com plc1 num ~r ~ :)t.'il•.,
~+ ib IS Jcfin .:J M a-W anJ IS &no tnJ by 1'•
.. y = 7 Z.4i
C.~. ,-----◄---
....
tzJ = '\t7 ~2J f
1) 1J J+~ 1h,:n 1'
l :: =J-:!J .. w ,"t;i5
ii• lf z "" • I +i lh&:o 'l' ..• . , I.ti • 25
C:

m) lf z. = .l-~ then y "")+ ~

Hen: a. b > 0

--"
") If l = 1-i then '% z l+i
tr z. = .ii thc-n l' -i. ~r z = 1-1n•(:)
")
\l) If z c 4 thca y (dln l. ')
= un' (;4)
11,,I
~c .., ~'umbcr:
..
~ (
~-\ Al brfl of {", plt1 ~um btn :
If z a a+,b is a ~'\"\11\('k'I numt-oc-r tht-n the '
\\'~ ~,.u:
,nc: .... four fonJJmcnuJ circrJuons o(
of I Jt-111.,tcJ by uf IS &fancJ as ~ - ✓ i+b1, If z-i() .
u ...
the ,
'"'-:
3'JJ&IKll'I. !l,,Ol JU-
tion . mulupliCJllon Md Jnu1 00 on
• ' ! 8 c,( I is dctinc:J t,y the
l'AO a;u.i tKlf l\ COn tpk.1 oumben-
' .t r • •
•>
• h z, = ,1+1b anJ
''" e =- i,i. ,in e .. Ill
kl Z: = C♦,J
tht-n r,+l i= a-♦,b + ,+,J
8 = Lin I ( : ). l)S :fla = (,H< ) ♦ (b+J ) i
lt ll dml 'lkJ ti)' •J ~ c,r amp Z
JkrKC, Ri..• (l,+l ) ~ Rc(1 ,l + RcU}
Thu , for z s a+•b
0-:-- ,
anJ lmtz,+z} = Jmtz,) + lmct1)
n'lliJ , =W• ~ a'+b· mJ t ,. 1, (~+3 1) + ,.a+ l,) = (~+41 + tl+h
'
1 = (\ ♦ t)j
;,r' l :s an•r I • LUI ( : ) • 1( a • 0 l•
1) (-~· ~·) ♦ (}-IJ ) =11+~1 ♦ tS.--llt
C: 1 ♦ 1,

• l+i
 I( z,. 1.t< 1 1 Mr romrlu I ; I ff Z1, Z::- l~ arr
' t!
• · ; . , pl
cumplu numbm., lhr'D
numbcn then
ii 1,.z: • y,
~ z,+Zi • Zi+Z.,
D) z, ♦ { Zi+Z,) : ( z, +~) ♦ z, •> (1 1..i,)11 • z,.'1 1 1,)
11) zI + 0 =0 ♦ z. • z, •1 (11.I) • l.1 1 • z1
I\) z + I =:R,:(z) i,) 1 /l 1 ., J'lffly ~.a.I nwnticr.

T. • . The Mim w rmJuct of t"<lfflltlU oumbcr

and 11• runJU[!llC are "'.al oumh:n..
If , =
a+,b it any rompln number, ~ (<¥
! r " : Let a+itt anJ ••b t"< c001J'lt, CU:JUSM
c,ery rcJ.l numhtr L define n ~ 11, bi:rc a. bE R anJ ; "' v-'1, ,=-1
kz = h+l(lb) Tbrar MJm = (a+ib) + (.>-ib)
In p.utJCubr, if k ::r -1 lheo
·.- 1eR
(-l)(z) = -z c -~,b
Let z1 = a+,b. 1 1::1 c+iJ lhcll define
l ·Z.. .; Z ·+H' = (,1+ib) ♦ (<•IJ)
I • I :'
\otr z, ~ a+,b ll1J '1 • c+iJ
C (H) ♦ ' (b-d)
The subtr.li:tioo of r-..o complu n.umbm is ar.uo 1 1.z,= (1t1b)(c--+1J)

a complu mrmba. = C;ac-hJ) + l~+bo l

Re<z, -~) = Re(z 1) • Rc(f::) :. (Q",) a flC·bJ ) - (~+h; )/ _ (I)

lm(z,- ~) = lm(z,) • Im(~) ~ow T.l

I l
=(1-1b1 (c-,JI
z1 4♦)1, ¾C :?♦{
C.g. C
= (~·hf ) • (.IIJ♦~- - (~>

z1-z1 = (4+31) • (2+,) From (l)anJ (2~

.. (4-:?) ♦ (.3-J)i = 1.. ;;
(11·9
C: 2+2'

. .\, Ptiull'pl •' ,.1 r , Cc>m I .. '-• 1

=
Let r, a♦,b anJ ~ • c+iJ ~ ■,,y teo cornrks
nwnbcn s.uLb th.4 t.~
= 1+ib and z, = c+iJ. We ikoote
Ltl z
1
if multiplic~oo of 1 1 and ~ as z,t, anJ is p,cn by
~ z..z, =(t♦,bkc+iJ) ~
2
a+ib
c;;J" Y.hcrt z1-'> i e. c•.!A'.>

l
':
C a.: ♦ (JJ+bc )I ♦ iW
c..J
c .1e + (~+t-: )i • M <·: r : -o 11
,; =c+iJ ·ra
1+il,

z,.l.: s (~-bd) + (JJ~ li

11+,l, \(,..,j)
Cg. 1i :: 2♦ Ji, 1: : )•J = (c+rJ) k-fli l
:. z,.z., : (2+Ji)(3-~) l.ic~d ) + 11';-.IJw
= (~;
: ~,+91 • t:,;
= b,-,l,+9i+ 6 ·: p ,a.,

= 12 +~
ThiA, if zI 1+1b and 1..• = oiJ then proJu...1
s
1 Z..• I~ J,:fff i 1w l .Z. • (~,N ) ♦ I (.J~ )
7 •·1 I •

41
 ')
G
~
-- ♦
_1 • :,~J ,,en(>
~ b ,rt , r J I
a n J

r,nJ • .mJ b.
'

: ~- : • I( •
I It> ♦ •~,• - o. I O+-Or
(,.e+J1,1,1 ♦ (/·
. ' . ., 1,•+J1).a + (J· I ,b + 5,1 =
,,,, - 5J • (}+(Ji
It (l+.M.a ♦ ,,.
1 ·' + lit • b • Si • (}+-Of
•. • ♦ • .,

• .5. L, I c:. (.1-b) ♦ 0•~ 5)1 • (}t-0,

p.ll'U, ~C J;C(
1. l anJ !rn;t&ln»'Y
f.q,utinl n:.iJ
•,~ r: UI . ' • b • 0 .:i.nJ 3.1~ S • 0
I •. 1 •
I • 'J'TC \, • I ., a•b anJ 31+-0 • 5
"t.11.n ~ b ER +.;JI (.~+ ,) rn the furm uf u,b
J.1u • 5
~ ' '
It

5
c:r -4 J, or •• i

I T ~ : If 1 +U + 15/'y • 7.r + JJ O-+4)

finJ ,a_r. J:UCII ~ .I; JE R

0 ♦l11 (I +.11) (:'+,
- )I • CJ+~ ' J ♦ 3)
./,I I

- 2+i
.t + 1J + JS~ = 7z +- ,1 (r+4J

:. z + 1J - 15)' • 1s - ()~ )I
.'. r • 15)' ♦ P • 7.t • 0-+4)/

~lU hnJ n:.iJ anJ lm.lSIR.u'}' p..uts, ~C ,ct

,1 • IS., • 7r and 2 = {.~ )

.". -0.f • J5J ■ 0 -• (I) )'♦6 C O , , (11)

:, y =-6, X • J5
.'. HJ • J5-6 • 9

E . u : finJ !he talue of .r -x42.u-4

1
~ _, • .l,
"'--' " r-:1+ ,"r '.
tj I
•1 : Sm,c .i = I + ,'J" i
' : l 'f•-- ~ l, + { + 1+ 1
,' '" tJic form vf u,b
'-,..1,
,
I'::.- ,
'7
,,,., ,
.·. ,..,, . ,r- i
' ; I I

\olu.tnng both s,Jn , ~" &et

1+ l ~ I ., ~
l
'
.:'
,"' • , i • ,-. = -I + ~ + - + ..:!
•I J
-, <•·•>1 = c,s,r
I l :. -' :•.!s +I i: JiZ
= -• - .:'+5
IC. ..:.~,... I • -.3
' '
...,!.,?,+4 =0
fl;ow • c·o11.\ 1.kr

.s'•.l➔;-~ • .rff!.t♦1) + 4
• .ni2..!t ~+ ,-1) + 4 II~ ft,ll,1.a.1r1t "'llll'k '
1) \\'ntc lhc ~"''"JUt.1 k~ to(
• .1t0u-2 ) + 4 numl'lo(r,
.. .1!..2..t + 4 i) J+I h) JI IIJ) -S-,11 I\)-.,;. ~,,~ •
• 0
\'I) ,/f;-1 \11) ,'1 ♦ .. -r ' '1-111) u ...o ♦ I )/Ill)
ho ,L ~ ( •.'3 I )1 • r.,, c.11. h t•f
1 . -: . S w Ul,JI 2 + T • , 2) rtnJ ll~ ~uha a11J 11mpl1tu.lc ti)(

fullov-mg wmpk\ nllJ11hc:f'-

~lutfon :
i) 1-51 11) -.'r+,'rl iu) -R+ "' 1\1 -JII 1)

\) -'-41 \ll ...~-, \II) 3 \UI) l+I 1') I + 1.,1

LJIS
..sl (I + 2i)2 Cl- I)

♦ (,i
. ( { 3 )
1
+ 3(../1/1 + 3
(2))
. . s , J 3) u.~s the fullov-mg 1n lhc futm of 1+ih. &. !'IC R
1-..Ff. StJIC the ,wun l•C a ;ariJ b.
/,1 -H 11 >
3 ../} + 9J • 3 .fl _, i) (l ♦ ~X-2+1) 1i) (l+rl<l•il I uf') (IIJ-
c:------
I
('!+r} (l•r\'2 l ♦:'; :l'!i
If) (J-1)()♦ ;?.,) \) J:j/ \1} ~·~ ♦~I
=~
• r,
"" I
= RJ-1.S. ~) '< I +ir
1
~ i~1
l ,. , . lf ,r "' -5+2,R '. find the \'.iluc- of h ) ( - . . / , + 2 ,A) + I l -.pi) + (1+ ~n(1-' "

~+Q.t1+ 35.1l - . l ~ '

(').+3I)(-,.. -.1) ll) ..
• •
♦'
l)
- ' I ·,.,
l fU
4, ... . j
!h,lu 11 , .1 • -5+2,R'
4) Show ltul (• l + ..,'Jil' ,.,. a rcJl nun,h.:~
-5+4i
(.1+f)a"1'1t1 ♦, 11 1
.t •
~,) Jioo ~ value (lf
:. .t+S "' .a;
On squ.u,11g bo()i ,Ide$ ,• +i' ♦ ,• ♦ ,•
6) finJ lhc uluc of (" ♦ I
c.1+s>1 = <-'•r
: . .12.+Hu+" • ·16
7)
Jl.+IG.r+-0 • 0
.?-.t+-4
i+Jo.r+-41) i+9r'+ n~-t+M
.I~♦ 10.?+41.-Z Jf
-.1'-6.r1-x+64
-x'-tor'-4h
4.t' +4Cu+tH
41'..Wr+lfH
·100
.. ~+9.1'+ 35.1l.J ~
= (t➔ I0..1+4l)(.1Z..1+4)-100
= Ox(,!...r♦--}-100
= • 100

49
 ..
- •'
• -i
l.i) flnJ the:: ,:iluc:\ or .t anJ y v.li,•h
• 1..ill'f)' the In p:octJl
folluv.in g cqu.iurn u (r. )~RI. I'·••··!
r- • I . a•• I • j

r·: • -1. 19•1,. -i 11ohcrc " 6 N

je)
(t-+t\)
~+n ,
2+{ 9
cIT(l+ i)
r f-XfR~l ~F.-J~ J
I) [,~u.llt lht foflo11,1ni :
)\) lf .(1 l+3il + J(2-1) • S + fl • O. find A+\.
1) ,. ii) ,- 111) ,11 h) pr•
,..,) tf
I 5) J,nJ the \>.iluc or
1 ♦:?1+15~.v • 7,1 ♦ 1 1 ~,'+4), fimJ a_,,
\)
j ..,
1
\J) "ii \Ii)
, ...

,ut) , .. + fO • ,..., ♦ ,.
:?J ~how ah.JI 1 + ," + ;..,, + ,-c, 1s a re.ii numlxr

)) F1nJ Ille uh,c (lf

i i ,.... , . . ,• • ,.••
i) ; + ;: ♦ ,, ♦ ,..
r<l ,_...9.,'+3S,l•.H4, if .& • ·St,G
\-) lr+S.r'+7.il..r+-.il, ar .r • -2·--,/f""L

14 1" •t • Jl C ~ ·:, r I l : 1 ~ r ,n• '-. , 5) hnJ Ilic ulllt" of I + r♦ 1" + f' + i' + • + r'
1· 111 ·I , r • 61 1""0 = 0
Show th.at I + 111 + ,•~-
{ ', .• • r We h~"f C '
i f I D / , ,
1
• • J, 7) h (I + ;•• + l" + ,.:) , rtJI number? Ju,1,fy )Our
,, • -1, , .. = l. 1.-, u, "on,,Jcr r. v.h~~ " 11 1 ,lll\V.Cf
J'll'l1tJ,c m•r~ anJ " > 4.
Wt" JniJc" by 4 ond ,,bt..un the 1"('111;\JnJcr S) [\ ,duJIC: (i' +,l;)
7

'r'. Let m he the quoucnl.

9) PrO\c:th.it(l+l)4 x(l ♦ ~J cJ6.

,.
. • ,- ..
",.. • 4m + llohcl't' 0 ~ r < 4 10) tH.lu.uc
II) [\Jhure .4{4+~ ,f-9-J,{ -"u,
-[."16 + 3 ~ + -..{.36--./-625

r-.,
,. .
""
(I'')· r
,. • ,· i) If n £ Z (-ct c,f lnl(',enl. lhcn
q:. (i) ' " • (r)'l ,., (~l'1 9+ i \In or ., UIS 11 8 + I "'" n 8
~ ,1 ■) If " E Q I\Cl of r.illonal numhe~ ). then

"' -1 ''°' o + ; ,in er '"' cos ,,a + , \IO 118

(iii I,,, : (i') .. ;? 11) k0t 8 • i ,in 8)" • ~t."tS (-n) 0 + , •m (-n)()

• -I = cm n8 -i ~in n8
j\) (,o\ 8 • i Sift 8f
•IC 6 • b! .. ••
"' •••
a '"" Hh + I ,in (---0>1"
• b4 •t,b!..16 • o
• t01 (-110) + , ~•n (-110)
pttl hl • m
• COOi fl O - t ,an 118
.. m!+t,m-16 • 0
•. (m+K)(m-2) • 0
,) (co,O+l•une,♦' • h:010+1,inOJ'
;, Ill • -8 (Y nl • 2
• COi O - I ,in 0 i c hl • -II or bl ,. :!
v1) (cos O - I ~,n 8) • • CU'i r,8 ♦ I sin ,,0 but MR
• • ·, : 111c lhc(,rcm ii al..o ~• fllf II licing foacuon

\\kn b • ,/!, 1 • 2l1

... Squ.irc nll,t ur 6+Ki • 2,/! ♦ ','fi • ,'!(2•i)
In thii iC~hon. we l-N.lm lhc ~1.411'C ruot or I
complc, number. When b • .../f, 1 • -2,'!
ul z:.a+ib ar,J v.-:.+iy be tv.o complex numhcn -'· Squ.uc l\lUI or 6-t~ • -2-lf. . ."[i • ._,,'!(2+i)
~uc.h tJlil1 w Is a ~u.ire rooc of 7_ 11.:n..c.
"1♦ K1 • ~ ../!(2+i)
.r+n· "" "S+,b
I'•, 2 land lhc ~U.vc' rooc o( :, •
Sq~n, bud1 the s1Jo, we £d
l •
(HiJ)? c a+,b
Le. .1?..)-42n·/ • a+ib a. bcR
[.qU.1t!na rc.u and im.,gm.try (WI). On ~uw,na hoth a,Jc,. •e h.i,c
we l!Cl. _.:..,~~ 2..1)-:b ~ • \ i + 1 b )
1

Solvina l ~ tqUJJ1on, ... c [Cl ..quarc routs o( t. 0+!1• al b42i.ih

We illu,tntt u-.c ur tlm n~thu•J an the folluv. inJ LJ1UJl1ng rtal iUIJ 1m,1~1n.ary ('JJ't\. .,.t hJ\C
cumpl~.

uh•
b I • F'tnJ the ~u.irc root Clf 6+Ri 1
I• -
b
St '1111 {t,-+11/ • u,b. a. bE:R
on &qwnn& both the sioo, -.c ict
~SJ • (i♦ib) 1 :. ( tf-1,i ■O
:. 6+R, • a!.t,:+2.lbi
IC, 1•b4 ■ 0
Cqua1an, rt.&l il.lld 1mJiil\Jl)' p..art, v. c h.i, c or 1,4 a l
6 =- a?..b! (I) .-. 1,: • ti
8 = 2.lb Nil bE R
.-. t>! • I
4
•• • = T :. b • ti
When ll= I, :i= I

.. {ii=- 1+1

51
 I
" hl n ha-1, 11 .. • I lit : •., • ,,. inJ :, • ~
• -/-:.1 • • J I
. 11~
• •• ...[:'; •
j111i.11 t'

.t( I +I)
n-,h uf ~, ,ut I ♦/ 11ml •I.(
.. .
" •
1_
-11 ♦ 11> •

11- 1h
-)(--
II
I
♦ ,,.
fl-
Q- I b
ib

r r ' ,nph i t'\uml r

• ~"!-♦-b'!
.r A'1dJtl , 1 ,

11u111l'C'r11 I, 11lv.,1) 1 a (,-111111lt, 11u111hcr.

TI1111, ,r :,
:and: , UI(' '"'" ,011111k, numtx-11 then,
(:, ♦ : ) ,, .,.., I ~lllllj 'k·• ni.u11l>i:f
Ill C • • I•"; • ' • f vr 1111)' tv,o c,,111pk1
IIIH111'11:r1 :, 1111..J :,. W(' twn• :. ♦ :, • :, ♦
; :, I, ,.ailed 111ull1j1h.:,h\1l ln\C'.t le (Jf: 11nJ ii
1 ., [ r, • rr, • r,,r 11ny rlm~c ~ornplr, I I
I I •• dcnn•.cJ t,y: Ill':
nu111hc-~ :,, ::1 111111 ::,, 1'C- h.iH:

hi :,1 ,,,, ,·1 "'•" '!H I'

(!, ♦ :,> ♦ :, • ::, ♦ <; ♦ t,)
•··•f or1 ny
•- :' . !: . " - r
jl,
♦ ·i,-,

u,mp ll·, numhc:t::. "'t' 11,1\('

:+O •O+ :•:
!
t • Jzr•
lhu,, 0 h (II(' »-!JII \(' 11.J,:0111) (11n11 111rk, ou,nlicn.

\ I C ' • • t,,. 1 ill \' ' "• ; J'H:T) ' ,,,mpl c.\

nur11lx:r:: • a ♦ ,b hu -:: • -(J ♦ 1/,) •-<I ♦ I (- : If t • 2 + 71, Iz f • SJ

b J '" lh .JJ111 \C In, cr,c il' : +(-:) • (-:) • : • (I

ti) ~.., ,r ··: :111t'J 'IU"lu ..1uf1 1.10," 0mj1k l

nu111"'-·" II A.!V.il) I I ,0111 rk, numh cr d)

Thu, d : I 1111J ::J 111<' hH) c,1mp ln nunit-·n 1faro r,. ,ompkl numlll.."n :,, ::,. :, •
(:, : J ,, 1tl-.o a lomp lc1 numh a
1
ae tu,e :, . (; ♦ ~) • :,; ♦ :,:,
I , C • •· • •·• < I • , ..> • ltlf' uny rv.o <·11mplcl
numh crs ::1 11nJ ::,, v.c h.nc (:, • ~.; • z,~, + ;:,

j' ) : 1~1r any tt,n'"t' c-v,nrln numt...--n I.lien

I. ! I
nJ
111) : - : • 2i lm(: ►
\lllllr kll DUIU ~·r: "'C h.1H ':. I • I . ~.::
h) : • : n z IS run:I) rr;il .
.. .
I
TI1u,, In 1hc muh1pli,a11,c 1,lcnl1I)
., .
1) ! ♦ : • 0 ⇒ : IS run:ly lnU~in.u-y
I ur ,111y non un, ,,,mplc1 numhcr :. lllCtt ('Ui.lt 1 1
.an.,1hcr "'"'P k, num" '-·r:1 \Ud1 ~,, \I) : •: • !Re (:)1 + (Im (:))

: 1t \ , ,1llc-J 111uh1rl1,,.1ll\e imc ~ of:. :, ~an he

lk r,•nn,11,-J ,n lullo~-. •
I
•
•) (t)-~.r!-o I
'
l ,,.;, ,r,
l1
.,, •,, r:1
lf ◄---0-i-.-}(
II
••
Ir Z1, :,. :, an c,;,mpk, uumb(n. lhcn
1) It I• 0 ~ z• 0 Ir. Re(:) ■ J,., W ■ o
iii I: I• 1-z I y

IIIJ -I :I S: Ro (:) s I l I; -It IS IM 1:J S I .ti 11:t. .1.1

cI (1)(1. i, •I+ 2J 1:,-' • ,, •1--', ,,
M :: ■ It 11 (3J (0,01•CJ+0I 1415+W ■ 1,,1J1

V) I:. lz I • I z, I I:, I <') (0.-IJ•O-I /t1) -1-21•1·?.-21

A dt.i.fAIII v.h,~h l'l'ftr, -.&:nt\ wrnrl.: I nu111tc11 hy
r11n11 in• pl..l'lt "'uhrcfcn:n..c r.o lhc rc .. J ..,,J ur. 1.;m.t•-y
uulsc.illcJ ~, •· ,:' , •1

..• I, f ~. C,. I,
If : • u It a cwnpln numt>cr tt,rn ""c
+ lb
lnuw. dlJf moJutu, (1( :. Jtnc'll!t4f t,y I r I II ti.. ri, .. d o1,

\ill) I:,- t, 12 ■ I:, P + I; P- 2Rc 1:1:)

I: I ■~. horn fta J 2. I.lo(' h.i\C' roinl p 111. l,1
ix) I z1 + : 1 r + I z, - :, JI ■ 2(1 : 1 P + I ; f) n:prc~n11 the complu numt-ii.r: • u + 1/,

l) I Ull - b; p ♦ I b~, ♦ a; r
I i i • ~ ■ OP
- (a1 + b')(I Zi r ♦ I z, 1) v.hm a. be R
1
Jkncc, m.11.h1lu1 c,( Z.. the d,~IJlt..C uf point p lwm
J I 'I lhe ori&1n '4hcrc die poml P rq,rc,cnh tl1c l1•111pk,
Rcprc'tCnt.11ion of a complex numhct u a poinl In numbtr : In the ph1nt e I : • .C + )I.
• pl_anc • Izl • ../'i'6+9 • {f5 • ,
A compk, numticr: • x + ly, x. J, Ran.I I ■ Fi A&;un fn11n the liiurc) 2. 01' m.al.u .in an.le 0
11 Clprc~scJ II a pornt in !ht pl.me v.ho!,( co-<miin•tu Y.tlh pu,1U\cd1~11,inof X-,rn\ 0 JH.ukJ LIit"
arc wn1tC11 u on oo.lcn:J putr (.l,) ). Jc.an Rohcrt Ar,o1nd <Wt ' u( lire u,mrtn num.tl('f : • u • ,b.
U\('d rhe one 10 one cofll''P'>ndcm:e hcNcen a complu
T
numhcr 1nJ the puml in the plane.

Such a rrprc\Cnl.ition of complex numhcr by a

po111t tn I pl.lllC It ,.died 1 • • ' ,.

Lei : • , + 1y, x. ) , R, / ■ Fi be a ,omph:t

nunim Or.lw Co-i){d1JnlC ucs XanJ Y. l.rt ·~ .(, )') be
a jllllnl III lhc plJnt m, 3 I)
.. The roinr P(x, )) rcprc\Cnl, the ,omrlu
number l • x + n flig J. I) I e. .1 + i~ • ( r.) ). .1 • Rt
C~) 1, rrprr\tntcJ on the X-un. So, X-ulJ ii c.allcJ
'
Y'

lhc rco1l 1\I, Sim1Lul)', '! a lnu~) •~ n:prc~n,cJ on 1hc .,~ J.2
Y·,Ui\. ,o 1hc Y.u11 i, callcJ the.

jj
 II If 00. t,>O Lh,.-r, ru. h) (IC'l lO fiN qu.i.Jrvit.

(k-0.. T
•
.2) I( 1<.0. b>O !hen Pia. b) hn in l<\.on J qu-'"luflL
anJ un 0 = l!. 1( a ~0
A
'
y<8 <«
c g. If: • 3 + 21 then It I• {lj .,) I( ~,11. b<1J th,:o Pta. t,) Les tn chml qua<lr.int .
..,
onJ I.in O a
3 It <8< 2
'11:

r • - : .a) U a;.O. ti<1> lhc-n 1'1,1, h) I, n In fourth qu.iJr:lnl.

J.°;' 1 ' ~ f l I f' I

Lee 11~ ~)mp lc~ numt-cr z•.e+,b tX' rq,rc«ntcJ :! < it < ~~
2
t,y the J")ITII l'ta. b) (~c ti£ l.J)
rv.e, (11) If hJ J.~ "'" Le 10 a qu.:iJr.int but it hci
f'(a,
Let m L XOP • 0 ooJ l(OPJ ,,. l?O, 11m elf! nlhcr uf the cuonLru1c IL'-($.
Ill"\: <:ollleJ the fular Co-0n.l,n.11c, of r.
We \.Ull the- (lflj;ln A) role I rorn fi;urc JJ JI If "a. bl I~ on ~))ili\ C '.t-&.\U I c. a:>O. b=()
(CJ. Z"~)
y

• then ilfflJ'I) • 0

~◄--~A·· ..
:?) If 1'1'..a. bl hes on ~,.tU ,e d1rec11on of ..1-a.-.1.J

IC a<0 , b=() (C •• z-5)

then amp (l) c 11 .

0 • A J) If bN on ~iti\ '~ dlf'C'l.1ion of y•uu

I"(~ t>)
, c. a=O, toO (c 1- z::?1)

1htn amr (z) :a: Tw .

,I) If f't.a. h) I~ UII llC'•Jl lvc din..-cllon of \'-a\U

it. a=O. b<O (c&, z =- -611

'I"
f'I.:, J.J then Gmp (z~ Jw
2
4 a ~-o,.O, b • l'\IOI)
.\',,u • ollll('l01 :s amp tO+-O,) u no• ddinc J.
z • a+ib t-.,,)nK's
• ' ' r' •• if 8 n the ari:u~ nl of a rumple:\ nurnhcr
: .s " + 1h, lhcn "c t.tle O such 1ha1 o :s 8 < 1ll.
.-. 1 :a "''"'O + ,,rnOJ
- b
TI11, 1s '-".allcJ f'(1IJt fmn ,,( ,,1111plcx nuniticr 9 ~-.he s UII 8 = 0- • ·-''
UM./

~ • a+,b

't n. I : WI
1
(!) t,d~ \~IUt'S IR (- i , ~)
Lct z o a+,b ~ ,1 c(\fllp k, number.
Thur rumc nt 9 is tan·• (~). if .;: I\ ' " lhc fir'1
+ ,,rna, be '" Jl't•IJJ' f,11'11\. Thc.'TI
(..('( , "' r((l"'1 0
q~.a nl
mt11lulu, c.1( z i c. Ill • -u~ .inJ ampl11u.k of r i,,
w \ .&Ill(' ur O for JJtkrcnl ll~n.,
0. We h.t\(' IO find
of ll 4J'IJ h ( C for tJlt d1tlr~ n, pNllo n, or W J'Otnl
8: ll t.tn·•
(1) ♦ (;).,r~ i) in the ~1.>nl! 1.ju.aJnm

Pt.a. bJ. llf lhinJ q~,1 nt

{IJ Tht roinl P{.a, h) ntJy t'C 111 the fil'\l \t\\lnl l,
lhirJ N founh qu.JJ-~1. Jkl'IC't'. "t ,'1111,1,lcr ,., e • :?x + 1.u1 , (~) ·r • .
a • 1 : •~ in the fourt11
ft.fl.," lnJ lJ"°I qu.Jr .inl

,S.I
 y
J-GJ' LUU?
....-----r~-,.----.----..--:·1--··~----, •
. "' .J ✓•
: ,, t111...J•J"'1 , I I 0
J

I'! 11!
4 JI .,, .,
• )l

.J ~ ·'/I",•o
C 1·1.•1)• .,
2
11.-t)
>
·2

.J

•
y
fle, J..5
SolHJ l ' r • lbua.. 9 lt'i;cthcr 11. ith r :1\ ct lhc po~111'-,n of I.he
f ,. r : R('p=nl the romrkx numhl"~ 3+1/. }.~,. f'lllnt A in the Af.;inJ', ili.1,ram.
-3+11, -3-2' ro Ari.mJ's ,k,,rum.
IIm. c. fr<>m the Ii fUfC ) .5
't ' I l\l"~ ,
1
• .is-. :arg ,, .. n.s•
1k cumplc,. nu~ 3+21. 3-2i. -J+:?J. -3-1i will
he tt~nicJ by the potn~ (). 21. (3, -2). (-3. 2).
&rl z.. • ill 0
, DIJ ll • J 1.S•
(-3. -:n i) m thc follo"mg ri~ (rii H)
I . : : Rcprocnt the foll<J'-mg t-ucnplc, numt-<n
in the pol.it (..YID
i) l+i ii) 4~T"l iul -2 h) 3, \) •I-,

i) Ltt i • l+t
a"'I. b=I
lkll(C,,. ,~ .. b-
, . ,'f
a I
11t1J ro.,O • 7 c:s ;!
ti I
un8"' -, • ..,. , ..
•'
011i••W
II . 1'
The rol.ar f,nn of t = ,°rt-=o,4 + hsn4I
• ,'! l(\'l~ 4S 0
♦ I \in 4~")

F •. ~ : R'"prcs,cnt the i.--ompk, numt-crs

ii) k1 z = .i~j"i
r 1 "' J+i. ti= 1-i, 1, = •l+i, '• • -l-1 m A~.111J·, .:-a. ~'f
diatrJin and hence fmJ t?-.c1r ~umcnt\ from the
:. , ,. ,M°" - 8
fi~~-
anJ co,8 = ra =""ii" c::-,I
Arg 1 i\ w .at,flC m.1Jc t,y the ~imcnl 0.\
v. ith the fl'l\llhc Jin\:til'O of' ~ X-.ul\. (fig. 3.5)

55
\

... 0
,r•
=y -6C f>
• • The rolu r runn of I) Fllld w i.q ~ n>Ot of the follo ~mg com plc
"um ha,
1) -S~ ii) 7+:!41 w) l+4. .,'J/

-2 I\') J+2 {io 1 \) 2(1 -..,/ jl)

tii) ~ l :r. a
.-. a::-i. h=O 4 + 3/ ~,n 9)
~n o
-s of 8 for v.hi1.h ( 1 _ 21
llcn t~. r • ✓:,.' ~ b' • .;:r hnd rnJ uluc
, ""2 1i pun:ly n:-.i.l.
poin t
~~ nt following complex num bers by
and C0\ 8 • ,a • T - 2 • -1 In Atp nJ'1 J,:agr.tm -:w. •
• h O O I) I ♦2J i1) 2-1 111) ·:3-2; i~) -2+31
~m8 • , • T .
4) ~rn: ,c-o t foUo•-ina: com pkx numbers
... 8 = ~ • 180° z 1•1+~,· and S-71 by poin u an Arg.a.nd•
11 •
/wo J80'~
:. The pol.-.r form of z • :!(cos I sq, + d11sram and de1c rm1 nc thei r amp
l11u de
• 2(CO$Jl< + ,sinl l') AppU,i.nwcly.
(3, -5)
iv) Ld z • 31 kpr nrn t dlC follo"1nc points (3. 5).
(-J. ~). (·3. •S) in A1'and'1 diag ram
-~. b-3
bcn i
Hen ce, r • ,li • J 6) R~ iftl t the following com plex num
flOl.ar fonn
,
anJ co,8 • _!_ a 0
t+.,, 1+7
sine • .313 • I • 1) -1 ......~I ii). / 1i1) .J ..-)
I
i+f .,_) l -Ji
yf) (W
-16
• C) r(' 1) u,n\• cr'( I.he rom plcx num bcc 'f+iJ'r Into pola
.. 8• 90 ""2
form .
.-. The pol. w form of ;r • J (~9 0° +
is11190°)
faprc.-., the follov.ing num bcn in the form
.1+1
8)

i) -
'1J (COS 6lit ♦ n,n 6)
lit

Let : - -• - ' •'''f '( 7t .lr

-.,~ '"''". i + 011' 4)
••• 0 - -1. I, - -t. ple
9) FanJ the moJulu., and argument of the com
Jf'-" net'. , - -Ii numhcr 1•~I .
-I -I 1. 3,
cot 9• "J'i_ • "" 8 • ,J! IO) Cun,c:11 the com plu num ber
Her c. : i, in the 3 .. QUaJr.1nr ,. )
t = c01.!.+ ,sin .! 1n the pol.1r form.
"
8a 4 +,r .• '"
4 II)
3 J
for :=.? + Ji ,cnf y the foll owi ng:
•• TIie pol. v form of :
l)

i,a) (: + ':) i\.nal

 12) !1 - I + '· :l - 2 - Jf Vc-nf) lht fullo" ins: 11~~ l\'lllll .ar-e ~I\CO bJ
-It + ·,,l,,: - -iar
i) ~l•l1+'F1 .I' - 1..i
-1±'8
""' l
z, . 'iz
iii)~•
. -lt{jl
l
av) (f;)-~ -1+,Vi -1--fj,
:J Root-1 MC ~nd
2 2
.•.8 r, • ' "' ,.,. : 1 t-Mr~·J e-r • • •dJ",t, :

E,. 2: Soh-e ,r - (:?.[j + ~,) 1 + 6{j 1 • O

'A pol)nomioi.l cq\W.ion v.ilhcomrlcx coefficients.
hAS DI le.a.st one complex roo<'. S•·' r 'l: GI\C'fl c,1u.1t1on"

'A polynorrual cq&UlJon wilh romplc:" rocffiucnt ,:2 - <NJ .. J,) x. 6{J, =- o
and of degree n h.u n complex roou..• whcrt' a• I. b = -(?{j ♦ 31), cs <:r[j /
-·'".I • ' • n 'r II(_->,•-·~. •'c r~r' f uJ In compltx Now,
JIUIJ'lh~,- •~•:c:"1 ! J

UI the gjven equ.1t1on be ar ♦ bx ♦ C = 0 'l,\ here

I? - 4ac • [ - ( 2{) + Ji)] - 4 x I x f.r../3 l
a. b, c E R and a - O • 12- 9 + 12'/j /-14 {j I
The solution or 1h11 qw1dr.11ic equ,u1on is ,,vcn by • J-12{3,
= J(l-4--/j,)
So. ~ giH:n c4uo1tmn ~ l"-1mplu l'\"l(lt~
~ roc,cs arc a;,.,.tn by

Hence, lhe root. of che C\(1111uon cJ.rl + bx + c • O

(2{3 + ?t,) t y,...1-n---...--fj-3-.-)
.f - 2
Now, we ,twll finJ ✓ I - ",{J;
Lee " + 1h ~ ✓ I - -4 {j i
b ♦ 2.Jub • I - 4 {i ;
2 1
lbcexprnsion (lr-4oc)asc:lllcd the du,rnmmanL a -

"l - b1 = I llllJ :.Ub • -4-..{i

If Ir - 4ac < 0 then the roou of the ghco quadnuc
~ualion arc not re.ii in nature. ,i - b1• l anJ 11b a -~

Coni,,tJcr (a' + Ir): c (a' - 1r·)' + .4cl Ir'

'- • : If p + fq u the rooc of ~u.&lJ,,n a.r + bx +
c = 0 v. hctt a, b, c ~ R anJ a - 0 then p - ,q u. aho a • I + 4 >< 12
solulJon of lhc given equ,1tjon. (Vmfy '?) - .&9
Herc, v.c "1,111 conieJcr only the qWldratic ,r +- Ir • 1 ...( I)
equa11ons haung roots ,,.hich arc nut ttal in nature. and aho u' - Ir .. ..,:l
Sohina t I l anJ t:?}
Sohtd l.· ~ .. ;' , :
d a 11
f'· • ; : Solver+ .r + I • 0
:,., 1 ·• • , = Givm equation is,;+ .r + I a 0
a • 11 and t, • tV
We h~,e four ~hou:~
•·~ a • I, b • I, c • I
... t ll
So, the 1i,en tqualion bu complu roots.
a• l.

~7
 -J-~4 - 10. • !:( r - 5i>
a •-2 . b•V ] 7 - f t., I - ~,)
:. s - l
a o-2 , b•- vJ . (t,)
C7 - 1) + fl - Sr) or x .Q - i) - (I - ,;1
.
.. -' • 2 2
\\. llh Uus comb1n...1uon. llic i.:011,J 1u11n ah •
-W
fl - 6t 6 ♦ 41
,hou lJ .ii~, be i..111,ficJ. : x • - 2 - o r ~ Le. ..s • 4 - 3, or3+ U
You lh.e \.';alu<"• ur cJ 11,K.1 b ahcn by <·O
l.llO \Ct1f y
16)
tand (5) Mlhf y the conJ11wn anJ th.It fmm OJ •nd
do not •uh,( y the '"'inJ Joon .

I lcnc c " a 2. I) Suh-c the fc•llo-.,ang qll.1&.lnauc cqu.itions.

ii &.r' +lr+ l•O
and a• -2.
1J 2.r- '1/J x+J •O
✓ 1-4.Jj; • ±(2 --{i ,) ■l .lr' - 7r + 5 • 0
The o.tt JI\Cn by
roots
r-41 +13 •0
I\)
(iv) ♦ lr) ~ ._Jj (2-- ./l i)
.r - ., 2) Sohc lhe folk,v.in1 qulldntJc cqullUon~.
•
So, lhe rouu are 'i♦{j AnJ Ji
i) r
+ )ir + 10 • 0
i, lr' ♦ 311 ♦ 2 • 0
' • • .... : Soh c r - (7 -1) x + C18 - '1 • 0
' • ' .. : G1u· n &."tjUJ IIOO is
iiJ r + 4u - 4 ,,. o
~) t.r - 4.r - 4; • 0
.r - (7- il .r + C18 - i> • 0
3) Sohc the folio,. ans qu3ilratic equ.itioru.
u• I. b•-< 1-0 . , . 18- ,
i) r - (2 ... 1) .r - (I - 7r) 9 0
(7 - f) ± y(7 - iJ~ - 4 x I )( (J 8 - 1)
Jr - 2 )( I i} r-(J {i+2 ')s+ t,,./ iiao
{7 - i) ± -f:1 4 - in, •i., r - ,, - ,)x + os + ;>. o
Jr - 2
I\} (2+ i).r- (5-( )x+ 2Cl -,)a O
TofinJ ✓-24- In,
J.9 C:1 • ' r-u ' C' I lj, :
ut ✓-2~-IOI • n+1 b
Numt-cr I II often c~.llt'd unity . Let x be th
-24 - IO, • a' - Ir + 1u,b
&.uhc ruut of unity 1,e. I
i' • I
1ub • -10
..•1.1 .. 0
ob • -5
1 '. ,.,., ,..~+- ♦)) • 0
(a' + Ir'/ • (d1 - 1,) + 4.a:J,J
••• .r-1-0 or .t!+H J • O
• ,16+ 100
1
• 676 :. .12 I ,,.. .r--• 1.!: , (I,: ..... h I
.,.: + Ir • 2(, .. (2) 2,d
Sc-,1,ang (I, .and (Z) a• .ti and b .t, ••• .1'21 or r-a•I ::f f
2
Fur a• I, b • -.1a nJf ,,ra •-l.b • 5
:. a + ,1, • I - $, or - I + 5, .'. .r-= I or -£•• 1 : r:,)
2
 :. Cube roots of unity arc. I. ~, :l.=bi i.c.(•~l.1(11-4•-+I) • 0
2 2 :. i.•I or ..J.+...+I • 0
Among the thrtt cuhe mob of u_n1ty, ()flC it real
bul int I
and ~ t~-o roou are comrlu cun1u1.a.1c• of c.ach
Olhcr

Let a • ·l ;i\5 IINI p • ·I i','i i) .. ~.1.,

C<>lbldcf
ii) ,.._ 1I
•
al • (:l.:flf r,_, .n l # tr

~- ...,
i) wla
• fl<·l.>Z-t2x(-l)x/$+(1,/f"f]
ia) ..,
"' t(l-21 ../f'-3) • It'
1
ii) w 5 • wl.w>
= t<-2-21,Jn
• ...Z.I
~
= 2
No,~ : for ne N
a2 • ~ • p Ii the other complc1 i) w:ia. (16 '}•
2
COl'IJUgotc root • (I,-

Now, COn\1det r; : (¥r i)

• l
wle+la (••'-).(••)

.. p2 = f u-,r•21.p-+o,JD11 • l.w
•W
= ¾0+2i.fr-J) ill) ",••~. (.) , • .( .. )l

- .....2
- ¾<·2+2iv)

:. ~! = :..l!.bl • a the other complu root. S-Ohcd I.

2 • •
Tlius if a and pare complex cube roocs o( unity r . l : If •· is • comrlu cuhc nu of urut),
lhc:n al:p And ~?.:a. then prove dw
Let us con~1Ja a:w (omr,a) !hen ~J. We
c.lcnocc one complex cube root by the letter "' {omega).
So thac the other rooc IJ wl. Thui I. w, -.J uc the
lhrcc cuhc rooas of I.
il .
.,L+ l)
ii) (I ....:.,
= .1
Ill • I
Hence, cu!'( roou of unity are I, 11; w1 Ii) O·•+wlp • -1
~ 1 '· ·t : G1,cn, 11· is a compln. cuhe root of
.... _
"1111;fC l,I - • I .., ,.Ji --·•
IUIU ...... lS
2_,......_.__
•I • uruty.
2 2
R~i, • i) 1+11 ♦ ..~.o Al'° "-4'" I = 0
" 's I

w 1s compln cube root of I. .. wl+I • ·W and \l·♦ I • __l

:. 11-'=I :. 11-1 -J=O

 l) (J-w) (l-..-l )(J-11..)(l-11 -')
i)
• (l-11· )(l-11 -Z)(l• •J.w) (l •...-J . ..,.ZJ
- -1 • • (1-.. )(1-11 .:!)(_J •w)(l- ".2)
a) (I+~. >-' • ( •1t·)•
• (1-•· r( l•tt•l) l

... J
• 1(1 •11·)(l-1t.2})1

iii) (l·t1'+ 1t.2), • (1+11 .l.tt)'

- ( , ,. . . ., ' ) ) (•.· J • ..,a. _, • ( J.(wl+ tt·}+J )2
"" (-2•'>3 = (J.(-J)+IJl
• -1 .. ,
• (1+1+1>2
• -81( I
• ()Jl
- ·8
•9
f:y, 2 • JI w Is the comp lu cube rooc o/ unlry
then ~w that f~~- J : If w is a comp lcll cube root of un
111eh IMl --=a+b. .)"ca1t'+b1t.:! and z=aw l+bw .prov
e
i) (l ........l)'+{ J+...-W:)' - 32
i) .i+y+z=O u) xJ+y l+z3= J(.i'+ b')
iJ (J-11 )( I -i..2)(J ,..,.)( l-1t") • 9
Sol111i '" c Since w JS a comple'< cube roo
~· I ,·~,, : Sin..--e w> • J
ft)'
and ...... , .....-1+ .... 1 • 0
... ..J - J

Abo 11.l+J • -w, ...: + w • -J I.e. ..,_, M4 1tJ+.. .+J m 0 but w ~ J gt\'
anJ ..... , - ....J •• 1tJ+J • •W, k'+) a ....2

(J-11 -+wl) '• {l+1t..?..1t,' 0 .l+)-+Z • a+b·U1t'♦ bw4aw2+bw

• ,-,.-.. ~)' (·.- J ♦ ,..,_ -> • a(l+w +"-l) +b(l+ w+w l)
- (-211 >' ... LO+ bO
• -32 ..., sO
i) .t1+yJ+zJ s (a+b) 3+(aw +b1t2 )'+(.:a ...l+b
• (a+b) l+ ..J(a+b 1t,P+ w3(u ,-+b) 3
• a'+b l+3a ~3ab 4-wJ (a1+t>Jw-l+
• •32..,10
3&bw(a+b•)J+1t·3 [a311 '3+bl +Jabw
...,,.'.>'+< I.,......:,, • -ll1t-'-32•·•o (a11+b))
•. i) (I ...
• • +bl+3ilb(a+b)+(a:J..+.bl~3abk~-♦b1t·)J
1
• -J2,.--'( I +wl)
+ fa'+b 3+.l•b..'(a ..-+b))
- .Jiw' )((-i. ·)
• 3(a'+bl)+3ab(a+b)+Ji&bw(a+b1t-+a..-+b
• 32 .... • l<•'+ bl)+~ b(a+ b)+3 .abw (a+b )( I+")
• 32(..J)' • .l(al+bJ,♦J,.b(a+b)[ I+ ..'( I+w)J
• 3~1 )2 • 3CaJ+bl)+3ab(a+b)( l+w+ ..-2)
• .l(a>+t,J,-..o
• ll
• J(aJ+b')
 \') (1+'-KJ+ .. :)(l+•")(J+ ..')
[,.. 4 ! fl'ro\e th.al
4) Jf a and p are lhe complex cube roou uf uniry.
J +11--•+".:a:3, if n is multiple o( J !ihowlhal
I +t1.4'+1td::Q, 1( n is n,,c muhiplc uf 3. ne N u4~<lf' • 0
~", .. ,·,.,,: for n, kE N, if n is multiple of 3 lhcn .5) If a anJ p arc the compln cubt-ruou "' umry,
n ,. 3k and if n ls noc multiple of 3 lhcn ns3k♦ l w,w lhat
or 3k+2
~•P•+a·•p t ., 0,
:. If n is multiple of 3
6) If ~+b, )-=a&+Pf, and z....aJJ,+ba Y>hrrc a and
i.e. na3k p Attcomplex cubc-ruuc.. of uruf), .,..,_ &}w
tlu~n I +tt.a+w.J• • I+ .. ll+wl--'l X)Z=a'+bl
• I+{ "J )4( •J )ll 7) It w ii the cumplu cube-root of urury, ~
• I +(I )4(1)21 that (a-b)(a-btt·)(a-b-..J}caJ.t>J.
• J+J+l 8) If w is the compln cube-rout of umry. •how
= 3 that (a+b)2+{a1t•+b1t-l}2+(a...l+btt )2s6..b
If n c 3k+J 9) Ir w dcnotet the complea cube-rout o( unity,
then l+"._."'.2, = l+(1t•)'••l+(1t·:?)J••• pnn·e the followin1
= l+(wJ)k w+(w1)21i.w2 j) (w4w-1)'--8
D l+(J)t 1t'+{l)lk it-1 i) (1+b)♦(ltt➔b...:)+(1w4b1t )=O
= t+w+wl IO) If w is the complu cube rooc of unit)' then prmc
=0 lhat ( 2+.5..➔ 2w21'-(2+2.....5 ...:;i,.729
S1m1lorly by puttanJ ns3h2, ~,- - - - - - - - ···- - - - - - - - - - -
Ren r th
ha.\c, l+w•-+..,Ja::0,lf D i.s not multiple of 3.
\\C
Hence the results. • A number of the form 1+ib, where a and bare

I ~_x~RCISE J:J
real numben, i • .[-1. i1-I ls called complu
number.
I) Find 1he \'aluc o( l..tt 11 c a+ib and z: • c+ld. Thto
i) ...11 ii) MJI iii) ..,-30 Iv) wlM 11 ♦ 11 • (a+(") ♦ (h+d)/

2) lf w 1s complex cube root or unity, i.how lh.1t 1 1 t, • (ac-bd) ♦ (ad+bclf

i) (:?•w)(2-Ml}=7 • Fur any non-UTO comrlcs number 1 • a♦,b lhcrc

ii) <I +M'•M~)"=64 • • -b
eu1,11 the complex. num~r ;-:, + • 272.
1·+1r • ♦ r,-
W) (I ♦ M')~-(1 +w2)'=O
dclklfC'd by !
h) (2+ll+w2)J-(l-3i.·+MJ)1=6S I

, ) (3+3w+s..-:)6.(2+{n,-+2w!)3=0 • hw any l'O"Uve 1n1tger k..

VI
') -
Ca+h1t-+c1i1.Z,
---CM
,l
c+ait-·+bt•J ,
The COIIJUIIIC of etlfflrltll numhcr Z • 1+,'b 1
If w is lhc complex. cube root of unny. find the • denoted by 1, a, &hen by T • 1-,b
u]uc of
• The polar form of the complct numtter zz1+,y
i) It'+ 1 ii) ~J+,.J+"" iii)
••
o♦11J>3 i, ,(CXK8 + Nn8) v.-hae r • .;,•.•' 11 called
1

i\') (l-w-1t.l)l♦<J••·+t1l)l
modulus and co..e ,
J
■ - , ,
'
uni • '. (8 II called
lrJUmeal of I)

61
 + (-J._ •
✓2
7i1 f¼ 1

@ 1...../2
Show 1hat ✓2 1
,....l..
+
-1:r )IO
;· •, l
MIS CEL LAN EOU S EXERCISE . J
§) Show that (Jff + (Jf} =2
X Simplify the follo~ing .md express in the fonn s and ampl111JJc of lhc lullu\\-1ng
a+, b. J,-:!) FinJ the moduIu.
nurnbcn
1) 3+ ✓ -64 11) (2{3)2 iu) (2+31)
(l-4 i)
1+1, J+3 i . ) -1+1{3
4 ~; I) (2-iY' u) l-2J 111 2
1v) } i(-4-31) v) (1 +3,) 2(3+ ,) vi) 1~
2-, I+,
• 2 4 . :l1...:!:::£JJ ' v) I + 21 • J • 2i
,ii) 0+- f) (3+-rXS+,)·1 viu) ~.. ffa
, 3-5,,
31'+2;1+ ;' 5+7i 5+7i ., 3) Represent lhe complex number!. 3+51
llt) /+2{ \-3,1 1 lt) 4+3 / + 4-31 -J+5i, .3.51 in Atgand's diagram.
Solve the foUowing cqualJons for x. y e R 2+6 {31
i) (4-S i)x + (2+31).v I0-7 i = ~ Convert the complex number z = 5+..[3
, 10

iJ) (J-3 i)x + (2+5 ,)y = 7+i polar fonn.

,.i)
W
x+i y
2+3 i 7
.
= -, .JS) Convert the complex number z = -6 + ../fi in
iv) (..r+ty) (5+61) = 2+3 i
polar fonn.
~ 21♦ ,~y (2+1) =
xl1+I0 i 16 -'l ill 1 poIi1I
Jt6) Express the comple~ num be r 2 + 2
in

~) Evaluate i)( I - '+ lr" h) ,,.,, + ,...,

- - - - ___,,,
form.
A) Find the nlu e of
xl+2 ,r2.J i-+2 1, if x=l+ 2L . a+i b
i) x+1y = - b . pro\·e lhal xl+J-2::J.
•-,
1
.rl-S x2+ 4.H8 , ,f .r= 3 ~,.
= (-t+2£'3J1s a
Ii)
iii) x 3-3 tl+ J9.r-20, if x= 1-4i. 6)s ho w that z rational number
iv) .i-4+9.rl+J.5_,2..x+ 164 , i f x=-.5+4i.
1 2 1 2 ~ is real.
\") 2.r4+t3-.x2.24..t-24, 1( x=2i-J. Jqy Show that 3 •"4 I~ + 3 +
+ 41
_;,,r'
vi) x4-4xl+4.r1+8..r+43, 1f ..r-3+2L
-~
Find the square roots of ?-f f( S1m
•
phfy
.
1) .JO
/:!9+I.l9+1Ju
AO

i) -I6+ 30i 1i) l5-8 i iu) 2+2 ,/Ji I +1 +1

iv) J8i v) 3-4i vi) 6+8i

complex .. ;"' + 1m + ;™ + ;z.u+ ;2J1.1
Find the modulus and amphtude of each ,.m + 1!:i .m .:m +I.z:m
111) +t
number ond expreu it in the polar fonn
+I

""-• ···)1 :!:.I2I!.. •.,. +~ Jr3 +4

..21) S1mpW'y[1 ... ;J
i) 8+J.5i U) v-1 Ill
, J+, 2-41

IV) ~½-/ V) 2i @- JJ UI) fi+fii P

22) If a and a.re compleit cube root
s of unity, pro,e
that (I- a) (J - P> Cl _ ai) (I _ p:) 9 =
ts in
"1) Repre\Cnl J+2/, 2-1. -3-2i, -2+3i by poin 23) Find the complex cube root of 8 _
ArganJ 's diagram . ve thal
24) Jf w is th,e cub e root of unit y, Pro
( I - w + w-)' + ( I + w - w1)• :: 128 .
in.uy
Show that z =- (l-, J(// )(J- i) is purely imag finJ the value
2.5) If w is the cube root of uru1y then
number. ..
find 1he real num Mrs .r and )' ,ucb
V j+f, /
1ha1
of (-I ~01...r;1)" + (-1 ~ifl)
,:2.1 + 3+2 i =-1+81

62