3U MATHS NOTE

Absolute value equation and inequation

1) Remind. Sketch
a) y=| x|
b) y=|2 x−2|
c) y=|2 x|−2

a)

b)

c)
 2) Sketch. From y=| x|
a) y=| x|+ 1
b) y=| x|−1
c) y=| x−2|
d) y=| x+2|

a)

b)

c)

d)
 3) Sketch
a) y=x 2−2
Then y=¿ x 2−2∨¿
b) y=| x|−2
Then y=¿| x|−2∨¿
c) y=sin x
y=¿ sin x∨¿

a)

b)
c)

4) Solve
a) |x +1|=2 x−3
x +1=±(2 x−3)
 x +1=2 x−3
−x=−4
x=4

Check:

|4+1|=2× 4−3

5=5(T )

 x +1=−2 x+ 3
3 x=2
2
x=
3

Check:

|23 + 1|=2 × 23 −3
1.67=2.3(F)
∴ x=4

b) 3 x+ 2=|2 x−1|
 2 x−1=3 x +2
−3=x
Check:
x=−3
3 (−3 ) +2=|2 (−3 )−1|
−7=7
 −3 x−2=2 x−1
−1=5 x
−1
x=
5
Check:
−1
x=
5

3 ( −15 )+2=|−25 −1|

7 7
= (T )
5 5
−1
∴ x=
5

5) Solve by graph
a) |x +1|=2 x−3
Solve: x +1=2 x−3

x=4

b) 3 x+ 2=|2 x−1|

3 x+ 2=−2 x+ 1
5 x=−1
−1
x=
5

6) Solve absolute value inequations

a) Solve |x−2|≤ 2 x−3

2 x−3=−(x−2)
2 x−3=−x +2
3 x=5
5
x=
3
5
Ans : x ≥
3
 7) Solve by graph then check by algebra

|x−2|=|2 x|−2

2 x−2=−x +2

3 x=4

4
x=
3

−2 x−2=−x +2

−x=4

x=−4

TOPIC: Function and Velation

1) Remind. Solve per x

|2 x+ 2|=|x −1|−1

By graph and algebra method

a) By graph: Sketch

LHS: y=|2 x +2|

RHS: y=| x−1|−1

 2 x+ 2=−[ ( x−1 ) ]−1

2 x+ 2=−x +1−1
3 x=−2
−2
x=
3
 2 x+ 2=x−1−1
2 x=−4
x=−2
2
∴ Ans : x=−2,−
3
b) By algebra method:
 |2 x+ 2|=|x −1|−1
2 x+ 2=x−1−1
2 x=−4
x=−2

Check: |2 (−2 ) +2|=|−2−1|−1

|−4+2|=|−3|−1

|−2|=2

2=2(T )

 2 x+ 2=−( x−1 )−1

2 x+ 2=−x +1−1
 3 x=−2
−2
x=
3

Check:

|2 x− 23 +2|=|−23 −1|−1
|−43 + 2|=|−53|−1
2 2
= (T )
3 3

−2
Ans: x= ,−2
3

2) Relation

The velation between y to x = any formula

2 2 2 2
Eg: y=2 x , x= y , x + y = 3 , …

Function: special relation = every value g=x has one y value

F: x → y or y=f ( x ) ( ¿ P ( x ) ,=g ( x ) )

Graph: Check if it’s a function

(right)
 (wrong)

(wrong)

3) Domain and range:

Domain: D = any possible values for x

Range: R = any possible values of y

2
y=x

D=all x

R= y ≥ 0
y= √ x

D=x ≥ 0

R= y ≥ 0

2 2
x + y =4

D=−2≤ x ≤ 2

R=−2≤ y ≤2

1
y= 2
x +1

D=all x

R=0 ≤ y ≤ 1
4) Even and odd function

Given y=f (x )

a) y=f (x ) is even function

if f (−x ) =f ( x)

b) y=f ( x ) is odd function

if f (−x ) =−f ( x)

Eg:

1) y=x 2

⇒ Even

[graph is symmetrical by y – axis]

2)
 ⟹ odd

Eg: Check if these are odd/even/neither:

a) y=f ( x )=x 4−x 2 +2

Subs – x , f ( x )=(−x )4 −(−x )2+ 2

4 2
¿ x −x +2

∴ Even f ( x )=f (−x)

b) y=f ( x )=x 3−x

Subs – x , f ( x )= (−x )3 −(−x )

3
¿−x + x
3
¿−( x −x )

∴ Odd [f ( x )=−f ( x ) ]

5) Composite function

y=f ( x )

y=g ( x )

Find: f ( g ( x ) ) ,∨g (f ( x ))

b) y=2 x 3−x +5=f ( x )

find

 f ( 1 ) =2 ( 1 )3 −1+ 5=f ( x )
 f (−1 )=2 (−1 )3−(−1 ) +5=−2+ 1+ 5=4
 f ( a )=2 a3 −a+5
c) y=f ( x )=2 x−1
2
y=g ( x )=x +3

 Find f ( g ( x ) )=2 ( x 2 +3 ) −1
2
¿ 2 x +6−1
2
¿ 2 x +5
 And g ( f ( x ) )= ( 2 x−1 ) +3
2

2
¿ 4 x −4 x +1+3
2
¿ 4 x −4 x + 4

f ( g ( x )) ≠ g ( f ( x ))

They are equal only when f (x) and g(x )

⇒ are inverse each other

6) Sketch the piece wire function

Sketch y=f ( x )=x 2 if x ≥2

¿ 2−x if x <2

TOPIC: Function (continue)

1) Check: if these functions even or odd or neither\

⇒ even

⇒ neither

o
180

odd (turn , point symmetry)

neither
2) Complete the graph to have function odd/even
a)
Even

Odd

b)

Even

Odd
 3) Replace f (x) by f (−x ) to check function even/odd or neither
a) f ( x )=x 5−2 x 3 +5 x
b) f ( x )=x 4−x 2+ 2

a) f (−x ) =(−x )5 −2 (−x )3 +5 (−x )

5 3
¿−x +2 x −5 x

With – f ( x )=−( x 5−2 x 3+ 5 x )

5 3
¿−x +2 x −5 x

¿ f (−x)

∴ odd

b) f (−x ) =(−x )4−(−x )2 +2

4 2
¿ x −x +2

¿ f (x)

∴ even

4) Find the domain

 a) y= √ x−2
b) y= √2 x+ 3
c) y= √ 4−x

a) √ x is define when x ≥ 0

y= √ x−2

x−2 ≥ 0

x≥2

Domain: x ≥ 2

b) y= √2 x+ 3 ,2 x +3 ≥0

3
x ≥−
2

3
D: x ≥−
2

c) y= √ 4−x , 4−x ≥ 0

x≤ 4

D: x ≤ 4

1
d) y =
x−2

D: All x except x=2

1
e) y =
2 x +3

−3
D: All x except x= 2
 1
f) y=
√ 2 x +3
−3
D : x>
2

5) Inequality

Definition: a, b, c …

a) a> b if and only if:

a−b> 0
∴ a> b
[5>3 → 5−3> 0]
b) a< b if and only if a−b< 0
→ if a> b then a−b> 0
→ if a−b> 0 then a> 0

OR: a> b ↔ a−b >0

6) Laws of inequality:
a) If a> b, and c = any n °

Then: a+ c> b+c (Prove it?)

b) If a> b and c >0 then: ac >bc

If a> b and c <0 then: ac <bc
c) If a> b and c >d (c, d = any n o)
Then: a+ c> b+d
d) If a> b and c >d (a, b, c and d are positive n o)
Then ac >bd
 e) If x >1
1
Then: x <1

Proof:

a) if a> b, c = any n o

Then a+ c> b+c

[to prove a> b, we need a−b> 0]

To prove a+ c> b+c

a+ c−b−c >0

a−b> 0

∴ a+ c> b+c

b) if a> b and c <0

Prove: ac <bc

ac <bc

( ÷ c ) a>b

∴ ac <bc

Consider: LHS – RHS

ac−bc

¿ c (a−b)

¿¿

∴ ac−bc< 0

Then ac <bc
7) Solve inequation with x in the denominator

[ x−3>1 ,
2
x−3
=1
]
2
→ >1 ?
x−3

1 method
st

2
Solve x: x−3 > 1

 If x−3> 0, x >3

2> x−3

5> x , x <5

Ans: 3< x <5

 If x−3< 0 , x <3

2< x−3

5< x

x >5

No solution

⇒ Answer: 3< x <5

2 method
nd

2
>1
x−3

[× ( x−3 )2]
 2
2 ( x−3 ) > ( x−3 )

2
2 ( x−3 )− ( x −3 ) > 0

( x−3 )( 2−x +3 )> 0

( x−3 )( 5− x ) > 0

8) Solve

1
>2
x−4

× ( x−4 ) both sides

2

( x−4 ) −2 ( x−4 )2> 0

( x−4 ) ( 1−2 X +8 )> 0

( x−4 ) ( 9−2 x ) >0

9
Ans: 4 < x < 2

9) Prove
a) a 2+ b2 ≥ 2 ab
b) Then from a)
Prove: a 2+ b2 +c 2> ab+bc +ca ?

10) Solve for x

a) |2 x−3|> 2−|3 x−4|
[by algebra then check by graph]
 b) |x +1|=4−|2 x+ 3|

GRAPH
1) Reciprocal graph

From y=f ( x )

1
Sketch y= f ( x )

Eg: from y=x 2

1
Sketch y= 2
x

Notes:

1
y=f (x ) 2 3
∞ 0 1
1 1 1
y= 3 =0 ∞ 1
f (x) 2 ∞

2
y=x
 1
→ y= 2
x

y=x
2
1 2 0 ∞
1 1 1
y= 2 1 →∞ 0
x 2 0
Domain: all x, x ≠ 0

Range: y >0

2) Sketch
2
y=x +1

1
Then y= 2
x +1

3) From y=x 2−1

 1
Then y= 2
x −1

y=x
−1
-1 0 ∞
1
y= 2 -1 ∞ 0
x −1

4) Adding 2 graphs:

Given y=f (x )

And y=g (x)

Sketch y=f ( x )+ g (x)

Eg: y=x

1
y=
x

1
then y=x+
x

Notes:

f (x) 1 0 1 -1 1 2
 g(x) 1 1 0 1 -1 0.5
f ( x ) + g(x ) 2 1 1 0 0 2.5

Eg: sketch

y=x

y=| x−1|

Then y=x +|x −1|

5) Others graphs
1
a) y= 2
x +1
 x
b) y= 2
x +1
2
x
c) y= 2
x +1

a)

x
b ¿ y= 2
x +1

0
x=0 , y= =0
1

x 1
x → ∞ , y= = =0
x x
2

1 1
x=1 , y= =
1 +1 2
2

∴ odd function
2
x
c) y = 2
x +1
 0
x=0 , y= =0
1

2
x
x → ∞ , y= 2
=1
x

1 1
x=1 , y= =
1+ 1 2
2

(−1 )2 1
x=−1 , y= 2
=
(−1 ) + 1 2

D: all x

R: 0 ≤ y <1

1
d) y = 2
x −1

x
e) y = 2
x −1

When x 2−1=0, y is undefined

When x 2=1, x=± 1

∴ x=± 1, y undefined

x=0 , y=0

2 2
x=2 , y= = ;
2 −1 3
2

−2
x=−2 , y= .
3
 1 −2
x= , y= ;
2 3

−1 2
x= , y= .
2 3

∴ odd function
2
x
f) y= 2
x −1

 y undefined when
2
x −1=0
2
x =1
x=± 1
 x→∞
2
x
y→ 2
=1
x
 x=0
y=0

4
x=2 , y=
3

4
x=−2 , y=
3

1 −1
x= , y=
2 3
 −1 −1
x= , y=
2 3

6) Remind

if a> b and c <0

Show that: ac <bc

Proof:

ac−bc=c ( a−b ) ¿< 0

∴ ac−bc <0

ac <bc

7) a, b, c

given: a> b>c >0

a) show that: a 2+ b2 >2 ab

( a−b )2> 0
2 2
a + b −2 ab> 0
2 2
a + b >2 ab
b) then: a 2+ b2 +c 2> ab+bc +ca
Similar:
2 2
b + c >2 bc (1 )

2 2
a + c >2 ac ( 2 )

2 2
a + b >2 ab(3)

( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) =2 a2 +2 b2 +2 c2 >2 bc +2 ac+ 2 ab

( ÷ 2) 2 2 2
a + b +c > ab+ ac+ bc

LINEAR FUNCTION
1) All about straight lines:

x has one degree

Equation: y=mx+b (gradient intercept form)

Or: ax +by + c=0 (general form)

2) AB // CD, m1=m2
AB ⊥ CD, m1 × m2=−1

A ( x 1 , y 1 ) ; B ( x 2 , y 2)

√ 2
AB= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 )
2

y 2− y 1
m AB=
x 2−x 1
 tanθ=m

y rise
[ tanθ= x = run =gradient m]

Eg: Find line d

tan60 ° =√ 3=m

Lined: y= √3 x−1

3) Perpendicular distance
 ¿
Distance AH ¿ ¿ a x 1+ b y 1+ c∨ √ a2 +b2 ¿

Eg:

= √ ¿
¿ 8 8 29
AH =¿ 2 ( 2 )−5 ( 3 ) +3∨ =
√ 2 +(−5 ) √29 29
2 2

Eg:
Line AB ¿ ax +by +c =0

5−0 −5
m AB= =
0−3 3

−5
Line AB: y= 3 x +5

5 x+ 3 y−15=0

OC =¿ 5 ( 0 )+ 3 ( 0 )−15∨ ¿ = 15 = 15 √ 34 ¿
√5 +32 √ 34 34
2

4) Acute angle between 2 lines

tan α =m2
tan β =m1

α =β +θ

θ=α −β

tan α−tan β
tanθ=tan ( α −β )=
1+ tan α tan β

Formula:

tanθ=
| m2 −m1
1+m1 m2 |
Eg:

tanθ=
| m2 −m1
1+m2 m1 |
|
¿
3−2
=
|
1+2 (3 ) 7
1

−1 1
θ=tan
7

Eg:
tan 45 °=1

m2−m1
tan 45 °=¿ ∨¿
1+ m1 m2

1=
| 3−m1
1+m1 3 |
|1+3 m1|=|3−m1|

 1+3 m1=3−m1
4 m1=2
1
m 1=
2
 −1−3 m1=3−m1
−2 m1=4
m1=−2

1
Ans: m1= 2 ,−2

5) The equation of a line passes through the intersection point I of the

other 2 lines
General form of line d which passes I (given) is:

( a 1 x +b1 y +c 1 ) +k ( a 2 x +b2 y +c 2 )=0

k: any value

Eg: given 2 lines

d 1 : x− y−1=0(1)

d 2 :2 x + y−5=0 (2)

a) Solve (1), (2) to find I

b) Consider the equation:
( x− y −1 )+ k ( 2 x + y −5 )=0 (1)
1
Choose 1 value for k (1 , 2, 3 , 2 , … ¿ and check equation (1) passes point I or

not?

a)

(1) + (2)

3 x−6=0

x=2
y=1

∴ I (2 ,1)

b)

k =2

( x− y −1 )+ 2 ( 2 x + y−5 ) =0

x− y −1+ 4 x +2 y−10=0

5 x+ y−11=0

Check if this line passes I (2 ,1)

Subs I (2 ,1)

10+1−11=0

∴ I (2 ,1) passes through

TOPIC: THE DIVISION of AN INTERVAL

1)

AH : HB=m:n

Find H ( x H , y M )

Formula:

m x 2+n x 1
xH=
m+n
 m y 2 +n y 2
y H=
m+n

Proof: Set up N° plane

CD AH m
= =
DE HB n

x H −x 1 m
= , solve x M
x2 −x H n

n x H −n x 1=m x 2−m x H

( n+ m) x H =m x 2+ n x1

m x 2+n x 1
xH=
n+m

Similar for y H

2) Practical:

A ( x1 , y1 ) H ( xm , ym) B(x 2 , y 2 )

m :n
 m x 2+n x 1
xH=
m+n

m y 2 +n y 1
y H=
m+n

Eg:

3 :5

Find H ( x H , y H )

5 ( 2 ) +3 ( 5 ) 25
xH= =
3+5 8

3 ( 9 )+ 5 (1 ) 32
y H= = =4
3+5 8

1
∴ H (3 8 , 4)

3) Notes
 If AH & HB are the same direction

m
AH : HB= >0
n
H is between AB
→ Interval division
 If AH, HB are opposite direction
 H is outside
AH m
Ratio HB = n <0

→ External division

Formula:

m x 2−n x 1
H , xH=
m−n

m y 2−n y 1
y H=
m−n

Eg: A (−2 , 4 ) ; B(3 ,−6)

H divides AB externally by the ratio 3 :5. Find H?

3 ( 3 ) −5(−2) −19
xH= =
3−5 2

3 (−6 )−5(4)
y H= =19
3−5

4) Given A, H, B collinear

With A ( 1 ,2 ); H ( 5 , 0 ) ; B ( 7 ,−1 )

Find the ratio AH : HB

AH m
let =
HB n

Formula:
 m x 2+n x 1
xH=
m+n

m ( 7 ) +n ( 1 )
5=
m+n

5 m+5 n=7 m+n

4 n=2 m

m :n=4 :2

∴ m :n=2 :1

5)

In which ratio, line d cut line AB?

Let the ratio ¿ m: n

m x 2+n x 1 m ( 3 ) +n (1)
xH= =
m+n m+ n

m y 2 +n y 1 m ( 8 ) +n ( 2 )
y H= =
m+n m+n

Then H is on the line d, subs H into (d)

2 ( 3m+n
m+ n
)+3( 8 m+2
m+n )
n
−4=0

6 m+2 n+24 m+6 n=4 (m+n)

30 m+8 n=4 m+ 4 n

26 m=4 n

m :n=2 :13

6) 3 medians of ∆ABC

3 medians:

{
AH
BN → 3 lines are concurrent at G centroid
CP

We have ratio: AG : GH = 2 : 1

Then: AG = 2GH

GH : AG=1 :2

AG : AH =2 :3
 AH
GH =
3

7)

If A ( x A , y A )

B ( xB , yB)

C ( xC , yC )

Then the centroid

x A+ xB+ xC
x G=
3

y A+ yB+ yC
yG=
3

FURTHER TRIGONOMETRY
1) Remind

sin θ+cos θ=1 (1)

2 2

sin θ
=tan θ
cos θ

1
=sec θ
cos θ

1
=csc θ
sin θ

1
=cot θ
tan θ
2) Show that

[ ]
2 2
1+ tan θ=sec θ
2 2
1+cot θ=csc θ

→ Pythagoras’s identities

Prove:

From (1) sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1

2
( ÷ cos 2 θ ) sin 2θ +1= 12
cos θ cos θ

∴ tan2 θ+1=sec 2 θ
2 2
sin θ cos θ 1
¿ ( ÷ sin θ )
2
2
+ 2 = 2
sin θ sin θ sin θ
2 2
1+cot θ=csc θ

3) Example:

Prove: ( 1−tan x )2+ ( 1+ tan x )2

¿ 2 sec x ?
2

2 2
1−2 tan x + tan x +1+2 tan x + tan x
2 2
¿ 1+ tan x +1+ tan x
2 2
¿ sec x +sec x
2
¿ 2 sec x=RHS

4)
 1+ cos θ
( cot θ+ csc θ )2=
1−cos θ

[change everything into sin θ , or csc θ ]

Prove:

( )
2
cos θ 1
LHS= +
sin θ sinθ

( )
2
1+cos θ
¿
sin θ

( 1+cos θ )2 ( 1+cos θ )2 1+cos θ

¿ = = =RHS
( 1−cos θ ) ( 1−cos θ ) ( 1+cos θ ) 1−cos θ
2

5)
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin a cos b−cos a sin b=sin a−sin b

LHS ¿ sin2 a ( 1−sin2 b )−( 1−sin2 a ) sin2 b

2 2 2 2 2 2
¿ sin a−sin a sin b−sin b +sin a sin b

¿ sin a−sin b=¿ RHS

2 2

6)

sin θ ( 1+ tanθ )+ cos θ ( 1+cot θ )

sin θ+cos θ
¿
sin θ cos θ

Prove:

LHS=sinθ 1+ ( sin θ
cos θ )
+cos θ 1+
cos θ
sin θ( )
¿ sin θ ( coscosθ +sinθ θ )+cos θ ( sin θ+cos
sin θ
θ
)
2 2
sin θ ( cos θ+sin θ ) +cos θ ( sin θ+ cos θ )
¿
sin θ cos θ

cos θ+sin θ
¿ =RHS
sin θ cos θ

7) Combined angle formula

∠a,∠b

∠a+ ∠b , sin(a+ b) (chỗ này bị mất chữ)

∠ a−∠ b , cos (a−b)

{
sin ( a ± b ) =?
cos ( a ± b )=?
tan ( a ± b )=?

8) Remind: unit circle ( rad = 1)

xP
cos θ=
1

x P =cos θ

yP
sin θ=
1

y P=sin θ
P(x, y)

P ( cos θ , sin θ )

 A ( 1 , 0 ) → ∠ θ=0 °
cos 0° =1
sin 0 °=0
 B ( 0 ,1 ) →∠ θ=90 °
cos 90°=0=x
sin 90 °= y =1
 C (−1 , 0 ) →∠ θ=180 °
 cos 180 °=−1
sin 180 °=0
 D ( 0 ,−1 ) →∠ θ=270 °∨¿−90 °
cos 270 ° =0
sin 270 °=−1

9) ∠a & ∠b
And ∠a - ∠b

cos ( a−b )=cos a cos b+ sin a sin b

Proof: distance PQ:

2 2 2
P Q =( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 ) (1)

And: the cosine rule in ∆OPQ:

2 2
P Q =O P +OQ−2 ( OP ) (OQ ) cos( a−b)

¿ 1+1−2 cos ( a−b )

¿ 2−2 cos (a−b) (2)

(1) P Q2=( cos a−cos b )2 + ( sin a−sin b )2

 2 2 2 2
¿ cos a−2 cos a cos b+cos b+sin a−2sin a sin b+sin b

¿ 1+1−2(cos a cos b−sin a sin b) (3)

∴ cos ( a−b )=cos a cos b+ sin a sin b

Eg1: cos (x−45°)

¿ cos x cos 45°+sin x sin 45 °

¿ cos x ( √22 )+sin x ( √22 )

¿
√2 ( cos x +sin x )
2

Eg2: Simplify:

a) cos 56 ° cos 22 °+sin 56 ° sin 22 °

¿ cos ( 56 °−22° )=cos 34 °
b) sin 3 θ sin 2θ+ cos 3 θ cos 2 θ
¿ cos ( 3 θ−2θ )=cos θ

10)
a) Find the exact value of cos 15 ° using 60 ° & 45 °
cos (60 °−45 ° )=cos 60° cos 45 °+ sin 60° sin 45 °

¿ ( √21 )( √22 )+( √23 )( √22 )

¿ √ +√
2 6
4 4

¿
√2+ √6
4
b) Solve:
1
cos 3 θ cos 2θ+ sin3 θ sin 2 θ=
2
 1
cos (3 θ−2 θ )=
2
1
cos θ=
2
θ=60 ° , 300 °

11) cos (a−b)=cos a cos b+ sin a sin b (1)

cos ( a+b )=cos a cos b−sin a sin b

Proof: from (1)

+b=−(−b )

cos ( a+b )=cos [ a−(−b ) ]

¿ cos a cos(−b)+ sin a sin(−b)

¿ cos a cos b−sin a sin b

Eg: find the exact value of cos 75 °

cos ( 45 °+ 30° )

TRIGONOMETRY
1) Remind: combined angle

Formula

sin ( α + β )=sin α cos β+ sin β cos α (1)

sin(α −β)=sin α cos β−sin β cos α ⁡

cos ( α− β ) =cos α cos β−sin α sin β

cos ( α− β ) =cos α cos β+ sin α sin β

Prove formula (1)

sin ( a+ b )=cos [ 90 °−( a+ b ) ]

¿ cos [ ( 90°−a ) −b ]

¿ cos (90 °−a)cos b+sin ( 90 °+a ) sin b

¿ sin a cos b+cos a sin b=RHS

Eg1: find the exact value of sin 105 °

sin ( 60 o+ 45o )=sin 60 ° cos 45 ° +sin 45 ° cos 60 °

¿ √ × √ + √ × =√ √
3 2 2 1 6+ 2
2 2 2 2 4

Eg2: prove that

a) sin ( 90 °+ x )=cos x
sin 90 ° cos x +cos 90 ° sin x
¿ 1 ×cos x +0 × sin x
¿ cos x ¿ RHS

b) cos (90 °¿+ x)=−sin x ¿

cos 90° cos x−sin 90 ° sin x
¿ 0 ×cos x−1× sin x
¿−sin x ¿ RHS

c) Solve
1
sin x cos 30 °+ sin30 ° cos x=
√2
1
sin ( x +30 ° )=
√2
x +30 °=45 ° , 135°
x=15 ° ,105 °
 2)

tan x+ tan y
tan ( x + y ) =
1−tan x tan y

tan x−tan y
tan(x− y )=
1+ tan x tan y

Proof:

sin ( x + y )
a ¿ tan ( x + y ) =
cos ( x+ y )

sin x cos y+ sin y cos x

¿
cos x cos y−sin x sin y

( ÷ ) cos x cos y

sin x cos y sin y cos x

+
cos x cos y cos x cos y tan x+ tan y
¿ = =RHS
cos x cos y sin x sin y 1−tan x tan y
−
cos x cos y cos x cos y

Eg: Expand

tan 45 ° + tan x 1+ tan x

tan(45 ° ¿+ x )= = ¿
1−tan 45 ° tan x 1−tan x

Find the exact value of tan75 °

tan 45 ° + tan30 °
tan(30 ° ¿+45 ° )= ¿
1−tan 30 ° ( tan 45 ° )

1
1+
¿
√3 = √3+ 1 × √3
1−
1 √ 3 √3−1
√ 3

2
√ 3+1 = ( √3+1 ) =2+ 3
¿ √
√3−1 2
 3) Double angle formula:

a→2a

sin 2 a=?

cos 2 a=?

tan2 a=?

a) sin 2 a=2sin a cos a

Proof:

From sin ( α + β )=sin a cos b+sin b cos a

Replace b=a, sin a cos a+sin a cos a

sin ( a+ a )=2sin a cos a

Eg: sin 40 ° =2sin 20 ° cos 20 °

2 sin 30° cos 30 °=sin 60°

1
sin 15 ° cos 15° = sin 30°
2

sin 4 x=2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

1 1
sin x=2 sin x cos x
2 2

b) cos 2 a=cos 2 a−sin2 a

Proof:

From cos ( a+b )=cos a cos b−sin a sin b

Replace b=a, cos a cos a−sin a sin a

2 2
cos ( a+a )=cos a−sin a
 2 tan a
c) tan2 a= 2
1−tan a

Proof:

tan a+ tan b
¿ tan ( a+b )=
1−tan a tan b

let b = a

tan a+ tan a
tan ( a+a )=
1−tan a tan a

2 tan a
tan2 a= 2
1−tan a

Notes: from cos 2 a=cos 2 a−sin2 a

We have other 2 formula:

 cos 2 a=1−sin 2 a−sin2 a

2
¿ 1−2 sin a
 cos 2 a=−1+cos 2 a+cos 2 a
2
¿ 2 cos a−1

Eg: Simplify

a ¿ 2 sin 3 θ cos 3 θ=sin 6 θ

2 2
b ¿ cos α−sin α=cos 2 α
2
c ¿ 2cos β−1=cos 2 β
2
d ¿ 1−2 sin θ=cos 2θ

2 tan β
e¿ 2
=tan 2 β
1−tan β
 4) Prove

csc 2 θ+cot 2 θ=cotθ

1 cos
LHS= 2θ+ 2θ
sin sin

2
1+ cos 2 θ 1+2 cos −1 cos θ
= = =cot θ=RHS
sin 2 θ 2 cos θ sin θ sin θ

TRIGONOMETRY: ±formula
1) Remind

Double angled formula

sin 2 a , cos 2 a and tan2 a in term of sin a , cos a and tan a

 sin 2 a=2sin a cos a

 cos 2 a=cos 2 a−sin2 a
2
¿ 1−2 sin a
2
¿ 2 cos a−1
2 tan a
 tan2 a= 2
1−tan a

Eg: Prove that

sin 3 x cos 3 x
a¿ + =4 cos 2 x
sin x cos x

sin 3 x cos x +cos 3 x sin x

¿
sin x cos x

sin ( 3 x + x ) 2sin 4 x
¿ =
sin x cos x sin 2 x
 2× 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
¿ =4 cos 2 x
sin 2 x

4 4 1 2
b ¿ sin x +cos x=1− sin 2 x
2

2 2 1 2
RHS=( sin x +cos x ) − sin 2 x
2
2

4 2 2 4 1 2 2
¿ sin x +2 sin x cos x +cos x− × 4 sin x cos x
2

4 4
¿ sin x +cos x=LHS
2
2 way : LHS=( sin x+ cos x ) −2 sin x cos x
nd 2 2 2 2

( )
2
sin 2 x
¿ 1−2
2

1 2
¿ 1− sin 2 x
2

2) ±¿ formula

2 tan θ
From tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ

2 tan θ
∴ tan θ=
θ
1−tan2
2

θ
Let t=tan 2

tanθ in t

2t
 tanθ= 2
1−t
2t
 sin θ= 2
1+t
 2
1−t
 cos θ= 2
1+t

Eg: using 3 formula. Show that

1+ cos θ θ
=cot
sin θ 2

2
1−t
1+ 2
1+t 2 1 θ
LHS= = = =cot =RHS
2t 2t t 2
2
1+t

3) Solve x:
a) sin 2 x+ sin x =0
2 sin x cos x +sin x=0
sin x (2 cos x +1 )=0

 sin x=0
x=0 ° , 180° , 360 °
−1
 cos x= 2
x=120 ° ,240 °

Ans: 0 ° ,120 ° , 180° , 240 ° ,360 °

b) sin 2 x=3 cos x

2 sin x cos x −3 cos x=0
cos x ( 2 sin x −3 )=0

 cos x=0
x=90 ° , 270 °
 2 sin x−3=0
3
sin x=
2
 No solution
−1 ≤ x ≤1
c) cos 2 x +cos x=0
2 2
cos x−sin x +cos x=0
co x 2 x−( 1−cos 2 x ) + cos x=0
2
2 cos x−1+cos x=0
( 2 cos x−1 ) ( cos x +1 )=0
1
 cos x= 2
x=60 ° , 300°
 cos x=−1
x=180 °

4) Solve for x
1
a) sin 2 x= 2
2 x=30 ° , 150 ° ,390 ° , 510°
x=15 ° ,75 ° , 195° , 255 °
−1
b) cos 2 x= 2
2 x=120 °, 240 ° , 480 °, 600 °
x=60 ° ,120 ° , 240 ° , 300 °

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS in the form

a cos x+b sin x =c

a , b , c : any real n°

1) Remind
Combine ∠

cos ( a ±b )=cos a cos b ∓ sin a sin b

sin ( a ± b )=sin a cos b ± sin b cos a

tan a ± tanb
tan ( a ±b )=
1∓ tan a tanb

Double ∠ formula

sin 2 θ=2 sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos 2 θ=cos θ−sin θ
2
¿ 2 cos θ−1
2
¿ 1−2 sin θ

2 tan θ
tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ

θ
Formula: if we let tan 2 =t

2t
tanθ= 2
1−t

2t
sin θ= 2
1+t
2
1−t
cos θ= 2
1+t

2) Degrees and radians

Mode: D or radians
c
30 ° 1.5
 Radian?

Definition: if l= AB=r

Then ∠AOB = 1 radian ¿ 1c

Relation?
c
1 l
=
360° circumference
c
1 r
=
360° 2 πr

360 °=2 π radians

Angle in degree

30° 45° 60° 120° 240°

π π π 2π 4π
6 4 3 3 3

Find:

sin =sin 60° = √

π 3
3 2

π
cos =45 °=
√2
4 2

π 1
tan =tan 30 °=
6 √3

3) Solve for x

Some types:
 1
a) sin x= 2
cos x=54 °
b) sin2 x+ sin x−2=0
2
cos x +cos 2 x=0
1
c) sin 2 x= 2

−√ 2
cos 3 x=
2

In the form: acos x+ b sin x =c

Eg: Solve

3 cos x +2 sin x=1

Need to change the LHS to:

a cos x+b sin x =R cos ( x ± α )∨R sin ( x ± α )

Eg: Change

2 cos x +3 sin x=R cos ( x−α )

2 3
cos x + sin x=cos ( x−α )
R R

¿ cos x cos α +sin x sin α

R cos α=2 (1)

R sin α =3 (2)

2 2
R cos α =4
2 2
R sin α =9

R2 ( cos 2 α +sin2 α ) =4 +9=13

R =13 → R= √ 3
2
[ R=√ a2 +b2 ]
R sin α 3
=
R cos α 2

3
tan α =
2

'
α =56 ° 18

2 cos x +3 sin x=√ 13cos x ( x−56 ° 18' )

Recommend: transformation

a) a cos x+b cos x=R cos ( x−α )

b) a cos x−b cos x=R cos ( x + α )
c) a sin x +b cos x =R sin ( x +α )
d) a sin x−b cos x=R sin ⁡( x −α )

R=√ a2 +b2

b
α , acute angle, tan α =
a

a) √ 3 cos x−1 sin x=?

Rcos ( x +α )
Where R=√ a2 +b2= √3+1=2
b 1
∠ α =tan α = = →α =30 °
a √3
b) 5 sin x+ 12cos x =?
R sin ( x+ α )
Where R=√5 2+122=13
12 '
∠ α =tan α = → α =74 ° 52
5
∴ 5 sin x +12 cos x=13 sin( x+74 ° 52' )
c) sin x−cos x =¿
 R sin ( x−α )
Where R=√ a2 +b2= √2
1
∠ α =tan α = =1 → α =45 °
1
∴ sin x−cos x=√ 2 sin(x−45 °¿) ¿

4) Solve x

3 cos x +2 sin x=1 (1)

3 cos x +2 sin x=R cos ( x−α )

Where R=√3 2+22 =√13

2 '
∠ α =tan α = → α=33 ° 41
3

3 cos x +2 sin x=√ 13cos (x−33 ° 41 )(2)

'

(1) in (2)¿ √ 13 cos ( x−33 ° 41' )=1

1
cos ( x −33 ° 41 ) =
'

√13
' ' '
x−33 ° 41 =73 ° 54 ,286 ° 6

' '
x=319 ° 47 ,107 ° 35

5) 2nd way to solve

3 cos x +2 sin x=1. Using t formula

x
let tan =t
2
 2
1−t
∴ cos x= 2
1+t

2t
sin x= 2
1+t

2
1−t 2t
→3 2
+2 2
=1
1+t 1+ t

2 2
3−3t +4 t=1+ t

2
−4 t + 4 t+ 2=0

2
4 t −4 t−2=0

2
2 t −2t−1=0

Quadratic equation of t:

−b ± √ b 2−4 ac 1 ± √ 3
t= =
2a 2

x
t=tan
2

x 1+ √3
 tan 2 = 2

x '
=53 ° 48
2
x=107 ° 36 '
x 1−√3
 tan 2 = 2

x '
=151 ° 54
2
'
x=319 ° 48
TRIGONOMETRY

1) Remind

Solve x:

√ 3 cos x +sin x=1

√ 3 cos x +sin x=R cos ( x−θ )

Where R=√ √32 +12=2

1
tan α = → α =30 °
√3

√ 3 cos x +sin x=2 cos ( x−30 ° )

√ 3 cos x +sin x=1

2 cos ( x−30 ° )=1

1
cos ( x−30° ) =
2

x−30 °=60 ° , 300°

x=90 ° , 330°

2) Find exact value of

π
sin =sin 60° =
√3
3 2

cos =cos 30 °= √
π 3
6 2
 2π
tan =tan 120 °=−√ 3
3

3) Sketch the graph of sin x ,cos x , tan x

4) Sketch y=sin2 x
Then y=2sin (2 x−60° ¿)¿

Amplitude ¿ 2
 360°
Period ¿ 2 =180 °

Let 2 x−60 °=0

x=30 °

Shift to the right 30 °

From y=2sin ( 2 x−60 ° )

Let x=0

y=2sin ( 0−60 ° )

y=2sin (−60 ° )=− √ 3=−1.7

5) 3Dimension problem

∠α : angle of elevation

Eg:
OP to h

OQ to h

2 2 2
∆ OPQ :O P +OQ =PQ

h h
=tan 15° → OP=
OP tan 15°

h h
=tan 10° →OQ=
OQ tan10 °

2 2 2
O P +O Q =P Q

( )( )
2 2
h h 2
+ =100
tan 15 ° tan 10°

h
2
( tan 115 ° + tan 110 ° )=100
2 2
2

2
2 100
h=
1 1
2
+ 2
tan 15 ° tan 10 °
 100
h=
√ tan 15 °+ tan2 10 °
2

Notes:

100 100
a ¿ h= =

√ √ cot 2
1 1 15° + cot2 10 °
2
+ 2
tan 15 ° tan 10 °

100
b ¿ h=
√ tan 75 ° + tan2 80 °
2

Eg:

h
OP=
tan 15 °

h
OQ=
tan 10 °

2 2 2
100 =O P +OQ −2OP ×OQ × cos 120 °
 ( )( )
2 2
2 h h h h
100 = + −2 cos 120 °
tan 15 ° tan10 ° tan 15 ° tan 10 °

2
100 =h
2
[( 1
2
+ 2
)1
tan 15 ° tan 10°
−
tan15 °
2
tan 10 °
cos 120 °
]
100
h=

√ 1
2
+ 2
1
−
2 cos 120 °
tan 15 ° tan 10 ° tan 15° tan10 °

6) General solution of Trigonometry

a) tan x=tan θ
Then x=n 180 °+θ , n=0 ,1 , 2 ,…
b) cos x=cos θ
Then x=n 360 ° ±θ
c) sin x=sin θ
Then x=n 180 ° + (−1 )n θ

Eg: general solution

a) tan x= √3
x=n 180 °+60 °
In radian form
x=n 180 °+60 °
π
¿ nπ +
3
−1
b) cos x= 2
cos x=cos 120 °
x=n 360 ° ±120 °
 2π
¿ x=2 nπ ±
3

c) sin x= √
2
2
n
x=n 180 ° + (−1 ) 45 °

TOPIC: SEQUENCES & SERIES

1) Sequences:

2, 4, 6, 8…

Or 1, 3, 5,: 7…

1’) Series:

2+ 4+6+ 8+¿…

Or 1+3+5+7 +¿…

2) Arithmetic series/progressions
a) 2+5+8+ 11+14+ ¿…
(+3)
Adding a constant
b) 15 , 11,7 ,3 , …
(−4)
Subtracting a constant
3) Geometric series/progression

2+6+18+ 54+¿ … (×3)

100+50+25+ 12.5 … (÷ 2)

→ × or ÷ by a constant

4) Other series

Square N°: 1+4 +9+25+ ¿…

Fibonacci: 1+1+2+3+5+ 8+¿…

Triangular N°: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15 …

5) Arithmetic series (AP)

Consider this series

2+5+8+ 11+14 … (add 3)

T1 T2 T3 n term ¿ T n
th

a = first term

3=d=¿ common difference

d=T 2−T 1=T 3−T 2=T 4−T 3=¿ …

d=T n−T n−1

T 1=a(¿ 2)

T 2=a+3 ( ¿ 2+3=5 )

T 2=a+ d

T 3=T 2+ d=a+ 2d

T 4=T 3 +d=a+3 d

T 5=a+ 4 d

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

Nth term or the general term

T 100 ?=a+ 99 d

Eg:

a) Given: 2+5+8+ 11+14 …

Find T 20 , T n , T n−1 ; 146is belong to this series or not

T 20=a+19 d =2+ 19 (3 )=59

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d=2+3 n−3=3 n−1

T n−1=a+ ( n−2 ) d=2+3 n−4=3 n−2

Let x

146=2+ x 3

x=48

Yes. T 49
Using T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

146=2+ ( n−1 ) 3

146=3 n−1

147=3 n

n=49

∴ Yes. 146 is 49th term

b) Given the series:

−11−8−5−2+1+ 4…

 Is it an arithmetic series?
Yes
T 2−T 1 =−8+11=3
T 3−T 2=−5+8=3

 T 20 , T nT 20=−11+19 ( 3 ) =46
T n=−11+ ( n−1 ) 3=3 n−14

 Which term is 106

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d
106=−11+ ( n−1 ) 3
117=3 n−3
120=3 n
n=40
∴ 106 is 40th term
 How many terms from −11,−8 ,−5 …
196
196=−11+ ( n−1 ) 3
 207=3 n−3
210=3 n
n=70
∴ 69th term

6) The sum of the first n terms Sn

Sn=T 1 +T 2+T 3 +¿…+T n

n
Sn= ( T 1 +T n )
2

n
Sn= ( a+l )
2

Also: l=T n=?

n
Sn =
2
[ 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ]

Eg: 2+5+8+ 11+¿…

a) Find the sum of the first 50 term

n
Sn =
2
[ a+ ( n−1 ) d ]

50
¿
2
[ 2+ ( 50−1 ) 3 ]

¿ 3725

b) Find

S=2+ 5+8+11+ …+179

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

179=2+ ( n−1 ) 3

177=3 n−3

n=60 terms

n
Sn= ( a+ ( n−1 ) d )
2

60
¿ ( 2+ ( 60−1 ) 3 )
2

¿ 5370

7) Notes

Sn=T 1 +T 2+T 3 +…+T n

T n=Sn−S n−1

Eg: given Sn=n2

 Find T n

2
Sn−1=( n−1 )

2 2
T n=n −( n−1 )

¿ 2 n−1

 Find: a) a, d, T 20

T n=2 n−1
a=T 1 , n=1

a=2−1=1

d=T 2−T 1

T 2=2 ( 2 )−1=3

d=3−1=2

T 20=2 ( 20 )−1=39

8) The average term

a, b, c for an AP

a+c
then b= 2

∴ b : the average

Or arithmetic mean (AH)

Proof: a, b, c

b=a+ d (1)

c=b+d (2)

( 1 ) (−2 ) b−c=a−b

2 b=a+c

a+c
b=
2
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES

1) Remind arithmetic sequences (AH)

a=T 1

d=T 2−T 1

Sn=T 1 +T 2+T 3 +… +T n

n
¿ ( a+ l )
2

n
¿ Sn= ( 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d )
2

Also: Sn=S n−1+T n

Given Sn ; T n=S n−S n−1

Also: a, b, c form

Arithmetic series

a+c
Then b= 2 → arithmetic mean

2) Given AP

With T 5=19
T 9=35

Find a, d and T n

What is S2 n

T 5=19=4 d + a (1)

T 9=35=8 d +a (2)

( 2 )− (1 )=4 d=16

d=4

a=3

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

T n=3+ 4 n−4

T n=4 n−1

20
S20= ( 2 ( 3 )+ (20−1 ) ×4 )
2

¿ 820

3) Find the sum of the first 30 multiples of 5

5+10+15+ 20+… T 30

30
Sn = ( 2 (5 )+ ( 30−1 ) ×5 )
2

¿ 2325
4) Insert 4 terms between 1 and 27 to form AP

1 _ _ _ _27

a=1

Need d: 6 terms

T 6=27=a+5 d

T 1=1=a

5 d=26

26 1
d= =5
5 5

31 57 83 109
1, , , , , 27
5 5 5 5

5) Geometric series (GP)

AP: 5+10+15+ 20+…(add 5)

GP: 5+10+20+ 40+ … (×2)

Multiply or divide by a constant

6) Consider the GP

5+10+20+ 40+80+ … (×2)

 T 1=a

T2 T3 Tn
r= = …=
T1 T2 T n−1

T 1=a

T 2=a × r=T 1 × r

2
T 3=T 2 × r=a r

3
T 4=T 3 ×r=a r

n−1
T n=a r

Eg: given GP

5+10+20+ 40 … (×2)

a) Find T 20 , T n
b) Which term is 5120?
c) How many terms form
5+10+20+ 40+ …+163840 ?

a) T 20=5+219=2621440
n−1
T n=5 ×2
b) 5120=5× 2n−1
n −1
1024=2 ×2
n
2048=2
log 2048=n log 2
n=11
c) 163840=5× 2n−1
 n
65536=2
n=16

7) Find Sn, the sum of the first n terms in Geometric series

2 3 n−1
Sn=a+ar + a r +a r +…+ a r

a ( r n−1 )
Then Sn=
r−1

Proof: Sn=a+ar + a r 2 +a r 3 +…+ a r n−1 (1)

+ a r (2)
2 3 n−1 n
r × S n=ar +a r + a r + …+a r

( 2 )− (1 )=r S n−Sn=a r n−a

Sn ( r−1 )=a ( r n −1 )

a ( r n−1 )
Sn = ( r> 1 )
r−1

a ( 1−r n )
Notes: Sn=
1−r

Eg: find S20 of

1+2+ 4+8+16 +…

1 ( 220−1 )
S20= =104875
2−1

1 1 1
Eg: 1+ 3 + 2 + 3 +…
3 3

What is the sum of the first 10th

 [( ) ]
10
1
1 −1
3
S10= =1.4999≈ 1.5
1
−1
3

8) Sum to infinity

n→∞

→ sum to infinity

a(0−1)
S∞ =
r−1

−a a
¿ =
r−1 1−r

 Using the formula when n →∞

 −1<r <1

9) Find the answer

1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + …
2 4 8 16

n→∞

1
Common ratio: 2 = 1 <1
1 2

1 ( 0−1 )
S∞ = =2
1
−1
2
GEOMETRIC SERIES (GP)

1) Remind

2 3 n−1
Sn=a+ar + a r +a r +… a r

a=T 1

T 2 T 3 Tn
r= = =
T 1 T 2 T n−1

n−1
T n=a r

The sum of the first n terms:

a ( r n−1 )
Sn =
r−1

a ( 1−r n )
¿ Sn=
1−r

also sum to infinity

S∞ =¿ exist only if n → ∞

−1<r <1

Or |r|<1

a
S∞ =
1−r
2) 3 terms a, b, c in order formed GP.

Then b 2=a × c

Or b=± √ ac

Proof:

b=ar ( 1 )
c=br ( 2 )

b a
( 1 ) ÷ (2 ) → =
c b

b =ac → b=± √ ac
2

Eg: find S20 of

Sn=20+10+5+2.5+ …

( ) ≈ 40
20
1
20 1−
2
S20=
1
1−
2

3) Find S10 of

3−6+12−24 +…

a=3

T 2 T 3 −6 12
d= = = = =−2
T 1 T 2 3 −6
 10 ( 1−(−2 )10 )
S10= =−3410
1−(−2 )

4) Find the sum

1 1 1
Sn=1+ + + +…
3 9 27

a 1 3
S∞ = = =
1−r 1 3
1−
3

Eg:

1 1 1
Sn=1+ + + …
2 4 8

S∞ =2

5) Given GP

T 3=10

T 6=80

Find a=T 1 , r and T 10

T 3=10=T 2 ×r=a r (1)

2

T 6=80=a r (2)
5

( 2 ) ÷ (1 ) → 8=r 3
r =2

5
a=
2

9 5 9
T 10=a r = ( 2 ) =1280
2

GEOMETRIC SERIES (GP)

1) Remind

2 3
a , ar , a r , a r , …

n−1
T n=a r

a ( r n−1 ) a ( 1−r n )
Sn = =
r−1 1−r

S∞ occur if n →∞ ,

a
S∞ = (−1<r < 1 )
1−r

2) If a, b, c in order, formed a GP then:

2
b =ac

b=± √ ac

Eg: 6, x, 24

Form GP
 2
x =6 ×24

x=± √ 144=12

→ 6 ,12 , 24 ( r =2 )

¿ 6 ,−12, 24 ( r =−2 )

3) Given GP: with T 3=2 and T 7=32. Find a, r?

T 3=2=a r (1)
2

T 7=32=a r (2)
6

( 2 ) ÷ (1 ) → 16=r 4

r =±2

1
a=
2

Ans:

1
r =2; , 1 , 2, 4 , 8 , …
2

1
r =−2; ,−1 ,2 ,−4 , …
2

4) Insert 3 terms between 7 and 112 to form GP

7_ _ _ 112
T 1=7=a (1)

T 5=112=a r (2)
5

( 2 ) ÷ (1 ) → r 4 =16

r =±2

a=7

Ans:

r =2; 7 ,14 ,28 , 56

r =−2; 7 ,−14 , 28 ,−56

5) Using sum to ∞ to find fraction for repeated decimal

˙
a) 0 .2=0.222…
¿ 0.2+0.02+0.002+ …
T 2 0.02 1
r= = = <1
T 1 0.2 10
Also n → ∞
So S∞ exist
a 0.2 2
S∞ = = =
1−r 1−0.1 9
˙
b) 0. 45=0.454545 …
0.45+ 0.0045+0.000045+…
T 2 0.0045 1
r= = = <1
T1 0.45 100
Also n → ∞
So S∞ exist
 a 0.45 5
S∞ = = =
1−r 1−0.01 11

6) Sigma Notation

Σ → sum of terms

Sn=2+ 4+ 6+8+ …

n
¿∑ 2n
n=1

Eg:

4
a ¿ expand ∑ 2 n−3
n=1

-1, 1, 3, 5

Sum = 8

n
b ¿ expand ∑ (−1 ) x n
n

n=1

2 3 n n
−x + x −x + …+ (−1 ) x

Eg:

a) Sn=2+ 5+8+11+ …

AP

a=2

d=T 2−T 1
¿ 5−2=3

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

¿ 2+ ( n−1 ) 3

¿ 3 n−1

∑ 3 n−1
n =1

b) Sn=5+10+20+ 40+…

GP

a=5

T 2 10
r= = =2
T1 5

n−1 n−1
T n=a r =5 ( 2 )

∑ 5 ( 2 )n−1
n =1

7) A ball
Total distance it travelled until it stopped of −25 %

3
Left 75 %= 4

3
20 m ,20 × =15 m
4

3 1
15 × =11 m
4 4

45
20 , 15 , ,…
4

15 3
→ GP , r= =
20 4

Distance =

3
r = <1
4

Stop n → ∞

a
S∞ =
1−r

Travel up = 15 m

3
r=
4

15
S∞ = =60
3
1−
4

D=60× 2+20

¿ 140
CALCULUS

Limit of function

1) Example
a) Consider a regular polygon inside circle:

n = 4 sides

n = 5 sides

n = 8 sides
n=… 20, n → ∞

Polygon → circle

Limit of polygon → circle

n→∞

b) Consider the sum Sn

1 1 1 1 1 1
Sn= + + + + +…
2 4 8 16 32 n

1 1
GB, a= 2 , r= 2 < 1

If n → ∞, S∞ exist

n → ∞, Sn → S ∞

lim S n=S ∞
n→∞

1
a 2
¿ = =1
1−r 1
1−
2

lim S n=1
n→∞
2) Given: y=f ( x )

If x → a, and y → b

Then lim of y = b when x → a

We write lim
x →a
y=b

3)

x → 2 from the right ∴ x → 2+¿¿

x → 2 from the left ∴ x → 2−¿¿

4) When the limit of function f(x) exists

Consider the graph

 2
x ≤ 2 , y=x

x >2 , y=x+ 3

 When x → 2−¿ , y → 4 ¿
−¿¿
lim f ( x )=4 , x → 2

 when x → 2+¿ , y →5 ¿
+¿¿
lim f ( x )=5 , x → 2

∴ f(x) has limit at x=a

lim ¿
If x→ a
−¿
f (x)= lim +¿
¿¿
x →a f (x)¿

5) Find the limit when x → a

a) Given y=2 x +1

x → 0 , y=0+ 1

lim y=1
x →0

x +3
b) lim x−1
x →2

Sub x=2

2+3
→ =5
2−1

x +3
lim =5
x →2 x−1

2
2 x +3 x
c) lim
x →0 4x
 2
2 ( 0 ) + 3(0) 0
= →undefined
4(0) 0

Factorize of simplify

x ( 2 x +3 ) 3
lim =
x →0 4x 4

2
x −4
d) lim
x →2 x−2

Subs x=2

2
2 −4 0
=
2−2 0

( x−2)(x+ 2)
lim =lim ( x +2¿)¿
x →2 x−2 x →2

Subs x=2, → lim ( x +2 )=4

x→ 2

6) Limit of f(x) when x → ∞

Notes: x → ∞ , x2 → ∞

3
x →∞

1
→0
x

1
2
→0
x

Eg:
 i. y=3 x +100

x→∞ , y→3 x

ii. 2
y=2 x +3 x+100

2
x→∞ , y→2x

3 x +1
a) lim 5 x−2
x →0

3x 3
x→∞ , y→ =
5x 5

Method 1:

lim
( x)
1
x 3+

x (5− )
x→ ∞ 2
x

1
3+
x 3
¿ lim =
x→ ∞ 2 5
5−
x

Method 2:

3 x+1 3x 3
lim =lim =
x→ ∞ 5 x −2 x → ∞ 5 x 5

→ Independent ans of letter x

2
2 x +3 x+ 4
b) lim 2
x→ ∞ 5 x −x+1

Method 1:
 2
2x 2
lim ¿ 2
=
x−∞ 5x 5

Method 2:

¿ lim
2
( 3 4
x 2+ + 2
x x )
x→ ∞
( 1x x1 )
2
x 5− + 2

3 4
2+ + 2
x x 2
¿ lim =
x→ ∞ 1 1 5
5− + 2
x x

2
2 x +3 x−1
c) lim 3 2
x→ ∞ 4 x +x +7

2
2x
¿ lim 3
x→ ∞ 4x

1
¿ lim =0
x→ ∞ 2x

7) The limit does not exist

a) lim x (¿ ∞)∴ X
x→ ∞

b) lim 10 x → ( X )
x→ ∞

2
c) lim x →( X )
x→ ∞

2
lim x →( X )
d) x→−∞
1
e) lim x → ∞ → ( X )
x →0
 10
f) lim 3 x → ( X )
x →0

1
g) lim 2
→(X )
x →0 x
1
h) lim 2
→0
x→ ∞ x

8) Find the limit by rationalize denominator or numerator

x−1
a) lim
x →1 √ x−1

( x−1 ) ( √ x+ 1 )
lim =lim ( √ x +1 )
x →1 x−1 x→ 1

Subs x=1

lim √ x +1=2
x →1

b) lim √
x−2
x→ 4 x−4

x−4 1
lim =
x→ 4 ( x−4 ) ( √ x+ 2 ) √ x +2

Subs x=4

1 1
lim =
x→ 4 √ x +2 4

CALCULUS
1) 2 branches:
a) Differentiation
 To find gradient of tangent to a curve

b) Integration

To find area under curve

2) Set up N° plane
 rise y 2− y 1 y B − y A f ( x+ h )−f ( x )
m AB= = = =
run x 2−x 1 h h

Let B → A

AB → AT

m AT =mT =¿ limit of m AB when B → A

f ( x +h )−f ( x )
⇒ mT =lim
h→ 0 h

dy
¿ → formula 1
dx

3) Given y=f ( x )=x 2

dy
Find dx =? , then find m of tangent at x=3

dy f ( x +h )−f ( x )
→ =mT =lim
dx h→ 0 h
{
2
f ( x )=x
2
f ( x +h )= ( x +h )

2 2
dy ( x +h ) −x
=lim
dx h → 0 h

2 2 2
x +h +2 xh−x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

h ( 2 x+ h )
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

¿2 x

2
y=x

dy
=2 x
dx

dy
Then mT = dx =2 x

At x=3

mT =2 ( 3 )=6

4) Given y=f ( x )=x 3

dy 2
Prove that dx =3 x

dy f ( x+ h )−f ( x )
LHS= =lim
dx h →0 h

( x +h )3 −x3
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

3 2 2 3 3
x +3 x h+3 h x+ h −x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h
 h ( 3 x 2 +3 h+h2 )
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

¿ lim ( 3 x2 +3 h+ h2 )
h→ 0

2 2
¿ 3 x +3 ( 0 )+ 0

2
¿ 3 x =RHS

5) In general

Given y=f ( x )=x n

dy n−1
Show that dx =n × x

n n
dy ( x +h ) −x
=lim
dx h → 0 h

Difference of 2 power

An −B n=( A−B ) ( A n−1 + A n−2 B+ An−3 B 2+ …+B n−1 )( x +h ) −x

n n

n−1 n−2 n −3 2 n−1

¿(x + h−x)( ( x+ h ) + ( x −h ) x + ( x +h ) x + …+ x )

dy h ( ( x +h )n−1 + ( x−h )n−2 x + ( x +h )n−3 x2 +…+ x n−1 )

=lim
dx h → 0 h

(subs h = 0)
n−1 n −1 n−1 n−1
¿x +x +x + …+ x
n−1
¿n x

6) y=f ( x )=x n
 dy n −1
( 2) =mT =f ( x ) =n x
dx

Derivative or gradient function

dy
7) Find dx , using (2)

dy
y
dx
2
x 2x
3 2
x 3x
4 3
x 4x
5 4
x 5x
10 9
x 10 x
1−1
x x =1
3x 3 ×1=3
5x 5
ax a
0 −1
5=5× x 5 ×0 × x =0
7 0
a 0

8) y=a x n

' dy n−1
y= =a (n x )
dx

7 ' 6 6
y=5 x → y =5 ×7 x =35 x

1 4 ' 3
y= x → y =2 x
2

2 3 4 ' 2 3
y=x + x +5 x → y =2 x+3 x +20 x
 1 −1
1 −1 1 1
y= √ x → y = x 2 = x 2 =
'
2 2 2√x

1 1 −6
y= = x
2x 2
6

' 1 −6−1
→ y = (−6 ) × x
2

−7 −3
¿−3 x = 7
x

Notes:

AT: tangent

dy
m AT =m T =
dx

AN ⊥ AT

AN: normal line

−1
m AN =mN =
mT

CALCULUS – The 1st derivative

1) Remind
−n
y=x

dy n−1
=n x
dx

dy ' '
= y =f ( x )
dx
2) Given y=f ( x )=√ x
a) Find y’
b) Find y’ by the 1st principle and check a)

→
−1
1
' 1
a¿ y = x 2 =
2 2 √x

dy f ( x +h )−f (x)
b¿ =lim ¿
dx h → 0 h

¿ lim √ x+ h− √ x
h→ 0 h

x+ h−x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h ( √ x +h+ √ x )

1 1 1
¿ lim = = =same a ¿
h→ 0 √ x+ h+ √ x √ x+ √ x 2 √ x

3) The chain rule

dy
If y=f (u)→ du

du
And u=g (x)→ dx

dy dy du
then = ×
dx du dx

2
Eg: y=( x2 +3 )

dy 2−1 du
=2 ( x +3 ) ( x 2 +3 )
2
dx dx

¿ 4 x ( x 2 +3 )
 2 du
Check: let u=x +3 → dx =2 x

2
y=2u

dy 2−1
=2 u =2 u
du

dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx

¿ 2 u× 2 x

¿ 2 ( x 2+3 ) × 2 x =4 x ( x 2+3 )

2
Or: y=( x2 +3 )
4 2
y=x + 6 x + 9

dy ' 3
= y =4 x +12 x+ 0
dx

¿ 4 x ( x 2 +3 )

Eg: find y’, if

10
y=( x +5 x−3 )
2

dy du 2
=10 ( x +5 x−3 ) (x +5 x−3)
2
dx dx

9
¿ 10 ( x + 5 x−3 ) × ( 2 x+5 )
2

9
¿ ( 20 x+ 50 ) ( x +5 x−3 )
2

4) Equation of tangent and normal line

Find the tangent AT at A ( 1 ,2 )

y=mx+b

dy
m= at A
dx

2
y=x +1

dy
=2 x
dx

At point A ( 1 ,2 ) , x=1

dy
mT = =2 ( 1 )=2
dx

(T): y=mx+b

y=2 x +b (1)

Subs A(1 , 2) into (1)

2=2 ( 1 ) +b

b=0

∴ y=2 x
Normal AN

AN ⊥ AT

m1 m2=−1

m1=mT =2

−1
m2=m N =
2

AN: y=mx+b

−1
y= x +b
2

Subs A ( 1 ,2 )

b=2.5

−1 5
∴ y= x+
2 2

5) Product rule
5 7
y= ( 2 x +1 ) × ( 3−4 x )

'
y =¿

Eg: y= ( 2 x +1 ) ( 3 x−4 )
'
y =?
2
y=6 x −5 x−4
'
y =12 x−5

 y=u × v (u, v are the function of x)

 dy ' '
then =u v + v u ( ¿ )
dx

Eg: y= ( 2 x +1 ) ( 3 x−4 )
'
u=2 x +1 →u =2
'
v=3 x−4 → v =3
' ' '
y =u v + v u

¿ 2 ( 3 x −4 )+ 3 ( 2 x +1 )

¿ 6 x−8+ 6 x+3=12 x −5

Eg: y= ( 2 x +1 )3 (3 x−4 )4
' 2 4 3 3
y =2 ×3 ( 2 x+1 ) ( 3 x−4 ) +3 × 4 ( 3 x−4 ) ( 2 x +1 )

2 4 3 3
¿ 6 ( 2 x+1 ) ( 3 x−4 ) +12 ( 3 x−4 ) ( 2 x +1 )

2 3
¿ 6 ( 2 x+1 ) ( 3 x−4 ) [3 x −4+ 2 ( 2 x +1 ) ]

¿ 6 ( 2 x+1 ) ( 3 x−4 ) ¿)
2 3

6) The quotient rule

u
If y= v

'
u v−v ' u
'
then y = 2
(¿)
v

Eg:

2 x +1
y=
3 x−4

' '
' u v−v u
y= 2
v
 2 ( 3 x−4 ) −3(2 x+1)
¿
( 3 x−4 )2

6 x−8−6 x−3 −11

¿ 2
=
( 3 x−3 ) (3 x−4 )2

CACULUS
1) Remind

Find y’
10
a) y=( 3 x 2 + 4 x )
9
y =10 ( 3 x + 4 x ) ( 6 x+ 4 )
' 2

b) y=3 x 2 ( 4 x−1 )5
' 5 4 2
y =6 x ( 4 x−1 ) + 4 ×5 ( 4 x−1 ) ×3 x

5 2 4
¿ 6 x ( 4 x−1 ) +60 x ( 4 x−1 )

4
¿ 6 x ( 4 x−1 ) ( 4 x−1+10 x )

4
¿ 6 x ( 4 x−1 ) (14 x−1)

2 x +1
c) y= 3−4 x

2 (3−4 x )+ 4 ( 2 x+ 1 )
y'=
( 3−4 x )2

10
¿
( 3−4 x )2

2)
 1
y=
x

1
At A(2, 2 ), tangent AT

Find m AT then equation of AT

→ m AT = y ¿
'
( dydx )
1 −1
y= =x
x

dy −1−1 −1
=−1 x = 2
dx x

At A: x=2

−1 −1
m AT = =
2
2
4

n n−1
x ,n x

1
Tangent AT at A(2, 2 )

y− y A=m ( x−x A )
 1 −1
y− = ( x−2 )
2 4

4 y−2=−x+2

x +4 y−4=0

dy
3) The meaning of dx
dy change y
 dx = change x =rate of change of y withrespect ¿ x

 Increasing function (x ↑ , y ↑)

 Decreasing function ( x ↑ , y ↓ )

dy
4) mT = dx
mT > 0

mT < 0

mT =0

dy
=0
dx

f ( x ) is not ↑ or ↓

∴ f (x ): stationary

dy
>0
dx

→ increasing function

dy
<0
dx

→ decreasing function
Eg: y=x 2 + 4 x−1

What is the value of x to get y as increasing function?

' dy
y= =2 x+ 4
dx

For increasing, let y ' >0

2 x+ 4> 0

2 x>−4

x >−2

Also: for decreasing function

Let y ' <0

2 x+ 4< 0

2 x← 4

x ←2

And for f(x) stationary

Let y ' =0

2 x+ 4=0

x=−2

5) The nature of stationary point

[min, max, in flexion?]

a)
 dy
m<0 → <0
dx

dy
m>0 → >0
dx

dy
m=0 → =0 → stationary
dx

x a
y
'
−¿ 0 +¿
∴ minimum (min)

If y’ change the sign from negative to positive

→ stationary point is minimum value

A (a , f ( a) )

b) Max ( y ' =0 )
 x a
y
'
+¿ 0 −¿

∴ Max point if y’ change from (+) to (-)

c)

∴ A horizontal of inflexion

x a
y
'
+¿ 0 +¿
Horizontal of inflexion

Eg: given y=f ( x )=2 x % 2−8 x+ 1

Find the stationary point and determine its nature (min/max/inflexion?)

y =4 x−8, for stationary let y =0

' '

4 x−8=0

x=2

x 1 2 3
 y
'
−¿ 0 +¿
∴ minimum value (min point)

∴ y=f (x ) has min point at x=2

∴ A (2 , ?)

Subs x=2 into y=f ( x )

∴ y=−7

→ min at A(2,-7)

Eg: y=f ( x )=−x 2+ 4 x +2

Find the coordinates of stationary point. Is it min/max/inflexion?

y =−2 x+ 4 , for stationary

'

Let y ' =0

−2 x+ 4=0

−2 x=−4

x=2

x 1 2 3
y
'
+¿ 0 −¿
∴ maximum value (max point)

A(2, ?)

Subs x=2 into y=f (x )

y=+ 6

∴ maximum at A ( 2 , 6 )
6) Second derivative

y=f (x )

dy ' '
= y =f ( x )=rate of change of y ¿ x
dx

dy
( dx : the 1st derivative of y)

 The 2nd derivative ¿ rate of change of y’ to x

( )
2
d dy d y
¿ = =y''
dx dx d x 2

Eg: y=x 3 + x 2−5 x+ 1

' 2
y =3 x + 2 x−5
''
y =6 x+ 2
' ''
y =6
' '' '
y =0

CALCULUS – The meaning of 2nd derivative

1) Remind

The 1st derivative → max/min point

dy
=0
dx

→ min

Max

dy
2) 2nd derivative = rate of change of dx

( )
2
d dy d y
¿ =
dx dx d x 2

'' ''
¿ y =f ( x )

And: y’’ is used to check concavity (upward or downward)

Eg: y=x 2 +3
'
y =2 x
'' ''
y =2 , y >0
∴ concave upward

Eg: y=− x2 + 4
'
y =−2 x
'' ''
y =−2 , y <0

∴ concave downward

3)
a) If y ' ' > 0, → f(x) is concave up

→ we also have min value

we can use y’ or y’’ to check min/max

b) If y ' ' < 0, → f(x) is concave down

→ we also have max value

c) If y ' ' =0 → f(x) change concavity

→ inflexion point, where y ' ' =0

Eg: y=f ( x )=x 3+ x2 + x +1

a) Find x? for f(x) concave up

' 2
y =3 x + 2 x +1
''
y =6 x+ 2

Let y ' ' > 0 to have concave up

6 x +2>0

−1
x>
3

b) Find x? for f(x) concave down

Let y ' ' < 0

1
x←
3

c) Co-ordinates of inflexion point?

Let y ' ' =0

−1
x=
3

−1
Subs x= 3 into f(x) to find y

20
y=
27
 ∴I ( −13 , 2027 )

4) Given y=f ( x )=x 3−3 x 2+1

a) Find y’, y’’
b) Find the coordinate of max/min
c) Find the inflexion point

a) y ' =3 x 2−6 x
''
y =6 x−6
b) Max → let y ' =0
2
3 x −6 x=0 → x=0 , 2
Check y ' for max/min or using y ' ' to check
''
y =6 x−6
For x=0 , y ' ' =0−6 ( ¿ 0 )
∴ max occurs at x=0
c) Inflexion point
→ let y ' ' =0
x=1
∴ y=−1
∴ I ( 1 ,−1 ) (∗)
Max (0, 1)
For x=2 , y '' =6 ( 2 )−6 ( ¿ 0 )
∴ Min occurs at (2, -3)
need to check y’’ changes sign for inflexion point
 x 0 1 2
y'
'
−¿ 0 +¿
∴ y’’ changes sign around x=1
→ inflexion at (1,-1)

5) Curve sketching
y=f ( x ) – show all details

Max/min
Inflexion
x-int, y-int
Eg: Sketching
3 2
y=x +3 x −2
Show all the detail
' 2
y =3 x + 6 x
''
y =6 x+ 6
For stationary point
→ let y ' =0
 2
3 x + 6 x =0
x (3 x +6 )=0
x=0 ,−2
Using y’’ to check max/min?
 y ' ' =6 x+ 6

For x=0 , y ' ' =6 ( 0 ) +6=6 ,> 0

→ min occur at x=0 → (0,-2)

 y ' ' =6 x+ 6

For x=−2 , y '' =6 (−2 ) +6=−6 ,<0

→ max occur at x=−2

Max(-2,2)

Let y ' ' =0 to find inflexion point

6 x +6=0

x=−1

Need to check y’’ changes sign for inflexion point

x −2 −1 1
y'' −¿ 0 +¿
∴ y ' ' changes sign around x=−1

→ inflexion point at (−1 , 0 )

 x-int → y=−2
y-int → x=?
 3 2
x +3 x −2=0
x=−1 ,−1+3−2=0
x=−1 is a root

To find other 2 roots?

2
f ( x )=( x +1)( x +2 x−2)
−2± √ 4 +8
¿
2
¿ 0.7 ,−2.7

CALCULUS: Max/Min problems

1
1) topic in 2 y test

 Acute ∠ between 2 lines

 Internal & external division
 Absolute value equations
 Trigonometry
 Series
  Polynomials
 Circle geometry
 Calculus (limit,…)

2) Compare the graphs of

y=f ( x )

' dy
y=f ( x ) =
dx

2
' '' d y
y =f ( x )= 2
dx

 y=f ( x )=x 3+ x2 + x +3 (degree 3)

 y=f ' ( x ) =3 x 2 +2 x+1 (degree 2)
 y=f ' ' ( x )=6 x +2 (degree 1)

Given: y=f ( x )

n=3
n=2

3) Given y=x 2
3
y=x
Cut at a point A ( 1 ,1 ). Find the acute ∠ between these 2 curves at point A

Means: ∠θ between 2 tangents at A

Need:
m AH =m1= y ' of x 3

m AN =m2 = y of x 2
'

|m2 −m1|
Using tanθ=
|1+m1 m2|
→
 m AH =m1,
3
y=x
' 2
y =3 x
m1= y ' at A(1,1)
2 2
m1=3 x =3 ( 1 ) =3

 m AN =m2,
2
y=x
'
y =2 x
m2= y ' at A(1,1)

m2=2 ( 1 )=2

4) Given

b
y=f ( x )=ax + 2
x

It cuts x-axis at x=3, and the gradient of the tangent at the point is 4, find a, b

b
2 , at A ( 3 , 0 )
y=ax+
x

b
0=3 a+ (1)
9

' −3
y =a+ (−2 b ) x =4

At A, x=3

2b
a− =4 ( 2 )
27

Solve a, b

b
3 a+ =0(1)
9
 2b 2b
a− −4 ( 2 ) → a=4+ ( 3)
27 27

(3) in (1)

(
3 4+
2b b
)
+ =0
27 9

2b b
12+ + =0
9 9

3 b=−108

b=−36

4
∴ a= 3

5) Max/Min problem

Given a square prism

The sum of all sides ¿ 32

Find x & y to get Maximum volume

→ x, y, 32

y=32−[ ] x

→ max volume?
V =x × x × y=x 2 × ( y )

V =f ( x )

dv dv
→ , let =0to find x
dx dx

2
d v
Check 2 to get Max/Min
dx

4 x+ 4 x +4 y=32

2 x+ y=8

y=8−2 x

Let volume ¿ V
2
V =x × x × y=x y
2
¿ x (8−2 x )

2 3
¿ 8 x −2 x

dv 2
=16 x−6 x
dx

For Max/Min

dv
let =0
dx

2
16 x−6 x =0

x (16−6 x )=0

8
x=0 ,
3

8
x 2 3
3
 dv
dx
+¿ 0 −¿
2
d v
Or check
dx

dv 2
=16 x−6 x
dx

2
d v
=16−12 x
dx

8
Subs x= 3

()
2
d 8
=16−12 =−16 ,< 0
dx 3

→ max occurs

Ans: V max when

8
x=
3

8
∴ y=
3

()
3
2 3 8 512
V max =x y =x = =
3 27

6) Curve sketching using calculus

Sketch y=x 3−3 x +8 , show all details (min, max, inflexion)

→
' 2
y =3 x −3
''
y =6 x
Let y ' =0
2
3 x −3=0

x=± 1

Check max/min ?

−1
x −2 −1 1 2
2
y' +¿ 0 −¿ 0 +¿
∴ max at (−1 , 10 )

min at (1 , 6)

let y ' ' =0

6 x=0

x=0

Check inflexion point

x −1 0 1
y'' −¿ 0 +¿
→y’’ changes sign around 0

∴ inflexion at (0,8)

x-int, x=0 , y=8

y-int, y=0 , x=¿

REVISION: Probability
1) P(E) = probability of event E to occur
P(E) = probability of event E not occur
0 ≤ P( E )≤ 1
P ( E )=1−P ( E )

2) To find P(E) we can use:

a) Table or dot diagram
b) Venn’s diagram
c) Tree diagram
d) Modified tree diagram (probability tree)
e) Product rule
P ( AB ) =P ( A ) × P ( B )
f) Addition rule
P ( A∨B ) =?
g) Permutation
h) Combination

3) Table or dot diagram

Throw a die, and tossing a coin. Find a chance to get at least N° = 2 follow by a
head

Tail . . . . . .
head × × × × × ×
1 2 3 4 5 6

Die

2 ×6=12

5
P=
12

4) Tree diagram

For 2 children, or 3 children …

(1st child)(2nd child)

Start → Boy → boy or girl
→ Girl → boy or girl
2
P ( BG∨GB ) =
4

5) Probability tree
Eg: 6 red marbles

4 blue marbles

Take out 2, one by one, not replace

Draw a tree diagram, then find a chance to get

a) 2 red
b) 2 blue
c) 1 color each
d) At least 1 red

6 5 1
a) 10 × 9 = 3
4 3 4
b) 10 × 9 = 30
4 6 8
c) 9 × 9 = 27
4 26 13
d) 1− 30 = 30 = 15

If replace → independent event

6) Further theory
a) The intersection of 2 sets (or 2 event)
¿ A ∩ B= A × B=AB

P ( A∧B ) =P ( AB )=P ( A ) × P ( B )

→ product rule

If A & B have no common element

P ( A ∩B )=P ( AB ) =0

A and N are called mutually exclusive event

b) The union of 2 sets

→ non mutually exclusive event

→ A or B
A∪B
And: P ( A∨B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B )−P ( A ∩ B )
→ addition rule
Eg: a pack of 52 cards, 26 red, 4 king
2
a) P ( red−king )= 52

Or P ( red ) × P ( king )
 26 4 2
× =
52 52 52
b) P(red card or king card)
P ( R ) + P ( K )−P ( red−king )
26 4 2 28
¿ + − =
52 52 52 52

7) A class of 43 students, 24 students like Math, 18 students like English, 4

like neither.
Choose 1, find the chance to get.
a) That student likes both
b) That student likes at least one

Subject

{24+18=42
43−4=39

42−39=3

3
a) 43
39
b) 43
15
c) English only ¿ 43
8) 2 cubes, numbered from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are rolled once. Take the product
of 2 uppermost face. Find the chance to get.
a) That score is 0
b) At least 16
c) If these 2 cubes are rolled twice and take sum of 2 scores. Find the
chance to get that combined sum at least 41.

11
a¿
36

3 33 11
b ¿ 1− = =
36 36 12

7 1229
c ¿ 1− =
36 1296

roll 1 ¿ { 16 , 20 , 20 ,25 }

roll 2 ¿ { 16 , 20 , 20 ,25 }

+¿ 16 20 25 25
16 32 36 36 41
20 36 40 40 45
25 36 40 40 45
25 41 45 45 50

3 3
9) Alex can solve a problem is 5 . Ben can solve a same problem is 4 . Find

the probability for:

a) 2 of them can solve
b) None of them can do
c) Only 1 of them can
d) At least 1 of them can

3
P ( A )=
5

2
P ( A )=
5

3
P ( B )=
4

1
P ( B )=
4

3 3 9
a ¿ P ( AB )= × =
5 4 20

2 1 2 1
b ¿ P ( AB )= × = =
5 4 20 10

3 1 2 3 9
c ¿ P ( A B∨ A B ) = × + × =
5 4 5 4 20

1 9
d ¿ 1−P ( A B )=1− =
10 10

TOPIC: PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

1) 5 letters: A B C D E
a) ? ways to arrange them
b) ? ways to get 4 letter words from 5
c) ? ways to choose a group of 4 letters
2) Consider 3 letters A B C
a) ? ways to get 2 letter words (AB≠BA)

AB BA CA

AC BC CB

Count the order

Order is matter

= 6 ways

= 6 permutations

b) ? ways to choose groups of 2 letter words

(AB = BA) (A = AC)

The order of letters are not matter

AB AC BC

= 3 ways

= 3 combinations

c) ? ways to get 2 letter words if repeated (AA, AB, AC, BB, BA, BC,
CC, CA, CB)
→ 9 ways (≠ permutation/combination)

3) Permutation = N° of the arrangement with letters in order (AB ≠ BA)

Combination = N° of groups, order does not matter (ABC = CBA)

4) Permutation:
 Arrange n things (all n things) on the straight line

a) ? ways to arranges 4 people ABCD on a line

4 ×3 ×2 ×1=24 ways

¿ 4 !(4 factorial)

b) 5 digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
? 5 digits numbers form?
5 × 4 ×3 × 2× 1=5 !=120 ways

¿ 120 permutations

c) ? ways to arrange 6 letters

¿ 6 !=720
d) In general, to arrange all n things on a line
N° of ways = n!

5) n !

¿ 1 ×2 ×3 ×… × ( n−1 ) ×n

( n+1 ) !=n ! × ( n+1 )

100 !=99 ! ×100

100!
=100
99 !

( n+1 ) !
=n+1
n!

( n+3 ) !=( n+2 ) ! ×(n+3)

( n−4 ) !=( n−5 ) ! × ( n−4 )

( n+ k +1 ) !=( n+ k ) ! × ( n+ k +1 )
( n−k −1 ) !=( n−k ) ! ×(n−k−1)

6) Arrange r items from n unlike items

a) ? ways to get 3 letters words (ABC ≠ ACB) from 5 letters A B C D E
5 × 4 ×3=60 ways

Take r = 3
From n = 5
5!
5 P 3= =60
( 5−3 ) !
CHECK:
5 × 4 ×3
5× 4 × 3 ×2 ×1 5 !
¿ = =60 ways
2 ×1 2!
IN GENERAL:
Take r from n then the N° of permutation
n!
→ n Pr = ( n−r ) !

Eg: 6 digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
? 4 digits N° form?
6!
a) 2! =6 P4 =360 ways

7) Example

Given word: SUNDAY

a) How many ways to arrange it?

6 !=720 ways

b) ? of 4 letter words form

 6 P4 =360 ways

c) If s is always the first in SUNDAY

5 !=120 ways

d) If S and Y are in the 2 ends

S_ _ _ _Y
2 × 4 !=48
e) If SU always together

→ SU_ _ _ _

¿ 5 ! ×2=240 ways

8) Word TUESDAY

(7 letters, all different)

a) ? ways to arrange all of them

7 !=5040 ways

b) If T is at the beginning
T_ _ _ _ _ _
6 !=720 ways

c) T and Y at 2 ends
T_ _ _ _ _ _Y
→ 5 ! ×2=240
d) TU together
TU_ _ _ _ _
6 ! × 2=1440
e) TU not together
T_U_ _ _ _
 5040−1440=3600
f) If takes only 5 letters

i. ? of 5 letter words form?

7 P5=2520

ii. T is at the begin

T_ _ _ _ _ _
¿ 6 P4 =360

iii. T and Y at 2 ends

T_ _ _ Y
¿ 5 P3 × 2=120

9) Like terms and unlike terms

a) Word: SEVEN
? way to arrange?
5 letter: 5 !
2 “E”: 2 !
5!
→ =60
2!
IN GENERAL: arrange all n things with r like terms (r<n)
n!
No of ways ¿ r !

Eg: ? ways to rearrange

i) TEPEE
5 letters but 3 “E”
5!
=20
3!
ii) ELLIPSE
7 letters, 2E and 2L
 7
¿ =1260
2! × 2!

PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

1) Remind
Arrange r things from n, N° of ways ¿ n Pr
n!
n Pr =
( n−r ) !
Eg: 3 letter words from 5 letters A B C D E. how many ways?
ABC ≠ ACV
→ N° of permutation ¿ 5 P3=60
5!
¿ =60 ways
2!

2) Notes
If we choose the group of 2 letters from 5. How many group? (ABC = ACB)
60
¿ =10 groups
6
3 !=6
5 P3
5 C3 = =10
3!
In general:
n!
 n Pr = ( n−r ) ! =n C r ×r !

n! nP
 n C r= ( n−r ) ! × r ! = r !
r

3) MONDAY
 a) How many way to arrange?
6 !=720
b) M is at the beginning
5 !=120
c) MO together
MO_ _ _ _
5 ! ×2=240
d) 4 letter words?
6 P4 =360

e) 4 letter words with MO together

4 P2 × 2=24

4) 4 girls & 3 boys

a) ? ways to arrange
7 !=5040
b) G and B in separate groups
4 ! ×3 ! ×2=288
c)
 G want to be together
4 ! × 4 !=576
 B want to be together
5 ! ×3 !=720
d) G and B alternate
4 ! ×3 !=144

5) Arrange in a circle
Eg:
  3 people A, B, C sit around circle
? ways

Fix A, 2 left
¿ 2 !=2
 4 people sit around the circle
? ways
3 !=6 ways

In general

 n things around circle

 fix one, (n−1) spaces left
¿ n−1 ways

Eg: 8 people around circle

a) ? ways
7 !=5040
b) If A B together
6 ! × 2=1440
c) AB not together
5040−1440=3600
d) A is direct opposite to B
6 !=720
e) A is opposite to B and C is next to B
 5 ! ×2=240

6) COMBINATION
a) 4 letters A, B, C, D
 ? 3 letter words?
4 P3=24

 How many group of 3 letters

4 C3 =4

b) In general, from n things select group of r things (and order doesn’t

matter)
→ N° of combination ¿ n C r
c) How many ways to select
 4 marbles from 6
6 C 4=15

 4 people from 10 players for tennis game?

10 C 4=210

 11 soccer players from 15

15 C11 =1365

 5 letter from 26 alphabets

26 C 5=65780

7) 6 boys, 8 girls. Choose 5 students

a) ? ways
14 C 5=2002

b) If we need 3B, 2G
6 C 3 × 8 C2=560
 c) All girls
8 C 5=56

d) All boys
6 C 5=6

e) Majority of girls
3G 4G 5G
2B 1B 0B
( 8 C 3 × 6 C2 ) + ( 8C 4 × 6 C1 ) +8 C 5=1316

8)
3 green marbles
6 blue marbles
Choose 4
a) ? ways
9 C 4=126

b) 2 green
3 C 2 ×6 C 2=45

c) At least 2G
2G, 3G, 4G
2B, 1B
( 3 C 2 × 6C 2 ) + ( 3 C 3 × 6 C1 ) =51
d) More blue than green
Choose 4
6 C 3 × 3C 1 +6 C 4=75

COMBINATION
1) Select then arrange
6 physic books
5 math books
a) Select 4 physic books and 3 math books. How many ways?
6 C 4 ×5 C3 =150

b) How to arrange these 7 selected books:

 On the shelf _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6 C 4 ×5 C3 ×7 !=756000

 Physic books stay together

6 C 4 ×5 C3 × 4 ! × 4 !=86400

 Physic and math in separate groups

6 C 4 ×5 C3 × 4 ! ×3 ! × 2=43200

2) 8 male, 6 female
Select 3M 3F
How many ways to arrange them if:
 They’ve in separate group
8 C 3 × 6 C3 ×2 ×3 ! ×3 !=80640

 Women want to be together

8 C 3 × 6 C3 ×3 ! × 4 !=161280

3) Divide a set into unequal subsets

a) 8 girls
? ways to divide 2 groups of 3G and 5G
8 C 3 ×5 C 5=56

Notes:
 8 C 3 ×5 C 5=8 C 3

or 8 C 5 × 3C 3=8 C 5
→ 8 C 5=8 C3
b) 10 books
Divide into 3 groups of 2, 3 and 5 books
10 C2 ×8 C 3 × 5C 5=2520

c) ? ways to divide 7 books into 2 unequal group

A B
1 6 → 7 C1 ×6 C 6=7 C 1
2 5 → 7 C 2 ×5 C 5=7 C 2
3 4 → 7 C 3 × 4 C 4=7 C3

Total¿ 7 C 1+7 C 2 +7 C3 =63

4) Divide into equal subsets

a) 9 books, packed 2 piles
Each pile = 3 books
? ways
9 C3 ×6 C 3 × 3C 3
=280
3!
b) But
If these 9 books share for 3 children each child gets 3 books. ? ways?
Alex Ben Christine
ABC DEF GHI
DEF ABC GHI
Alex ABC ≠ Ben ABC
9 C 3 × 6 C3 ×3 C 3=1680
 c) 12 girls, divide into 2 groups, each 6 girls. ? ways
12 C6 ×6 C 6 ÷ 2 !=462

It not matter which girls into which group

d) 12 girls, divide into 2 teams, basketball & netball
Each team ¿ 6. ? ways?
12 C6 ×6 C 6=924

It’s matter which girl into which team

5)
a) 9 points, non of then collinear. How many ∆’s can be form
9 C3

b) 9 points, 5 of them collinear. ? ∆’s

¿ 9 C 3 ×5 C 3

c) ? ∆’s

9 points: 9 C 3−8=76

6) Home
 a) Go South & East
? ways
5 in South
4 in East
→9
9 C 5 × 4 C 4 =9 C5

or
9!
=9 C5
5! × 4 !
b) Home → Cindy → school
SS,EE
H → C: SS EE
4 C2 ×2 C2 =4 C 2

C → S: SSS EE
5 C3 ×2 C 2=5 C3

Ans: 4 C2 ×5 C 3=60

7) Word: SOCCER
6 letters. 2 of “C”
 a) How many of all 6 letter words
6!
=360
2!
b) ? how many of 4 letter words from 6 letters?
SOCCER → SOCER
Take 4 _ _ _ _
5 C4× 4 !

And also
CC_ _
Take 2 from SOER
4!
4 C2 ×
2!
4!
Total ¿ 5 C 4 × 4 ! +4 C 3 × 2 !
¿ 192

8) Probability
A pack of 52 cards. Take 6. Find the probability if
a) They’re the same suit
13 C6 × 4
P=
52C 6
b) To get 3 king cards
4 C3 × 48C 3
P=
52C 6
c) At least 3 ace cards
Max: 3 ace or 4 ace
6 cards
( 4 C3 × 48 C3 ) + ( 4 C 4 × 48C 2 )
P=
52 C6
PERMUTATION/ COMBINATION
1) Given word.
SUNDAY (6 different letters)
How many?
a) 6 letter words:
6 !=720
b) Group of 6 letter word
6 C 6=1

c) 4 letter words can be formed

6 P4 =360

d) Group of 4 letter words

6 C 4=15

2) Given: SEVEN
5 letters, 2 “E” the same. How many?
a) 5 letter words
5!
=60
2!
b) Group of 4 letter words
3 C 2=3
4 C 4=1
1+3=4 groups

c) 4 letter words can be formed

 ____
Take 4 from SEVN
4 P4=24 or 4 C 4 × 4 !=24
  EE__
Take 2 from SVN → 3 C 2 then arrange
4!
3 C2× =36
2!
Total ¿ 36+24=60

3) SOCCER
6 letters, 2 “C” the same
a) ? 4 letter words can be form?
 5 C 4 × 4 !=120
 And 2 of “C”
4!
4 C2 × =72
2!
Total ¿ 120+72=192

OR:

 No C: take 4 from SOER

4 !× 4 C4

 1 “C”: C _ _ _
need 3 from SOER
4 C3 × 4 !

 2 “C”: C C _ _
take 2 from SOER
4!
4 C2 ×
2!

Total ¿ 24+ 96+72=192

 4) Valleys
7 letters, 2 “L” the same. How many of 4 letter words can be formed
 ____
6 C 4 × 4 !=230

 LL__

4!
5 C2 × =120
2!

Total: 120+360=480

OR

 No “L” _ _ _ _
5 C 4 × 4 !=120

 1 “L” L _ _ _
5 C3 × 4 !=240

 2 “L” L L _ _
4!
5 C2 × =120
2!

Total ¿ 480

5) Probability
3 white balls, 4 red, 5 blue. Total = 12. Find the chance to get:
a) 3 different color
3 C1 × 4 C 1 ×5 C 1 3
P= =
12C 3 11
b) 3 the same color
3 C3 + 4 C 3+ 5C 3 3
P= =
12C 3 44
6) Given 6 male & 7 women
Choose: 3M & 4W
Find the probability if this group include 1 man (Alex) and 1 Woman
(Angelina)
Total: 6 C 3 × 7 C4 =700
Men: A _ _ → 2 from 5
Women: A _ _ _ → 3 from 6
5 C 2 × 6 C3 2
P= =
6 C 3 × 7 C4 7

7) Formula:
n!
n Pr =
( n−r ) !
n!
n C r=
r ! ( n−r ) !
Find:
n! n ( n−1 ) !
n P 1= = =n
( n−1 ) ! ( n−1 ) !
n!
n P n= =n !
( n−n ) !
n!
n C 1= =n
1 ! ( n−1 ) !
n!
n C n= =1
n ! ( n−n ) !

 n P2=3 n+12, find n?

n!
n P 2= =n ( n−1 )
( n−2 ) !

n ( n−1 )=3 n+12

 2
n −n−3 n−12=0
2
n −4 n−12=0

( n−2 )2=12+4

n−2=± 4

n=6 ,−2

TOPIC: Parabola (3U)

1) Parabola as a locus
Given fixed point F(0,a)
Fixed line d : y=−a
A: constant. And if P(x,y) such as PF=PM then the locus of P is a parabola

2
x 2
Y= ∨x =4 ay
4a
Proof: distance formula
PF ¿ PH (given)
→ the property of parabola x 2=4 ay
√ 2 2
PF= ( x2 −x1 ) + ( y2 − y 1 )

¿ √ ( x−0 ) + ( y−a )
2 2
 ¿ √ x 2+ ( y −a )
2

PH = y +a
∴ √ x 2+ ( y−a )2 = y+ a
2 2 2
x + ( y−a ) =( y +a )
2 2 2 2 2
x + y + a −2 ay = y + a +2 ay
2
x =4 ay
It’s a parabola
Vertex at O(0,0)

2) Parabola:
x =4 ay , vertex 0
2

F(0,A). Focus
Line d : y=−a. Directrix
a=OF=ON : Focal length
2
x =−4 ay

QF = QR (By definition)
PS passes F → focal chord
OD // Ox, passes F(0,a)
CD: lotus rectum
Find length CD, then FC, FD
Solve
 x =4 ay (1)
2

y=a (2)

(2) in (1): x 2=4 a2

x=± 2 a
D(2 a , a)
C (−2 a , a)
FD=FC =2 a
CD=2 a+2 a=4 a
Eg: given P : x 2=12 y
Find focus f, directrix
2
x =12 y=4 ay
4 a=12
a=3
∴ Focal length: a=3
F ( 0 , a ) → F ( 0 , 3)
d : y=−a
y=−3

3) Side way parabola

2
x =4 ay
 2
y =4 ax

4) Parabola with vertex C ( h , k )

From x 2=4 ay
To vertex: C ( h , k ) : ( x−h )2=4 a( y −k )
Eg: find equation of P, focal length ¿ 5. Vertex C (2 ,3) then find focus F,
directrix d
→
( x−2 )2=4 (5)( y−3)
( x−2 )2=20 ( y −3 )
F ( 2 , 3+5 ) → F ( 3 ,8 )
d : y=3−5=−2

5) Given parabola
 ( x−2 )2=4 y +16
Find vertex C, focus R, directrix d
( x−2 )2=4 ( y +4)
V ( 2 ,−4 )
Focal length: 4 ay=4 y
a=1
Focus F ( 2 ,−4+ 1 ) → F ( 2 ,−3 )
Directrix d : y=−a
y=−u−1=−5

6) Vertex, Focus d of
2
x + 2 x−4 y +9
( x +1 )2−4 y +9−1=0
( x +1 )2=4 ( y−2 )
V (−1 ,2 )
Focal length 4 a=4
a=1
Focus (−1 , 3 )
Directrix d : y=k−0
y=2−(−1 )=1

7) Parametric form of parabola

x =4 ay → cartesian form
2

It has parametric form

{ x=f ( t )
y=g ( t )
t : parameter
→
[ x=2 at
y=a t
2

x
Proof: t= 2 a

( )
2 2
x ax
y=a = 2
2a 4a
Eg: find the lotus of Q if
a) Q ( 5 at , 3 a t 2 )
x
x=5 at → t=
5a
2
y=3 a t

( )
2
x
y=3 a
5a
2
3x
y=
25 a
b) Q ( 4 q , 2 q2 +1 )
x
x=4 q ( 1 ) → q= ( 3 )
4
2
y=2q + 1

()
2
( 3 ) ∈ ( 2 ) y=2 x +1
4
x 2=8 ( y−1 )
c) Q ( 2 cos θ , 2sin θ )
x=2 cos θ (1)
x
→ cos θ=
2
y=2sin θ (2)
y
→ sin θ=
2

()()
2 2
2 2 x y
cos θ=sin θ= +
2 2
2 2
x +y
1=
4
 2 2
4=x + y
It’s an equation of a circle with r =2 ,C (0 , 0)

PARABOLA
1) Remind

Parametric equation for:

x =4 ay is
2

[ x=2 at
y=a t
2

Similar, if P ∈ parabola
Then P ( 2 ap , a p2 )
And Q ( 2 aq , a q 2 )

2) Equation of chord PQ
y 2− y 1
Gradient mPQ = x −x
2 1

a p −a q a ( p−q )( p+q )
2 2
mPQ = =
2ap−2 aq 2 a ( p−q )
 p+q
m=
2
Average of p, q
Equation PQ
y− yp=m ( x−xp )

y−a p 2= ( p+q2 ) ( x−2 ap)

y−a p =(
2 )
p+q
2
x−( p+q ) ap

y=(
2 )
p +q
x−apq

If line PQ is a focal chord, PQ passes focus F(0,a) sub F into (1)

a=0−apq
pq=−1

[ q=
−1
p ]
if PQ is a focal chord

Eg: parabola
2
x =16 y

PQ a focal chord where P : p=3

Find P, Q?
2
x =4 ay=16 y
4 a=16
a=4
P ( 2 ap , a p2 )=P(2 ( 4 ) p , 4 p2 )
∴ P ( 24 , 36 )
 Q ( 2 aq , a q 2 )
−1 −1
q= =
p 3

( ( ) ( ))
2
−1 −1
2 ×4,4
3 3

∴Q ( −83 , 49 )
3) Tangent and normal line

Tangent at P in parametric form

dy 2 x x
mT = = =
dx 4 a 2 a
At P, x=2 ap

[ mT =
2 ap
2a
=p
]
Equation of PT
y− yp=mT ( x−xp )
2
y−a p = p ( x−2 ap )
2 2
y−a p = px−2 a p
y= px−a p at P
2

mT =p

y−∫ :−a p
2
 Similar at Q ( 2 aq , a q 2 )
QT’: ?
At P, y= px−a p 2(1)
At Q, y=qx−a q 2(2)
Also, find point T, the intersection of 2 tangents
(1) in (2)
2 2
px−a p =qx−a q

x ( p−q )=a ( p2−q2 )

x ( p−q )=a ( p−q ) ( p+q )

x=x I =a ( q + p )

From (1):
2
y= p ( ap +aq )−a p

2 2
¿ a p +apq−a p

∴ y= y I =apq

4) normal line of x 2=4 ay , a P in parametric form:

−1 −1
mN = =
mT p
 Line PN:
y− y p=mN ( x −x p )
2 −1
y−a p = ( x−2ap)
p
3
py−a p =−x+2 ap
Or py+ x=a p3 +2 ap (1)
Line QN’:
x +qy=a q +2 aq (2)
3

Find B, the intersection of 2 normal lines

Solve (1) and (2) simultaneous
(1) – (2)

( p−q ) y=q ( p 3−q 3 ) +2 a( p−q)

y B = y=a ( p 2+ pq +q2 ) + 2a

And x B =x ?

From (1):

x= p ( a p2 +apq +a q 2+ 2 a )=a p 3+2 ap

2 2
x=−a p q−ap q =−apq ( p +q )

PARABOLA (continue)
1) x 2=4 ay
Remind tangent at P
 2
x
y=
4a
dy 2 x x
= =
dx 4 a 2 a
At P, x=2 ap
dy x 2 ap
mT = = = =p
dx 2 a a
y− y p=m ( x−x p )
2
y= p x −a p
∴ parametric form

2) Tangent in Cartesian form at P(x 1 , y 1 ) on parabola

Equation is: x x 1=2 a ( y + y1 )
Proof:
2
x ' 2x x
y= ,y = =
4a 4 a 2a
At P, x=x 1
x1
mT =
2a
(T): y− y P=m ( x−x P )
y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 )
 x1
y− y 1=
2a
( x−x 1 )
2
2 ay−2 a y 1=x 1 x−x 1
2 ay−2 a y 1=x 1 x−4 a y 1
x 1 x=2 ay +2 a y 1
x 1 x=2 a ( y + y1 )

3) Normal line in Cartesian at P ( x 1 , y 1 )

x1
mPT =
2a
−2a
PN ⊥ PT , m PN =
x
Line PN: y− y 1=mN ( x−x 1)
−2 a
y− y 1= ( x−x 1 )
x1

4) Equation of the chord of contact

From A ( x 0 , y 0 )

AP, AQ: tangents PQ is the chord of contact

Its equation is:
x x 0 =2 a ( y+ y 0 )

Proof:
 Let contact points as P ( x 1 , y 1 ) ,Q (x2 , y 2)
AP tangent at P: x x 1=2 a ( y + y1 )
AQ tangent at Q: x x 2=2 a ( y + y 2)
Also
A(x 0 , y 0 ) is on line

AP, → subs A: x 0 x 1=2 a ( y 1+ y 0) (1)

AQ, → subs A: x 0 x 2=2 a ( y 2 + y 0) (2)
From (1), (2)
Equation of line PQ is
x 0 x =2 a ( y 0+ y )

5) Distance PF

1st way
Distance formula
√ 2
PF= ( x2 −x1 ) + ( y2 − y 1 )
2

√
¿ ( 2 ap ) + ( a p −a )
2 2 2

¿ √ ( a p ) +a +2 a
2 2 2 2 2
p

¿ √ ( a p +a )
2 2

2
PF=a p +a
2nd way
 2
PF=PH =PK + KH =a p +a
Similar if Q ( 2 aq , a q 2 )
Then QF = ?
∴ QF =a q 2+ a
Also: if PQ is a focal chord
PFQ is a straight line
PF+ FQ=PQ
∴ PQ=a p2 +a+ a q 2+ a
¿ a ( p2 +q 2 ) +2 a

PQ=a p +
( 2 1
p
2
+2
)
( )
2
1
PQ=a p+
p

¿ PQ=a (q+ )
2
1
q

6) Locus problem
Eg:

Find M
Then find the locus of M when P moves on parabola

( )
2
2 ap a p +4
M ,
2 2
 (
M ap ,
a ( p2 +1 )
2 )
M ( 2 p , p2 +1 )
Locus of M?
x=x M =2 p (1)

y= y M =1+ p (2)
2

Need to eliminate P to find the relation between x, y

x
( 1 ) p=
2
Subs p into (2)

()
2
x
y=1+
2
2
x
y=1+
4
2
x =4 ( y−1 )
→ locus of M is a parabola

PARABOLA (continue)
1) Remind
2
x =4 ay
 mPT = p

Tangent at P: y= px−a p 2
Tangent at Q: y=qx−a q 2
Point I ( a ( p+ q ) , apq )
Distance: PF=a p2 +a

2) Find the locus of M

2 tangent cut at M
Find locus of M if p2 +q 2=1
M ( a ( p+q ) , apq )
x=a ( p+q) (1)
y=apq (2)

→ need to eliminate p, g to get y=f ( x )

 p +q =1 (3)
2 2

Using ( p+q )2= p2 +q 2+2 pq

x
( 1 ) : p +q=
a
y
( 2 ) : pq=
a
( 3 ) : p2 +q 2=1

() ()
2
x y
=1+2
a a
2
x 2y
2
=1+
a a
2 2
x =a +2 ay
2
x =a (a+2 y )
[parabola]

3) Properties of parabola x 2=4 ay

a) 2 tangents at P and Q and if PQ is a focal chord

Then
(i) ∠PMQ ¿ 90 °
(ii) Point M is on the directrix
[ y=−a ]

Proof:
(i) At point P, mT =m1=p
At point Q, mT =m2=q
PQ is a focal chord
pq=−1
∴ m1 × m2=−1
∴ QH⊥PH or ∠PHQ ¿ 90 °
(ii) M ( a ( p+q ) , apq )
y= y M =apq
y M =−a

∴ it’s on a directrix
b)

Tangent at P cut y-axis at T, then PF = TF

Proof:
2
PF=a p +a
FT?
Point T
Let x=0 → y=−a p 2
T ( 0 , a p 2)
∴ FT =FO +OT =a+a p2=PF
c)
 PN: normal line
AP// y-axis
∴ α=β
Proof:
PF =FT
∴ ∠ x=∠ y (∆FTP is isosceles ∆ - PT = PF)
∴ ∠ y=∠ z (corr ∠s are ¿ YT // AP)
∴ ∠ x=∠ z (¿ ∠ y)
Also: ∠ α +∠ z=90 °
∠ β +∠ x=90 °

∴ ∠ α=∠ β

Notes:

Also
4)

Find the relation of m, b, a so that the line (l) becomes a tangent of parabola
→
x =4 ay (1)
2

y=mx+b (2)

(2) in (1)
2
x =4 a ( mx+ b )
2
x =4 amx+ 4 ab
2
x −4 amx−4 ab=0
∆ ¿ b 2−4 ac
2
¿ ( 4 am ) −4 (−4 ab)
2 2
¿ 16 a m −16 ab
For y=mx+b to be tangent of parabola
Let ∆=0
16 a ( a m2 +b )=0
( a m2 +b )=0
Eg:

Find m to get line l becomes tangents.

Also find the contact point
x =8 y (1)
2

y=mx−1 (2)

Subs (2) into (1)

2
x =8 ( mx−1 )
2
x −8 mx+ 8=0 ( ¿ )
2
∆ H =(−8 m ) −4 ( 8 )
2
¿ 64 m −32
Let ∆ H =0
32 ( 2 m2 −1 )=0
2
2 m =1
2 1
m=
2

m=±
√2
2
 2 tangents
 [ m= √ → y = √ x−1
2 2
2 2
−√ 2 − √2
m= → y= x−1
2 2

 Also: contact point R? S?

x R =x 1
x s=x 2

 x 1 , x 2, root of equation ( ¿ )
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
 x=
2a
−b 8 m
 x= 2 a = 2 =4 m

√2 √2
 m= 2 , x=4 × 2 =2 √ 2

∴ R(2 √ 2 ,1)
−√ 2
 And m= 2 , x 2=−2 √ 2

∴ S(−2 √ 2 ,1)

TOPIC: INDUCTION METHOD

1) Prove the following by induction method:
1+3+5+ …+ ( 2 n−1 ) =n for n ≥ 1
2

4 steps:
Step1: check for n=1
Step2: we assume it’s true for n=k
Step3: we need to prove it’s also true for n=k +1
Step4: conclusion
It’s true for n=1, then it’s also true for n=2
 ∴ also true for 2+1=3
Also true for 3+1=4
∴ It’s true for all value
→
Step1:
Check for n=1
LHS ¿ 2 ( 1 )−1=1
RHS ¿ 12=1
LHS ¿ RHS
True for n=1
Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
∴ 1+3+5+ … (2 k −1 )=k 2 (1)
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
2
1+3+5+ …+ ( 2 k−1 ) + ( 2 k + 2−1 )=( k +1 )
2 2
k +2 k +1=k +2 k +1
LHS=RHS
∴ it’s also true for n=k +1
Step4:
It’s true for n=1
Then it’s also true for 1+1=2
And it’s also true for 2+1=3
…
∴ it’s true for n

2) Prove by induction
 2+ 4+8+16 +32+…+2n =2 ( 2n−1 )
For n ≥ 1
Step1:
Check for n=1
LHS ¿ 21=2
RHS ¿ 2 ( 21−1 ) =2
LHS=RHS → it’s true for n=1

Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
∴ 2+ 4+8+16 +32+…+2k =2(2k −1) (1)
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
2+ 4+8+16 +32+…+2k +2 k+1=2 ( 2k +1−1 )
k k+1
LHS=2+ 4+ 8+16+32+… 2 +2
¿ 2 ( 2k −1 ) + 2k+1
k k
¿ 2 ×2 −2+ 2 × 2
¿ 2 ( 2k −1+2 k )
¿ 2 ( 2.2k −1 ) =2 ( 2k+1−1 )=RHS
It’s true for n=k +1
Step4:
It’s true for all n

3) Divisible Test
Prove by induction
3 −1 is divisible by 2, n ≥ 1
n

Step1:
Check is it’s true for n=1
 1
3 −1=2 ,2 ÷ 2=1
∴ it’s true for n=1
Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
∴ 3k −1 is divisible by 2 (1)
3 −1=2 p , p=1 , 2 ,3 …
k

From (1) → 3k =2 p+1

Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
−1 is divisible by 2
k +1
3
k +1
3 −1=2 q , q=1 , 2, 3 …
k+1
LHS=3 −1
k
¿ 3 ×3−1
¿ 3 ( 2 p+ 1 )−1
¿ 6 p+3−1
¿ 6 p+3−1
¿ 6 p+2
¿ 2 ( 3 p+ 1 )=2 q=RHS

∴ 3k+1 −1 is also divisible by 2

Step4:
It’s true for all n
4) Prove by induction
5 +3 is divisible by 4 for n ≥ 1
n

Step1:
Check for n=1
5 +3=8, 8 ÷ 4=2
1

∴ it’s true for n=1

Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
∴ 5k +3 is divisible by
5 +3=4 p (1), p=1 , 2 ,3 …
k

From (1): 5k =4 p−3

Step3:
RTP, it’s also true for n=k +1
+ 3=4 q , q=1 , 2, …
k +1
5
k+1
LHS=5 +3
k
¿ 5 .5+3=5 ( 4 p−3 )+ 3
¿ 20 p−15+3
¿ 20 p−12
¿ 4 ( 5 p−3 )=4 q=RHS
∴ 5k +1+ 3 is also
Divisible by 4
Step4:
It’s true for n=1
It’s true for n=2
It’s true for n=3, …
→ it’s true for all n

INDUCTION METHOD
1) Prove the inequality
Prove y induction that
3 >2 n+1 , for n ≥ 2
n

Step1:
Check for n=2
2
3 >2 ( 2 ) +1
9>5 [true]
 Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
∴ 3k >2 k +1 (1)
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
RTP: 3k +1> 2 k +3
k+1 k
LHS=3 =3 × 3
LHS >3(2k + 1) from (1)
LHS >6 k + 3
¿ 2 k +3 as 6 k > 2 k [k ≥ 2]

∴ LHS > RHS

Step4:
It’s true for all n

2) Prove by induction
n >2 n+1 , for n ≥ 3
2

Step1:
Check for n=3
2
3 >2 ( 3 ) +1
9>7 [true]

Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
k >2 k + 1 (1)
2

Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
RTP: ( k +1 )2>2 k + 3
2 2
LHS= ( k +1 ) =k +2 k +1
 LHS >2 k +1+2 k +1 ( ¿ )
LHS> 4 k +2
¿ 2 k +3 as (4 k >2 k ) k ≥ 3

∴ LHS > RHS

Step4:
It’s true for all n
( ¿) LHS >2 k +2+2 k

¿ 2 k +2+1 as 2 k >1, k ≥ 3
¿ 2 k +3
¿ RHS
or RTP: ( k +1 )2>2 k + 3
Consider LHS – RHS [is > 0, ∴ LHS > RHS]
( k +1 )2−( 2 k +3 ) >0
2
¿ k +2 k +1−2 k−3
2
¿ k −2
¿ 2 k +1−2
¿ 2 k−1
LHS−RHS >0 as k ≥ 3

∴ LHS > RHS

3) Prove by induction
12 >7 +5 , for n ≥ 2
n n n

Step1:
Check for n=2
2 2 2
12 >7 +5
144> 74 [true]

Step2:
 Assume it’s true for n=k
12 >7 + 5 (1)
k k k

Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
RTP 12k +1>7 k+1 +5 k+1
k
LHS=12 .12
¿ 12(7 + 5 ) from (1)
k k

k k
¿ 12.7 +12.5
¿ 7.7 +5.5 as [12>7 , 12>5]
k k

¿ RHS
∴ LHS > RHS
Step4:
It’s true for all n

4) Prove by induction:
n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 6
n≥1
Step1:
1 ( 1+ 1 )( 1+2 ) =6 ÷ divisible by 6

Step2:
Assume it’s also true for n=k
k (k +1)(k +2) is divisible by 6

k ( k + 1 )( k+ 2 )=6 p, p=1 , 2 , … (1)

Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
(k + 1)( k +2)(k +3) is divisible by 6

( k +1 )( k + 2 )( k +3 )=6 q, q=1 , 2, …
 From (1)
LHS= ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) k +3 ( k +1 ) ( k +2 )
¿ 6 p+3(k +1)(k +2)
[( k +1 )( k + 2 ) divisible by 2 for any k values (or prove y induction) →2r]
LHS=6 ( p+ r )=6 q
Step4:
It’s true for all n

5) Prove by induction
n ( n+ 1 )( 2 n+1 )
12 +22 +32 +…+n 2=
6
Step1:
Check for n=1
2
LHS=1 =1
1(2)(3)
RHS= =1
6
Step2:
Assume it’s also true for n=k
k ( k +1 ) ( 2 k +1 )
12 +22 +32 +…+ k 2= ( 1)
6
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) ( 2 k +3 )
12 +22 +…+ ( k + 2 )2=
6
2 2 2 2
LHS=1 +2 +…+ k + ( k +1 )
2
k ( k +1 ) ( 2 k +1 ) +6 ( k +1 )
¿ ¿(1)
6
( k +1 ) [ k ( 2 k +1 ) +6 k +6 ]
¿
6
 ( k +1 ) ( 2 k 2 +7 k +6 )
¿
6
( k +1 ) ( 2 k +3 ) ( k +2 )
¿ =RHS
6
Step4:
It’s true for all n

INDUCTION (continue)
1) Prove by induction
Step1:
3 >n for n ≥ 2
n 2

2 2
3 >2
9> 4
Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
3 > k (1)
k 2

Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
k +1 2
3 > ( k +1 )
k
LHS=3 .3
¿ k .3 from (1)
2

RTP 3 k 2 > ( k +1 )2 ?
Consider LHS−RHS
2 2
3 k − ( k +1 )
2 2
¿ 3 k −k −2 k −1
2
¿ 2 k −2 k −1
¿ ( k 2−2 k +1 ) +k 2−2
2 2
¿ ( k −1 ) + k −2
 LHS−RHS >0
∴ LHS > RHS
Step4:
It’s true for all n

2) Prove by induction
11
n +2
+12
2 n+1
is divisible by 133 (n ≥ 1)
Step1:
Check for n=1
1 +2 2( 1) +1
11 + 12 =3059
3059 ÷ 133=23 [true]

Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
11
k+2
+12
2 k+1
is divisible by 133
or 11k+2 +122 k+1=133 p (1), p=1 , 2 ,3 …
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
11
k+3
+12
2 k+3
is divisible by 133
k+3 2 k+3
11 +12 =133 q , q=1, 2 , 3 …
LHS=11(k +2)+1 +12( 2k +1)+ 2
k+2 2 k+1 2
¿ 11 .11+12 .12
¿ ( 133 p−122 k +1 ) 11+ 122 k+1 .122
2 k+1 2 k+ 1 2
¿ 11.133 p−11.12 +12 . 12
¿ 11.133 p+122 k +1 (−11+ 122)
2 k +1
¿ 11.133 p+12 .133
¿ 133 ( 11 p+122 k+1 )
¿ 133 q=RHS
∴is divisible by 133
 Step4:
It’s true for all n

3) Prove by induction
1 2 3 n ( n+1 ) !−1
+ + +…+ =
2! 3 ! 4 ! ( n+1 ) ! (n+1)!
Step1:
Check for n=1
1 1
LHS= =
( 1+1 ) ! 2
( 1+1 ) !−1 1
RHS= =
(1+1 ) ! 2

Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k
1 2 3 k ( k +1 ) !−1
+ + +…+ = ( 1)
2! 3 ! 4 ! ( k +1 ) ! ( k +1 ) !
Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
1 2 3 k k + 1 ( k +2 ) !−1
+ + +…+ + =
2! 3 ! 4 ! ( k +1 ) ! ( k +2 ) ! ( k +2 ) !
1 2 3 k k+1
LHS= + + + +
2 ! 3 ! 4 ! ( k +1 ) ! ( k +2 ) !
( k +1 ) !−1 k + 1
¿ +
( k +1 ) ! ( k +2 ) !

¿
[ ( k +1 ) !−1 ] ( x +2 ) + x+ 1
( k +2 ) !
( k +2 ) !−k−2+ k +1
¿
( k +2 ) !
( x+2 ) !−1
¿ =RHS
( x +2 ) !
Step4:
 It’s true for all n

4) Geometry properties
Calculus
Trigonometry
→ by induction method
Eg: prove by induction that the sum of all exterior angles of n side
polygon ¿ 360 °, for n ≥ 3
Step1:
Check for n=3
3 side

We needs: (1)+(2)+(3)=360°
a+ b+c=180 °
( 180 °−( 2 ) ) + ( 180° −( 3 ) ) + ( 180 °− (1 )) =180 °
540 °−180=( 1 )+ ( 2 ) + ( 3 )
360 °=( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 )
∴ True
Step2:
Assume it’s true for n=k side polygon
Answer: ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) + …+ ( k ) =360°
Step3:
It’s also true for n=( k +1 ) side polygon
[a, b, c is the new ext ∠s]
RTP: c + ( 2 ) +…+ a+b=360 °
LHS=c+ (2 )+ (3 )+ …+a+ x+ y
[c + z=(1)¿
¿ ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) +…+ ( k )=360°

5. Trigonometry
Prove by induction
n
cos ( nπ )=(−1 ) , n ≥1
Step1:
Check n=1
LHS=cos ( 1 π ) =cos π=cos 180° =−1
1
RHS=(−1 ) =−1
Step2:
Assume it’s for n=k
k
cos ( kπ )= (−1 )
 Step3:
RTP it’s also true for n=k +1
k+1
cos ( k +1 ) π =(−1 )
LHS=cos ( kπ + π )
¿ cos kπ cos π−sin kπ sin π
k
¿−1 .−1−sin kπ × 0
k
¿−1 .−1
k +1
¿ (−1 ) =RHS
Step4:
It’s true for all n

POLYNOMIALS
The relation of a, b, c & roots

1) Quadratic a x 2 +bx +c=0

Assume 2 roots α + β

}
−b
α + β=
a
c
αβ=
a

Also: a x 2 +bx +c=0

2 b c
x + x + =0
a a
b
→ sum
a
c
→ product
a
Form quadratic by the sum & product
x −∑ ( x ) + ( product )=0
2

Eg: form quadratic with 2 roots

 a) −5 , 2
( x +5 ) ( x−2 )=0
2
x + 3 x −10=0
b) 2+ √ 3 , 2−√ 3
Sum ¿ 2+ √ 3+2− √3=4
Product¿ ( 2+ √ 3 ) ( 2− √3 ) =4−3=1
2
x −4 x+1=0

2) Degree 3
a x +b x + cx +d=0 (1)
3 2

3 roots: α , β , γ
 The sum:
−b
α + β+ γ =
a
 The sum, take 2 roots at a time
c
αβ + αγ+ βγ=
a
 The product:
−d
αβγ=
a

α + β+ γ =¿ sum of 1=Σ α

αβ + βγ +αγ=¿ sum of 2=Σ αβ

αβγ=¿ sum of 3=Σ αβγ

Also,

(1) ( ÷ a )
 3 b 2 c d
x + x + x + =0
a a a

b
: - sum of 1
a

c
: sum of 2
a

d
: - sum of 3
a

∴ with 3 roots α , β∧γ

→ we can form the cubic equation

x 3−( Σ α ) x 2+ ( Σ αβ ) x− ( Σ αβγ )=0

Eg: form the cubic, with 3 roots 2, 3, 4

1st way:

( x−2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−4 )=0

Expand …

2nd way:

Σ α =2+3+4=9

Σ αβ= (2 ×3 )( 2 × 4 ) ( 4 ×3 ) =26

Σ αβγ=2 ×3 × 4=24

Ans: x 3−9 x 2 +26 x−24=0

3) Degree 4 [Quartic equation]

4 3 2
a x + b x +c x + dx+ e=0
4 roots: α , β , γ and δ
 −b
Sum of (1): α + β+ γ + δ= a
c
Sum of (2): αβ+ αγ+ αδ + βγ + βδ +γδ= a
−d
Sum of (3): αβγ +αβδ + αγδ + βγδ= a
e
Sum of (4) ¿ product: αβγδ = a

Eg: 2 x3 +12 x−6 x +1=0

3 roots: α , β∧γ
[without solve it, find:]
−b −12
a ¿ α + β +γ = = =−6
a 2
c −6
b ¿ αβ + βγ +αγ = = =−3
a 2
−d −1
c ¿ αβγ= =
a 2
1 1 1
d¿ + +
α β γ
βγ +αγ + βα −3
¿ = =6
αβγ −1
2
2 2 2
e ¿α +β +γ
2
¿ ( α + β+ γ ) −2 ( αβ +αγ + βγ )
2
¿ (−6 ) −2 (−3 )
¿ 42
1 1 1
f¿ + +
αβ αγ βγ
γ + β+ α −6
¿ = =12
αβγ −1
2
g ¿(α−1)(β−1)(γ −1)
¿ αβγ−αβ−αγ+ α −βγ + β−1+ γ
¿ αβγ− ( αβ +αγ + βγ )−1+ ( α + β+ γ )
 1
¿− −(−3 )−1+ (−6 )
2
−9
¿
2
3 3 3
h¿α + β +γ
α is a root

Subs: 2 α 3+12 α 2−6 α +1=0

β is a root

Subs: 2 β 3+12 β 2−6 β +1=0

γ is a root

Subs: 2 γ 3+ 12 γ 2−6 γ +1=0

2 ( γ 3 + β 3+ α 3 ) +12 ( α 2+ β 2+ γ 2 ) −6 ( α + β+ γ ) +3=0
2 ( α 3+ β3 + γ 3 ) +12 ( 42 ) −6 (−6 ) +3=0
3 3 3 −543
α +β +γ =
2

4) Given x 2+ bx+ c=0

1 root is 3 times of other
Show that 3 b2 =16 c
Let 2 roots: α , β → α , 3 α
−b
α +3 α =
a
4 α =−b
−b
α=
4
c
α × 3α=
a
2
3 a =c
2 c
α =
3
 ( )
2
−b c
=
4 3
∴ 3 b2=16 c

5) Given 2 x 2+ kx+ 3=0

With one root is double of the other
Find k and 2 other roots
Let 2 roots as α , β=2 α
−b
 α +2 α = a
−k
3α=
2
−k
α=
6
c
 α × 2α= a

2 3
2α =
2
2 3
a=
4

( )
2
−k 3
=
6 4
2 3 2
k = ×6
4
2
k =27
∴ k =± 3 √3
−k
 α = 6 ,if k=3 √ 3

−3 √3 − √3
α= =
6 2
∴ β=− √3
−k
 α = 6 ,if k=−3 √3
 3 √3 √ 3
α= =
6 2
∴ β=√ 3

POLYNOMIALS

Repeated Root theorem

1) Given P ( x )=0
If x=a is double root of equation P ( x )=0
Then x=a is also a single root of equation P' ( x )=0
Proof
x=a is double root of P ( x )

∴ P ( x ) can be written as
2
P ( x )=( x−a ) ×Q ( x )
Then
' ' 2
P ( x )=2 ( x−a ) Q ( x ) +Q ( x ) ( x−a )
¿ ( x−a ) [ 2 Q ( x )+Q ' ( x )( x−a ) ]
∴ x=a is a root of P' ( x )

2) Given:
x + x −8 x+ k=0 has double root, find k
3 2

1st way
Let 3 roots: α , α , β
−b
Sum of 1: α +α + β= a =−1
−d
Product: ααβ= a =−k
 Sum of 2: αα + αβ+ αβ=−8
2nd way
P ( x )=x + x −8 x + k=0 has double root x=α
3 2

Then x=α is also a single root of P' ( x )=0

∴ 3 x 2+ 2 x−8=0
( 3 x−4 ) ( x+2 )=0
3
x= ,−2
4

()()() ()
3 2
4 4 4 4
P = + −8 +k =0
3 3 3 3
176
k=
27
3 2
P (−2 )=(−2 ) + (−2 ) −8 (−2 ) +k =0
k =−12

3) P ( x )=x 3+ x 2−40 x−112

Factorize P(x), given that P(x) has double root
' 2
P ( x )=3 x +2 x−40=0

(
( x +4 ) x−
10
3 )
=0

10
x=−4 ,
3
10
Subs x= 3

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
10 10 10
P ( x )= + −40 −112
3 3 3
5324
¿−
27
Subs x=−4
3 2
P ( x )=(−4 ) + (−4 ) +160−112=0
∴ x−4 is double root of P ( x )
 ∴ P ( x ) has 3 roots: −4 ,−4 , α
Sum of 1: α −4−4=1
α =7
∴ 3 roots: −4 ,−4∧7
Factorize
P ( x )=( x+ 4 )( x + 4 ) ( x−7 )

4) Using the sum & product. Given cubic

3 2
x −k x +3 k=0 (k > 0)

Has one root is the sum of the other two

→ α ,β ,α+β
k
a) Show that α + β= 2
α + β+ α + β=k
k
α + β= (1)
2
2
−k
b) αβ =
4
αβ + α ( α + β )+ β ( β +α )=0
αβ =−( α + β )( α + β )

αβ =− ( k2 )( k2 )
2
k
¿−
4
c) Then show that k =2 √6 sum of 3
αβ ( α + β )=−3 k

( )( k2 )=−3 k
2
−k
4
3
−k =−24 k
2
k =24
 k =± 2 √ 6
Choose k =2 √6

Ex QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS
Page 9

Q1) ∆ ≥ 0
2
∆=b −4 ac
2
¿ k −4 ( 3 )( 3 ) ≥ 0

2
k −36 ≥ 0

k ≤−6 , k ≥6

Q2) ∆ <0

∆=16−4 ( k +3 ) ( k )

2
16−4 k −12 k <0

4 ± √ 16−4 ( 16 )
12
k=
2 ( 16 )

∴ no real k

Q5)

Need a< 0 →−2<0

∆ <0

∆=36−4 (−2 )(−3 ) k

¿ 36−24 k < 0
−24 k ←36

3
k>
2

Q4)

∆ <0

2
∆=b −4 ac
2
¿ k −4 ( 3 )( 2 )

2
¿ k −24< 0

∴− √24 <k < √24

Set B

1)

y=−8 min at x=2

 −8=a ( 2 ) ( 2−4 )
−8=−4 a
a=2
Ans: y=2 x ( x −4 )
2
¿ 2 x −8 x
∴ a=2 , b=−8 , c=0

2) a< 0
∴ −1<0
need ∆ <0
2
∆=b −4 ac
¿ 16−4 (−1 )(−6 )
¿−8<0
∴ no x – intercept

3)
α ,β
α , α +2
α +α + 2=4
2 α =2
 α =1
2 roots:
α =1
β=3
Find c:
c
αβ = =c
a

4)
α , β=4 α
α ( 4 α )=16
α =± 2
2 roots
 α =2
β=8
−b
∑ 2+ 8= a
−b
10=
1
∴ b=−10
 α =−2
β=−8
−b
−2−8=
1
∴ b=10

Page 10

SET B

1)
 P ( x )=3 x 4−5 x 3−10 x 2+ 20 x−8
Subs x=1, P ( 1 )=3 ( 1 )−5 ( 1 )−10 ( 1 ) +20 ( 1 )−8
Subs x=−2, P (−2 )=0 → x=1 is a root
∴ x=−2 is also a root
Sum of 1:
−b 5
1−2+ α + β= =
a 3
8
α + β=
3
e −8
Product ( 1 ) (−2 ) αβ= a = 3
4
αβ =
3
8
α + β=
3
4
αβ =
3
∴ α ∧β are 2 roots
Of x 2−¿ sum( x ) +¿ product ¿ 0
2 8 4
x − x + =0
3 3
2
3 x −8 x+ 4=0
( 3 x−2 ) ( x−2 )=0
2
x=2 ,
3
2
Ans: 4 roots:2 , 3 ,1 ,−2

2)
−5
a ¿ α + β=
2
−4
b ¿ αβ = =−2
2
 2 2 2
c ¿ α + β =( α + β ) −2 αβ

( )
2
−5
¿ −2 (−2 )
2
25 41
¿ + 4=
4 4
3 3
d ¿α +β
( α + β ) ( α 2−αβ + β 2 )

( −52 )( 414− (−2))

( −52 )( 494 )= −245
8

3)
a) P (−2 )=−23 −(−2 )2−(−2 ) +10
¿0
∴ x=−2 is a root
b)
−b −−1
∑ ¿−2+α + β= a
=
1
=1

c
product=−2 αβ= =−10
a
αβ =5
c) Solve
α + β=3 (1)

αβ =5 (2)

α and β are roots of

2
x −3 x+ 5=0
9 ± √9−20
x=
2
∴ no real x
d) ? cut x – axis
 1 root: x=−2
∴ cut x – axis only once time

Page 12

2) prove that

Step1:

Check for n=1

1−1
LHS=cos 2 x=cos x

sin ( 21 x ) 2 sin x cos x

RHS= 1 =
2 sin x 2 sin x

¿ cos x

∴ True

Step2:

Assume it’s true for n=k

k
( cos x ) ( cos 2 x ) … ( cos 2k−1 x ) = sin
k
2 x( )
1
2 sin x

Step3:

RTP it’s also true for n=k +1

sin ( 2k+1 x )
( k
)
( cos x ) ( cos 2 x ) … cos 2 x = k+1
2 sin x

k−1 k
LHS= ( cos x )( cos 2 x ) …(cos 2 x )(cos 2 x)
 k
sin 2 x (
cos 2 x )
k
¿ k
2 sin x
k k
sin 2 x (cos 2 x )
¿
2 k sin x

1 k
sin2.2
2
¿ k
2 sin x

sin ( 2k+1 x )
¿ k
2.2 sin x

sin ( 2k+1 x )
¿ k+1
=RHS
2 sin x

Step4:

It’s true for all n

4)

Step1:

Check for n=1

u1=4

1
u1=3 +1=4

∴ True

Step2:

Assume it’s true for n=k

∴ uk =3k +1 (1)
Step3:

RTP it’s also true for n=k +1

k +1
uk +1=3 +1

LHS=u k+1=3 u k −2

¿ 3 ( 3k +1 ) −2

k +1 k+1
¿3 + 3−2=3 +1=RHS

Step4:

It’s true for all n

7)

Step1:

Check for n=10

10
LHS=2 =1024
3
RHS=10 =1000

∴ True (LHS > RHS)

Step2:

Assume it’s true for n=k

2 > k (1)
k 3

Step3:

RTP it’s also true for n=k +1

 k +1 3
2 > ( k +1 )

k
LHS=2 .2
3
¿ k .2

RTP: LHS−RHS >0

3 3
2 k − ( k +1 )

3 3 2
2 k −k −1−3 k −9 k
3 2
k −3 k −9 k−1

As k =10
3 2
10 −3 ( 10 ) −9 ( 10 )−1

1000−300−90−1>0

∴ LHS−RHS >0

∴ LHS > RHS

3 3
2 k >( k + 1 )

Step4:

it’s true for all n

2nd way

k ≥0

1 1
≤
k 10

1 1
1+ ≤ +1
k 10
k +1 11
<
k 10

( ) ( )
3 3
k +1 11
< <2
k 10

( k +1 )3 < 2k 3

CALCULUS
1) Implicit differentiation
a) y= √2 x+ 1
' 1 1
y= ×2=
2 √ 2 x+ 1 √ 2 x+1
b) x 2+ y 2=32
Can change y=f (x ), y '
y=f (x ) → explicit differentiation

c) Can’t change the subject to y,

3
y + y =4 x
dy
? need implicit differentiation
dx
¿not y=f (x ) but F ( x , y )=0 ¿

2) Notes
f (x) f ' (x)
2
x 2x
du
u
2
2u×
dx
dy
y
2
2 y×
dx
 2 dy
y
3
3y ×
dx
dy
xy y+x
dx
3) Given: y + y 3=4 x
dy
? Differentiate both sides
dx
dy 2 dy
+3 y × =4
dx dx
dy
( 1+3 y 2 )=4
dx
dy 4
=
dx 1+3 y 2

 2 2
x + y =2
2

dy
2 x+ 2 y × =0
dx
dy
2 y× =−2 x
dx
dy −x
=
dx y
 xy + y 3=2 x

y+x ( dydx )+3 y × dydx =2

2

dy
( x +3 y 2 )=2− y
dx
dy 2− y
=
dx x +3 y 2

4) Primitive functions
d 2
( x + 3 )=2 x
dx
∴ 2 x is derivative of x 2+ 3
Or x 2+ 3 is a primitive function of 2 x
 In general, x 2+ constant is primitive of 2 x
Definition
F (x) is a primitive of f (x)
d
if : ( F ( x ) ) =f ( x )
dx
we can write
F ( x )=∫ f (x )dx

∴ F (x) is primitive
If
∫ F (x )dx=F ( x )+ cosntant (c)

5) ? F ( x )
Formula:
n+1
x
∫ x n dx= n+1 +c

Proof:

[ d
dx
F ( x )=f ( x ) ?
]
d x ( n+1 ) ( x
n+1 n +1−1
)
=
dx n+1 n+1
n
x =f ( x )
Eg: find the primitive of
Function primitive
3
2 x
x +c
3
11
10 x
x +c
11
6 6
5 2x x
2x + c= +c
6 3
 2
x
x +c
2
2 2
x 1 x x
× +c= +c
2 2 2 4
5 5 x+ c

1 x +c

6) Linear extension
n+1
x
∫ x dx= n+1
n
+c

( ax +b )n +1
∫ ( ax+ b )n dx= ( n+1 ) ×a + c
Proof:
n +1 n
d ( ax+ b ) ( n+1 )( ax +b ) × a
=
dx ( n+1 ) a ( n+1 ) a
n
¿ ( ax +b ) =f (x)
Eg:
a) ∫ ( 7 x +5 ) 4 dx
( 7 x+5 )5 ( 7 x +5 )5
¿ +c=
5 ×7 35
1
b) ∫ ( 4−3 x )5 dx=∫ ( 4−3 x )−5 dx
( 4−3 x )−4
¿ +c
−4 x−3
( 4−3 x )−4
¿ +c
12

7) 3rd formulae:
n+1
u
∫ u dx =
n
n+ 1
+c

u ' is needed
 Proof:
n '
d un +1 ( n+1 ) u × u
= =u n u'
dx n+1 ( n+ 1 )
Eg:
∫ 2 x ( x2 +5 )
10
a) dx=?

¿ ∫ u u dx
1 10

11
u
11
¿ + c¿
( x 2+5 )
+c
11 11

∫ ( x 3 +10 ) dx
5
b)
5
( x 3 +10 )
∫3 x 2

3x
2
dx

6 6
( x 3+10 ) ( x 3 +10 )
¿ 2
= 2
+c
3 x ×6 18 x

∫ 2 x ( x2−3 )
100
c) dx

x −3 not degree
2

∴ no ans
101
( x 2−3 )
→ +c
101

∫ x ( x 2+ 3 )
10
d) dx
1
∫
10
2 x ( x + 3 ) dx
2
2
11 11
1 ( x +3 ) ( x +3 )
2 2
¿ = +c
2 11 22

Exercises
Page 9

1)
 ' dy
a) y =2 y × dx

b) xy
' dy
y =y+ ×x
dx
c) 1+ x− y
' dy '
y =1− =1− y
dx
x
d) y
dy
y− x
dx
→ y'= 2
y

3)

dy
dx
? → 2 x+3 y + x(dy
dx
+2 2 y ) (
dy
dx
=0 )
dy dy
3 y +3 x + 4 y =−2 x
dx dx

dy −2 x−3 y
=
dx 3 x +4 y

5)

dy
?
dx

(
2 x− y+ x
dy
dx)(
+ 2y×
dy
dx
=0 )
dy dy
2 x− y−x +2 y × =0
dx dx
dy −2 x + y
=
dx 2 y−x

At ( 1 , 4 )

dy 4−2 2
subs : =m T = =
dx 8−1 7

page 10

1)
2
x
a) 2 x → 2× =x 2+ c
2
3
x
b) 3 x → 3 =x 3+ c
2
3
c) 3 →3 x +c
5
x
d) x 4 → + c
5
6 4
x x
5 3
e) x + x → + +c
6 4
f) 4 x3 −3 x3 +2 x +1
4 3 2
x x x
→4× −3 × +2 × + x
4 3 2
4 3 2
¿ x −x + x + x+ c
g) ( x +1 )3
( x +1 )4
→ +c
4
1
h) √ x=x 2
3 3
x2 2 x2 2 x√x
→ = +c= +c
3 3 3
2
2)

1 −2
a) y= 2 =x
x
−1
x −1
→ = +c
−1 x
−1
3 x −3
→ × = +c
4 −1 4 x
3 3 −2
b) y= 2 = 4 x
4x
−1
3 x −3
→ × = +c
4 −1 4 x
1 −2
c) y= 2
=( x+ 2 )
( x +2 )
( x +2 )−1 1
→ = +c
−1 x+2
1
d) y= √3−2 x =( 3−2 x ) 2
3 3
2 2
( 3−2 x ) −( 3−2 x )
→ = +c
3 3
×−2
2
e) y= (5 x−2 )7
( 5 x−2 )8 ( 5 x−2 )8
→ = +c
8× 5 40

SET B

5) ∫ ( x−2 )( x +2 ) dx
3
x
¿ ∫ x −4 dx= −4 x +c
2
3
6)
5
∫ x x−1
2
3 1
dx =∫ x − 2 dx
x
4
x 1
¿ + +c
4 x

8)

∫ 2 x ( x2−3 ) dx
3

4
u4 ( x −3 )
2
¿ ∫ u dx= =
4
'u
+c
4 4

9)

∫ 3 x 2 ( x3 −7 ) dx
5

6
( x 3−7 )
¿ +c
6

10)

∫ x ( 5−x 2 ) dx
∫ 5 x−5 x 3 dx
2 4
5x x
¿ − +c
2 4

12)
 ( x + 4)
∫ dx
√ x2 +8 x +1
−1
¿ ∫ ( x +4 ) ( x +8 x +1 ) dx
2 2

2
u=x +8 x +1
'
u =2 x +8
−1
1
2
∫ ( 2 x +8 ) ( x 2 +8 x +1 ) 2

1 ( x +8 x +1 )
2 2
¿
2 1
2

¿ √ x 2 +8 x+ 1
+c
x

Page 11

1)

P ( x )=2 x +9 x +6 x −20 x−24, triple root ( x=α )

4 3 2

P' ( x )=8 x 3 +27 x 2 +12 x−20 has double roots (x=α )

P ( x )=24 x +54 x +12 has single root

'' 2

Solve P' ' ( x )=0

1
x=−2 ,−
4

Try x=−2
' 3 2
P (−2 )=8 (−2 ) +27 (−2 ) +12 (−2 )−20=0
P (−2 )=…=0

∴ x=−2 is triple roots

All 4 roots

2 , 2, 2 , α

−9
∑ : 6+α = 24
9 −3
α = −6=
2 2

6)
3 2
x + x +2=0(¿) [α , β , γ ]

3 2
x + x +0 x +2=0

a=1 , b=1 , c=0 , d=2

a) α + β+ γ =−1
b) α 2+ β2 + γ 2= ( α + β +γ )2−2(αβ +αγ + βγ )
2
¿ (−1 ) −2 ( 0 )
¿1
c) α 3 + β 3+ γ 3
Subs α into (¿)
α +α +2=0 (1)
3 2

Subs β into ( ¿ )
β + β +2=0 (2)
3 2

Subs γ into (¿)

γ +γ + 2=0 (3)
3 2

Solve ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) +(3):
 ( α 3 + β 3+ γ 3 )+ ( α 2+ β 2 + γ 2 )=−6
∴ α 3 + β 3 +γ 3=−7
d) α 4 + β 4 + γ 4
From x 3 + x 2+2=0
4 3
x + x +2 x=0
Subs α :
4 3
α + α +2 α =0
Subs β :
4 3
β + β +2 β=0
Subs γ :
4 3
γ + γ +3 γ=0
( α 4 + β 4 + γ 4 ) + ( γ 3 + β 3 +α 3 ) +2 ( γ + β +α )
4 4 4
α + β + γ =5

7)

c) α 5 + β 5+ γ 2

from x 3 +qx +r=0

5 3 2
x +q x +r x =0

Subs α

INTEGRATION
1) Remind
F (x) is the integral of F (x) is:
d
F ( x )=f ( x )
dx
¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x ) +c
 Formula:
n+1
x
a ¿ ∫ x dx=
n
+ c (n ≠1)
n+1
1
if n=−1 ,∫ x dx=∫ dx=log e x
−1
x
( ax+ b )n +1
b ¿ ∫ ( ax +b ) dx= n
+c
a ( n+1 )
n+1
u
c ¿∫ u u dx=
' n
+c
n+1
Eg:
∫ 2 ( 3 x+ 5 )9
10
2 ( 3 x +5 )
¿
10 ×3
( 3 x +5 )10
¿ +c
15

∫ ( t3 +t 2+ 4 ) dt
4 3
t t
¿ + +4 t+c
4 3

( ¿) ∫ ( t 3 +t2 + 4 ) dx
No ans

unless: ∫ 4 t x dx
2
( ¿)

2
2 x 2 2
¿4 t × =2 t x + c
2

∫ h2 dx =h2 x +c ( h2 :constant ) ¿
 2)
∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )
∫ f ' ( x ) dx=F ( x )
∫ y ' dx= y + c
∫ y ' ' dx = y ' + c
dy
Eg: given dx =3 x+ 4

Find y, if x=1 , y=5

y=¿ is the primitive of 3 x+ 4

y=∫ (3 x +4 ) dx

2
3x
y= + 4 x+ c
2
2
3 ( 1)
5= + 4 ( 1 ) +c
2

−1
c=
2

2
3x 1
∴ y= + 4 x−
2 2

3) Definite integral
a ¿ ∫ f (x) dx=F ( x ) + c
x=b

∫ f ( x ) dx=[ F ( x ) ]a=F ( b )−F (a)

b
b¿
x=a

a, b: limit
of integral
 Eg:
3

∫ ( 3 x +2 ) dx
1

[ ]
3
3 x2
¿ +2 x
2 1

( )( )
2 2
3 ( 3) 3 ( 1)
¿ + 2(3 ) − +2 ( 1 )
2 2
¿ 16
Notes
b a

∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=k ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a

b c c

∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
a d a

b b b

∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ g ( x ) dx =∫ f ( x ) +g ( x ) dx
a a a

 If f (x) is even function

a q

∫ f ( x ) dx=2 ×∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0

 If f (x) is odd function

a

∫ f ( x ) dx=0
−a

4) Area under the curve to x-axis is the integral

 b

Shaded area ¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

b
¿ [ F ( x ) ] a=F ( b )−F ( a )

Eg:

Shaded area, between f (x) and the x-axis for x=1 to 3

3

Shaded area ¿ ∫ x 2 dx
1

[ ] ( )( )
3
x3 33 13 26
¿ = − = units square
3 3 3 3

Eg: sketch y=x 2−2 x then find the are between this curve with x-axis for x=0
to 2
 2

Shaded area ¿ ∫ ( x 2−2 x ) dx

0

[ ]
2
x3 2
¿ −x
3 0

()( )
3 3
2 2 0 2
¿ −2 − −0
3 3

¿ −4−0=| |units square

8 −4
3 3
4
¿
3
Notes:
b

If y <0, ∫ f (x )dx is negative

a

| |
b

Then area ¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

Eg:

Shaded area? (from -2 to 3)

| |
1 3

Share area ¿ ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx

−2 1
5) The are under the curve and y-axis

d
A=∫ x dy
c

y=f ( x )
x=g ( y )
Sketch y=x 2 +1 then find the are to the y axis for y=2 to 3

Shaded area
3
¿ ∫ x dy
1

{
x =g ( x )
2
y =x +1
x 2= y −1
x=√ y−1
 3
A=∫ √ y−1 dy
2

3 1
¿ ∫ ( y−1 ) dy 2

[ ]
3
2
( y−1 )
¿
3
2

[ ]
3 3
2
¿ ( y−1 ) 2 2
3

( )
3 3
2
¿ ( 3−1 ) 2 −( 2−1 )2
3
¿ 1.22

6) U substitution method
∫ f (x )dx =∫ g (u)du
Change u , du subs u=f (x )
du=¿
Eg:
∫ 6 x ( 3 x 2+5 ) dx
6

2
u=3 x +5
'
u =6 x
7
u7 ( 3 x +5 )
∫ u ' u6 dx= 7
=
7
+c

Or u=3 x 2 +5
Change dx to du
du
=6 x
dx
du=6 x × dx
du
dx=
6x
 ∫ 6 x ( 3 x 2+5 ) dx
∫ 6 x ×u6 dx
du
¿∫ 6 x × u ×
6
6x
¿ ∫ u du
6

7
u7 ( 3 x +5 )
2
¿ =
7 7

INTEGRATION
1) Finding the area by integration
y=f ( x )

b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx
a

b
¿ [ F ( x ) ]a
¿ F ( b )−F ( a )

To find ∫ f ( x ) dx
n+1
x
∫ x dx=
n
n+1
+c
 ( ax +b )n +1
∫ ( ax+ b ) dx= a ( n+1 ) + c
n

n +1
u
∫ u u dx=
' n
n+1
+c

2) Area above and below x – axis:

| |
2 3
¿ ∫ ( x −2 x ) dx +∫ ( x −2 x ) dx
2 2

0 2

Eg: find area of x – axis and the curve y=x (x +1)(x−2)

 | |
0 2
A=∫ ( x −x −2 x ) dx + ∫ ( x −x −2 x ) dx
3 2 3 2

1 0

5 2
¿ u
12

4) Odd and Even

 if f (x) is Odd

a
A=∫ f (x)dx=0
−a

 if f (x) is Even

a
A=∫ f (x ) dx
0
Eg:
3
I =∫ x −4 x dx
3

−3

→ odd function
3
f ( x )=x −4 x

3
f (−x ) =−x + 4 x

−f ( x )=−x3 + 4 x=f ( x )

From –a to a

I =0

2
I ∫ x +1 dx
2

−2

Even function
2
f ( x )=x +1

2 2
f (−x ) =(−x ) +1=x +1=f (x )

From −a to a
2
I =2∫ ( x +1 ) dx
2

[( )]
2
3
x
¿2 +x
3 0

¿2
[( ) ]
8
3
+2 + ( 0 )

28 2
¿ u
3
5) Integration by u substitution
∫ f (x )dx =¿ too hard
Change u=f ( x )=∫ g ( u ) du
∫ 2 x ( x2 +3 )
10
 dx

Let x 2+ 3=u

du
=2 x → du=2 x dx
dx

I =∫ ( x +3 ) 2 xdx
2 10

¿ ∫ u du
10

11
u11 ( x +3 )
2
¿ = +c
11 11

 ∫ x √ x −1 dx
Let u=x−1 → x=u+1

du
=1 → du=dx
dx

∫ x √ x −1 dx
¿ ∫ ( u+1 ) √ u du

3 1
¿ ∫ u 2 +u 2 du

[ ]
5 3
2 2
2u 2u
¿ +
5 3

5 3
2 2 2 2
¿ ( x−1 ) + ( x−1 ) +c
5 3
  ∫ x 2 √3 x +5 dx
u−5
By let 3 x+ 5=u → x= 3

du du
=3 → dx=
dx 3

I =∫ x √ 3 x+ 5 dx
2

( )
1
u−5 2 2 du
¿∫ ×u ×
3 3

2 1
u −10 u+25 du
¿∫ × u2 ×
9 3

1
1
¿ ∫ u2.5 −10 u1.5 +25 u 2 du
27

[ ]
3.5 2.5 1.5
1 u 10 u 25 u
¿ − +
27 3.5 2.5 1.5

[ ]
3.5 2.5 1.5
1 ( 3 x+ 5 ) 10 ( 3 x +5 ) 25 ( 3 x +5 )
¿ − + +c
27 3.5 2.5 1.5

Try: ∫ x 3 √1−x 2 dx let u=1−x 2

6) Notes:
a) Using integral to find area
b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx
a

b) Using area to find integral

2

Eg: ∫ √ 4−x 2 dx
0
 2
¿ ∫ √ 4−x =dx
2

1
¿ ¿˚
4
1 2
π 2 =π ( units )
2
¿
4
Eg: using area formula to find
∫ f (x )dx for x=0 → 3
Notes:

∫ f ( x ) dx=7 +(−3 )=4

2

Eg:

∫ f ( x ) dx= A 1+ A 2 + A 3
0
 ¿ A 1− A 2+ A 3
1 2 π
A 1= π 1 =
4 4
1 1
A2= bh= ( 1 )
2 2
3 3
=
2 4 ()
A3 = ()
1 1
2 2
=¿

7)
 To x – axis:

∫ y dx
a

 To y – axis

d
A=∫ x dy
c
  Area between 2 curves

b
Area=∫ ( f ( x )−g ( x ) ) dx
a

Eg: set up the integral to find this area:

a)

| |
5
Area= ∫ f ( x ) dx
3

b)
 4
Area=∫ x dy
−1

c)

| |
b c
Area=∫ f ( x ) dx+ ∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

d)
 | |
4 2
Area=∫ x dy + ∫ x dy
2 −3

e)

| |
2
Area= ∫ x dy
−3

2 6
A=∫ [ g ( x )−f ( x ) ] dx+∫ ( f ( x )−g ( x ) ) dx
−5 2
 2 2

∫ f ( x ) dx−∫ g ( x ) dx
0 1

EXERCISES
Page 15

1)

∫ 7 x 2 (2 x +1) dx
3 7

3 ' 2
u=2 x +1 →u =6 x

7
∫
7
6 x ( 2 x +1 ) dx
2 3
6

[ ]
8
7 u
¿ +c
6 8

4)

∫ 6 x √ 2 x 2−1 dx
2 '
u=2 x −1 →u =4 x

3
∫ 4 x √ 2 x −1 dx
2
2
 []
3
3 u2
¿ +c
2 3
2

5)

∫ x √ x +1 dx
Let u=√ x +1
2
→ u =x +1

→ x=u2 −1

dx=2u du

∫ x √ x +1
∫ ( u 2−1 ) u 2u du
∫ 2 u4 −2 u2 du

[ ]
5 3
2u 2 u
¿ − +c
5 3

5 3
2 2
2 ( x +1 ) 2 ( x +1 )
¿ − +c
5 3

INTERGRATION
1) Topic in the test
 Angles b/w lines
 |m1 −m2|
tanθ=
|1+m1 m2|
 Calculus
dy
, ∫ f ( x ) dx , Areaunder curve
dx
 Trigonometry
 Permutation /Combination
 Sequence & Series
 Induction method
 Graph without calculus

2)
∫ x 2 √1+ x 3 dx, using u
Subs: u=1+ x3
' 2
u =3 x
1
∫ 3 x √ 1+ x dx
2 3
I=
2

[]
3 3

2 ( 1+ x )
2 3 2
1 u
¿ = +c
3 3 9 3
2 2

3)
x
∫ ( x−1 )3 dx
Using u=x−1
du
=1
dx
du=dx
 x=u+1
u +1
¿∫ 3
du
u
u 1
¿∫ 3
+ 3
u u
¿ ∫ ( u−2+u−3 ) du
−1 −2
u u −1 2
¿ − = − 2 +c
−1 −2 u u
1 2
¿− − +c
x−1 ( x−1 )2

4) Find the area of the region by

2
y ≤ 4 x−x
y ≤x
y ≥0
Shaded area
3 4
¿ ∫ x dx+∫ ( 4 x−x ) dx
2

0 3

[ ][ ]
3
x2 2 x
3
¿ + 2x +
2 0 3
5)
a) Verifying the curve y=x 3 and y=x 2 + 4 intersect at the point ( 2 , 8 )
b) Find the area between the 2 curves and y – axis
→
a) Check ( 2 , 8 )
y=x , 8=2 =8 True
3 3

y=x + 4 , 8=2 + 4=8 True

2 2

∴ (2 , 8) lies on both curves

b)
 2 2
Area=∫ ( x + 4 ) dx−∫ x dx
2 3

0 0

2
¿ ∫ ( x + 4−x ) dx
2 3

[ ]
2
x3 x4
¿ + 4 x−
3 4 0

¿ ( 83 +8− 164 )−0= 203

6)
a) Sketch u=√ x + 4
b) Then find the area under curve by 2 ways
 Shaded area
0

Using: A=∫ √ x + 4 dx
−4

0 1
¿ ∫ ( x+ 4 ) dx 2

−4

[ ]
3 0
2
2 ( x + 4)
¿
3 −4

16 16 2
¿ −0= unit
3 3
y=?

Using: A= ∫ x dy
y=?

| |
2
A= ∫ ( y −4 ) dy
2

|[ ]|
3 2
y
A= −4 x
3

¿(| 83 −8)−( 03 −4 ( 0 ))|

¿|−163 −0|= 163 u 2

7) ∫ x √ x −1 dx ,using u=√ x−1

1

2
u =x −1
 +1
x=u
dx=2 y du
u=√ x−1
When x=1 →u=0
When x=5 → u=2
2

∫ ( u 2+ 1 ) u 2 u du
0

∫ ( 2u 4 +2u 2 ) du
0

[ ]
2
2u 5 2u 3
¿ +
5 3 0

[ ]
5 3 2
2 2
¿ ( x−1 ) 2 + ( x−1 ) 2
5 3 0

¿ ( 25 + 23 )−( 25 − 23 )
4 2
¿ u
3

EXERCISE
Page 13

9)

3 x+1
∫ 2
dx
( 3 x + 2 x +5 )
2

Using u=3 x 2 +2 x+5

'
u =6 x +2

¿ 2 ( 3 x +1 )
 1 2 ( 3 x+ 1 )
I= ∫
2 ( 3 x 2 +2 x+5 )2
dx

[ ]
−1
1 u −1
¿ = +c
2 −1 2u

1
¿− +c
2 ( 3 x + 2 x +5 )
2

10)

∫ ( x 2−2 x ) ( x 3−3 x 2+1 )

4
dx

3 2
u=x −3 x +1
' 2
u =3 x −6 x

¿ 3 ( x 2−2 x )

1
∫
4
3 ( x −2 x ) ( x −3 x +1 ) dx
2 3 2
I=
3

1
¿
3
∫ ' 4
u u dx

5
45 ( x −3 x +1 )
3 2
¿ = +c
15 15

17)

∫ y √ y +1 dy
u= y+ 1

y=u−1

dy =du
∫ y √ y +1=∫ ( u−1 ) √u du
3 1
¿ ∫ (u ¿ −u 2 ) du ¿2

[ ]
5 3
2 2 2 2
¿ u − u
5 3

5 3
2 2 2 2
¿ ( y +1 ) − ( y +1 ) +c
5 3

18)

x
∫ dx
√ ( 2 x−1 )
u=2 x−1

u+1
x=
2

du
dx=
2

−1

∫( )
u+1 2 du
×(u)
2 2

1 −1
2 2
u u
∫4+ 4
du

3 1
2 2
2u 1 u
¿ + ×
3× 4 2 4

3 1
1 1
¿ u 2 + u 2 +c
6 2

Page 15
3)

0
A=2 ∫ ( x −4 x ) dx
3

−2

[ ]
0
x4 2
¿2 −2 x
4 −2

¿ 2 ( 0− ( 4−8 ) )

¿8

4)

y=x 4−x 3=x ( x3 −1 )

 | |
1
A= ∫ ( x − x ) dx
4 3

[ ]
1
x5 x4
¿ −
5 4 0

(| 51− 14 )−0|
¿

1 2
¿ unit
20

5)

y=x −x3 =x ( 1−x2 )

1 1
A=∫ ( x−x ) dx +2∫ ( x−x ) dx
3
3

−2 0
 [ ] [ ]
1 1
x2 x4 x2 x 4
¿ − +2 −
2 4 2 2 4 0

¿ ([ 12− 14 )−( 2−4) ]+2 [ 12 − 14 ]= 114

Page 16

SET B

1)
''
y =2 x −1

y =∫ y dx=∫ 2 x−1 dx
' ''

y =x −x +c , at x=1 , y =0
' 2 '

→ c=0

' −x
y =x

y=∫ y' dx=∫ ( x 2−x ) dx

3 2
x x
y= − + c
3 2

Subs A ( 1 ,2 )

1 1
2= − + c
3 2

13
c=
6

3 2
x x 13
∴ y= − +
3 2 6
2)

√ y−1+2 xy=3 x−2

1
2 √ y−1
dy
(
dy +2 y + x =3 dx
dx )
dy dy
+2 y +2 x =3
dx dx

dy
(
1
dx 2 √ y−1
+ 2 x =3−2 y
)
dy 3−2 y
=
dx 1
+2 x
2 √ y−1

LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS
1)

y 10

y=log 10 x
log 10 ❑ }
base 10

Also base e

y=log e x
¿ ln x }
base e

e=¿ irrational N°

2) Graph y=log e x
x=1
x=e=2.7
 y=0
y=log e e=1

3) 3 laws
a) log e ( xy )=log e x+ log e y
x
b) ln y =ln x−ln y

c) ln x m=mln x

Also: log e 1=0

log e e=1

2
log e e =2

n
log e e =n

log e ( 1e )=−1
log e 2 e=log e 2+1=1.693

Change the base

log 10 x log 10 x
log e x= =
log 10 e 0.43429

log e x log e x
log 10 x= =
log e 10 2.3
 4) Calculus
n+1
x
∫ x dx= n
n+1
+c
−1 +1
x
∫ x dx= −1+1
−1
+c

1
¿ (undefined)
0
1
∫ x −1 dx= x dx=loge x +c
d 1
Also : log e x=
dx x

5) y=log e x
' 1
y=
x

y=log e u , u=f ( x )

'
' 1 ' u
y = ×u =
u u

Eg:

 y=log ( x +1 )
' 1
y=
x+1
 y=ln 3 x
' 3 1
y= =
3x x
 y=ln ( x 2+1 )
' 2x
y= 2
x +1
 y=ln ( ax +b )
' a
y=
ax +b
 y=3 ln ( x−2 )
3
y=ln ( x−2 )
' 3
y=
x−2
1
ln ( 4 x+ 1 )
 y= =ln ( 4 x +1 )
2
2
' 1 1
y= × ×4
1
2 √ 4 x +1
( 4 x +1 ) 2

4 2
¿ =
2 ( 4 x+ 1 ) 4 x+ 1

 y=ln ( a x 2+ bx+ c )
' 1
y= 2
× ( 2 ax +b )
a x + bx+ c
' 2 ax +b
y= 2
a x + bc+ c
 ln x 2
' 1 2
y= ×2 x=
x
2
x
2 x+1
 y=ln 3 x−1 ( )
y=ln ( 2 x +1 )−ln ( 3 x−1 )
' 2 3
y= −
2 x +1 3 x −1

 y=ln [ ( x 3+ 1 )( x 2−7 x ) ]
y=ln ( x 3+1 ) + ln ( x 2−7 x )
2
' 3x 2 x−7
y= 3
+ 2
x +1 x −7 x
 y=x ln x
' 1
y =1 ( ln x )+ × x
x
¿ ln x +1
 ln x
 y= 2
x
1 2
( x ) −2 x × ln x
' x
y= 4
x
' x−2 x ln x
y= 4
x
' 1−2 ln x
y= 3
x
 y=ln( ln x ¿)¿
' 1 1
y= ×
ln x x
 y=log 10 x
log e x
¿
log e 10
' 1
y=
x log e 10
4
 y=( log e x )
Using Power Law
 y=ln [ ( 2 x +1 )4 × (3−5 x )3 ]
4 3
y=ln ( 2 x +1 ) + ln ( 3−5 x )
4 (2 x +1 )3 × 2 3 ( 3−5 x )2 × 5
y'= 4
+ 3
( 2 x +1 ) ( 3−5 x )
3 2
8 ( 2 x +1 ) −15 ( 3−5 x )
y'= 4
+ 3
( 2 x +1 ) ( 3−5 x )
' 8 15
y= −
2 x +1 3−5 x
4
y= [ log e ( x ) ] , using POWER law
u=log e x
' 1
u=
x
4
y=u
 ' 3 '
y =4 x ×u
' 3 1
y =4 log e x ×
x
3
4 log e x
¿
x

2
y=x
'
y =?
log e both sides

ln y =ln ( x x )
ln y =x ln x
Derivative both sides to x
1 dy ' '
× =u v + v u
y dx
1
¿ ln x + x
x
¿ 1+ln x
dy
= y (1+ ln x )
dx
dy 2
=x ( 1+ln x )
dx

d 1
ln x=
dx x

1
then∫ dx=ln x + c
x

' '
d u u
ln u= ,∫ dx=lnu+ c
dx u u

d a
ln ( ax +b )=
dx ax +b
 log e ( ax +b )
∫ ax1+b dx= a

EXERCISE: The Logarithmic function

Page 14

1)

a) y=log 3 x

' 3 1
y= =
3x x

7 1
b ¿ log e 7 x → =
7x x

2
c ¿ 2 log e x →
x

4
d ¿ x+ 4 log x →1+
x

1
e ¿ log x + π →
x

x 1
f ¿ ln →
2 x

3
g ¿ 3 log 5 x →
x

3 4 2 1
h ¿ 4 x −ln x → 12 x −
3 x

2)
 ' 2
a ¿ F ( log ( 2 x+ 5 ) )=
2 x+5

b¿ F'¿

' 2
c ¿ F ( log ( 3+2 x )) =
3+ 2 x

1
d ¿ log ( 4−x ) →−
4−x

7
e ¿ log e ( 4+7 x ) →
4 +7 x

5
f ¿ log ( 2−5 x ) →−
2−5 x

−1
g ¿ x−ln ( 1−x ) →1−
1−x

1
→ 1+
1−x

5)

a) e log e=e

1 1 −1
b ¿ ln =
e e e

c) 3 log e e2 =3× 2=6

e 1
d ¿ ln √ e =
2

e) e log e e 3−e log e → 3e−e=2 e

1
f ¿ log e e +log e =0
e

g) log e 2=e
h) log ( log ee )=log e=1

i) log ⁡¿

6)

a) ln ( x 2 +5 x )=2 ln ( x+ 1 )

ln ( x 2 +5 x )=ln ( x +1 )
2

2 2
x + 5 x =x +2 x+ 1

3 x=1

1
x=
3

b) log ( 7 x−12 )=2 log x

2
log ( 7 x−12 )=log x

2
x −7 x +12=0

( x−4 ) ( x−3 ) =0

x=3.4

7) Differentiate

a) log ( x 2 +1 )
2x
→ 2
x +1
b) log ( x 2 +3 x+2 )
2 x +3
→ 2
x +3 x+2
c) ln ( 2−x 2)
 −2 x
→ 2
2−x
d) log e ( 1+2 √ x )
1
→
√ x ( 1+2 √ x )

8)

a) log 7 x 2=log7+ log x 2

' 2x 2
y= =
x
2
x

b) log 5 x 3=log 5+ log x 3

2
3x 3
'
y= 3 =
x x
c) log √ x
' 1 1 1
y= × =
√x 2 √ x 2 x
3
()
d) log x =log 3−log x

' −1
y=
x

9)

e log x
a) y=log 2 x= log 2
e

' 1 1 1
y= × =
x log e 2 x log e 2

10)
 a) x log x
1
→ 1 x ln x+ × x
x
→∈+ 1u
b) x log e ( 2 x+ 1 )
2
→ 1× ln ( 2 x +1 ) + ×x
2 x +1
2x
→ ln ( 2 x +1 ) +
2 x +1

d ¿ √ x log e x

1 1
→ ×log e x+ × √ x
2√x x

log x √ x
→ +
2 √x x

11)

' 1
m= y =
x

At x=e 2

1
m= 2
e

At x=e 2 , y =log e 2=2

1
y−2= 2
( x −e 2)
e

1 1
y= 2
x−1+2= 2 +1
e e
12)

1 1
at x= , y =log e =−1
e e

' 1 1
m= y = , at x=
x e

−1
mT =e → mN =
e

y +1=
−1
e ( )
x−
1
e

−1 1
y= x+ 2
e e

x−∫ ¿

Let y=0

x 1
=1− 2
e e

1
x=e−
e

LOGARITHM FUNCTION
1) Remind
d 1
a) dx log e x= x
1
Then ∫ x dx=log e x +c
d 1
b) dx log E ( ax +b )= ax+ b × a
a
¿
ax +b
 1 log e (ax+b)
then: ∫ dx= +c
ax +b a
'
d 1 ' u
c) log e u= × u =
dx u u
'
u
then: ∫ dx=log e u+ c
u

2)
a) y=ln ( 2 x +1 )6 ( 3−5 x )2
'
y =?
' 6 2
Rearrange y=ln ( 2 x +1 )6 +ln ( 3−5 x )2 y = 2 x +1 × 2+ 3−5 x ×−5

' 12 10
y= −
2 x +1 3−5 x
1+ x
( )
'
b) y=log e 1−x → y =?

y=log e ( 1+ x )−log e ( 1−x )

' 1 1
y= − × (−1 )
1+ x 1−x
' 1 1
y= +
1+ x 1−x

3) Find the integrals

1
a) ∫ x dx=loge x +c
3
b) ∫ 2 dx=3 loge x +c
1
c) ∫ 1+ x dx=loge ( 1+ x ) +c
1
d) ∫ x+ 5 dx=loge ( x +5 ) + c
4 2
e) ∫ 2 x−1 dx=2 ∫ 2 x−1 dx=2 loge ( 2 x−1 ) + c
 3 −3 −4 −3
f) ∫ 5−4 x dx = 4 ∫ 5−4 x dx= 4
log e ( 5−4 x ) +c

2x log ( x +1 ) 2
g) ∫ 2 dx=2 x × =log e ( x + 1 ) +c
2

x +1 2x
2
log e (x + 4 x−1) 1
h) ∫ x 2+x+ 2
4 x−1
dx=( x +2 ) +
2(x +2)
2
= log e (x + 4 x−1)+c
2

8x log e ( 3−5 x 2) −4
i) ∫ dx =8 x = log e ( 3−5 x 2) + c
3−5 x 2
−10 x 5

4)
4
1
i ¿∫ dx
0 x+ 4
4
¿ [ log e ( x+ 4 ) ]0=ln 8−ln 4=ln 2
e
1
ii ¿∫ dx
1 x
e
¿ [ ln x ]1 =ln e−ln 1=1
e
1
iii ¿ ∫ dx
√e
x+ 1
e
¿ [ ln ( x +1 ) ] √ e

¿ ln ( e +1 )−ln ( √ e+1 )
ln ( e+1 )
¿ =0.399
ln ( √ e+1 )

5) Sketch
a) y=x ln x
ln x
b) y= x
x
c) y= ln x

d) y=x 2 ln x
 ln x
e) y= 2
x
f) y= ( ln x )2

N.B: x → ∞
x
ln x < x <e
y=ln x
1
y=1 × ln x + ( x )
x
'
y =ln x +1
'' 1
y =
x
For stationary
'
let y =0
ln x=−1
1
x=
e
1
x= =0.3
e
'' 1 1
y = = =e
x 1
e
y > 0 ∴ Min
''

Min TP at e ;− e (1 1)
Min ( 0.3 ,−0.3 )
Inflexion
Let y ' ' =0
'' 1
y = ≠0
x
∴ no inflexion pt
x/y intercept
 x=0 → y=ln(0) is undefined
y=0→ x ln x =0 → x=1

Other values:
x=e , y=x ln x =e ln e=e=2.7
x→0
∴ y=x ln x → 0

6) Harder Question
1
∫ x ln x dx
using u=ln x
du 1
=
dx x
dx
du=
x
1 1
¿ ∫ × dx
u x
1
¿ ∫ du
u
¿ log e u+c=ln(ln x )+ c

7) y=x ln x
 y ' =?
' 1
y =1 × ln x + × x
x
'
y =ln x +1
 ln x dx=?
d
∴ −x ln x=1+ln x
dx
∴∫ ( 1+ ln x ) dx=x ln x +c
 ∫ dx+∫ ln x dx=x ln x

8) y=ln ( x+ √ x 2 +1 )
' 1
Show: y =
√ x 2 +1
'
u
y=ln u→
u
u=x+ √ x 2 +1
'
u =1+
(√
2 x 2+1
1
×2 x
)
' x
u =1+
√ x2 +1
x
1+
u
y= =
' √ '
x 2 +1
u x + √ x 2+1

√ x 2+1+ x
¿ √2
x 2+1
√ x +1+ x
1
¿
√ x 2 +1

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y=e

x

1) Graph: y=e x
 x
lim e =0
x→−∞

Also
x
lim x ×e =0
x→−∞

∴ lim x . e x =0
(depend on the function – the rate of change)
x
ln x < x <e

2) Index law
m n m +n
e ×e =e
m n m −n
e ÷ e =e
n
( e m ) =e mn
2
( e x ) =e 2 x
2 2

}
x
y =e
3) y=ln x
inverse each other

4)
x
ln e =x
ln x
e =x
Proof: let y=ln x
 ∴ e y =x
∴ e ln x =x
2 x+ 1
ln e =2 x +1
ln 2 x+1
e =2 x +1
2
2
e 2 ln(x +1)=e ln ( x+1 ) = ( x+1 )

5) Calculus – derivative
a) y=e x
Then y ' =e x
Proof: y=e x
x=ln y
dx 1
=
dy y
dy x
then = y =e
dx
b) y=eax +b
' ax+b
y =e ×a
c) y=eu
' u '
y =e ×u
d) y=e f ( x )
' f (x )
y =e × f ' (x )

6) Eg: find y’
a) y=3 e x
' x
y =3 e
b) y=e5 x → y ' =5 e5 x
c) y=e1− x → y ' =−e 1−x
2

d) y=e x +3 x +1
2

y ' =e x +3 x+1 ( 2 x +3 )
 ¿ ( 2 x+3 ) ( e )
2
x +3 x+1

7)
2 x
y=x ×e
' x x 2
y =2 x e + e x
'
y =0 , x=0 ,−2
x
e
y=
x
' e x ( x ) −1 ( e x )
y= 2
x
x
e ( x−1 )
¿
x2
'
y =0 , x=1

8) Different base
x
y=2
' x
y =2 x × ln 2
Proof:
x
y=2
Then x=log y
log e y
x=
log e 2
dx 1 1
= ×
dy ln 2 y
dy x
then =log e 2 × y=log e 2 ×2
dx
in general
x ' x
y=a , y =a × ln a
Eg: y=10 x−1 , y ' =10 x−1 log e 10
2 x+1 ' 2 x+1
y=10 , y =10 × log e 10 ×2
 9) Integration
d x x
a) From dx e =e

Then ∫ e dx=e + c
x x

d ax +b ax+ b
b) From dx e =e ×a

ax+ b
e
Then∫ e
ax+b
dx= +c
a
d u u '
c) From dx e =e × u

Then ∫ u e du=e +c
' u u

Eg: ∫ e
2 x+1
dx

2 x+1
e
¿ +c
2

∫ 3 e 3 x−2 dx
3 x−2
e 3 x−2
¿3× =e +c
3
1
x
∫ e 2 dx
1
x 1
e2 x
¿ =2 e 2 +c
1
2

10)
∫ 3 e x dx=e x + c
2 2


∫ ( 2 x +1 ) e x +x dx
2


2
u=x + x
'
u =2 x +1
 ∫ u ' e u dx=e x + x + c
2

 ∫ 2 x e dx
3
2 x +1

2
∫
3
2 x +1
3 x e dx
3
2 x +1 3

¿ e +c
3

11)
x

 ∫ e e+1
x
dx

¿ ∫ 1+
( ) 1
e
x
dx

−x
e
¿ x+ +c
−1
−x
¿ x−e + c
x
e
 ∫ x dx
e +1

Let u=e x + 1
' x
u =e
'
∫ uu dx
¿ log e u=log e ( e x +1 )
1
 ∫ e x +1 dx
x x
1+ e −e
¿∫ x
dx
e +1

( )
x
e
¿ ∫ 1− x
dx
e +1

¿ x−ln ( e x +1 )
x

 ∫ ee x−1
+1
dx
 ( )
x
e 1
¿∫ x
− x dx
e +1 e +1

¿ ln ( e x +1 ) −¿
¿ 2 ln ( e x +1 )− x

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
1) Remind
∫ e x dx=e x + c
ax +b
e
∫e ax +b
dx=
a
+c

∫ u ' e u dx=e u+ c
Eg:

[ ]
2 2
e2 x+1
i ¿∫ e
2 x+1
dx =
0
2 0

[ ]
5 1
e e
¿ −
2 2

1
¿ e ( e −1 )
4
2

2
ii ¿ ∫ x e dx
2
x

−1

let u=x2
'
u =2 x
2
1
21
∫ 2 x e u dx
 2
1
21
∫ ' u
u e dx

1 u 1 x 2 1 4
¿ ( e )= [ e ]1= [ e −e ]
2

2 2 2

1 √x
iii ¿ ∫ e dx
√x
using u=√ x
2
x=u

dx=2u du

1 u
¿ ∫ e 2 u du
u

¿ ∫ 2 e du
u

u
¿2e +c

¿ 2 e√x+ c

2) With other base:

∫ e x dx=e x + c
x
∫ 10 x dx= ln1010 + c
x
∫ ax dx= lna a +c

Eg:
3 x+ 4
2
∫2 3 x+1
dx=
ln 2× 3
+c

3) Solve for x:
x −x
e −2e −1=0
 x 2
e− x
−1=0
e
2
( e x ) −2−e x=0
Let e x = X
2
X −2−X =0
( X −2 ) ( X +1 )=0
( e x −2 ) ( e x +1 )=0
 e x =2
x=log e 2

 e x =−1
No solution

4) Special limit for (curve sketching)

x→∞ , y→∞
x → - ∞, y →0

x→∞ , y→0
x →−∞ , y → ∞
Find: [Hint: use Rate of Change]
x
lim x e =0
i) x→−∞

−x
ii) lim x e =0
x→ ∞

x x
lim x e =0
iii) x→ -∞

3 −x
iv) lim x e =0
x→ ∞

5) Sketch y=x e x
y =? (max\min)
'

y =? (inflexion pt?)
''

Also x, y intercept
Special value
x=0 , x=−1 , x=2 , x=2
x
y=x e
' ' '
y =u v + v u
x x
¿1e +e x
' x
y =e ( 1+ x )
y ' ' =e x (1+ x ) +1 ( e x )
¿ e x ( x+ 2 )
For Max/Min
Let y ' =0 , e x ( 1+ x )=0
x
e >0 1+ x=0
x=−1
Check y n=e−1 ( 2−1 )
1
¿ >0
e
 Min occurs at
−1 −1
y=−1e =
e

∴ Min −1 ,−( 1
e )
also inflexion
let y ' ' =0
e x ( x+ 2 )=0
x
e >0 x=−2

Check for inflexion

x −3 −2 0
y'' −¿ 0 +¿
y ' ' changes sign

∴ inflexion at −2 ,− ( 2
e
2 )

Other values:
x=0 , y=0
y=0 , x=0
x →−∞ , y → 0

6) Sketch: y=x 2 e x
a) Show that
 y ' =x e x ( 2+ x )
b) y ' ' =e x ( x2 + 4 x+ 2 )
c) Find Max/Min, inflexion
d) Sketch it

a) y ' =2 x e x + e x x 2
x
¿ x e ( 2+ x )
b) y ' ' =2 e x + e x 2 x+ e x x 2 +2 x e x
y ' ' =e x ( 2+ 2 x + x 2 +2 x )
¿ e x ( 2+4 x+ x 2 )
c) Let y ' ' =0

TOPIC: ARC LENGTH AND SECTOR AREA

1)
Given: r =¿ OA, ∠=θ
Find l=¿ AB

l= AB=rθ
Where θ in radians
Proof:
l θ θ
ratio : = =
circumference 360 ° 2 π
l θ
=
2 πr 2 π
 ∴ l=rθ

Eg:

π
l=3. =π cm=3.14 cm
3

2) The sector area

r , θ given

Then Area ¿ ?
1 2
Shade area ¿ A= 2 r θ

θ: radian

Proof
Area A
ratio :
˚ θ ¿
Areaof the whole ¿=
2π
A θ
=
π r 2π
2

1 2
A= r . θ
2

Eg:
 1 2
Sector area ¿ 2 r .θ

1 2 π
¿ (5 ) .
2 4

25 π
¿
8

3) Segment area

Segment area A=sector OAB−∆ OAB

1 2 1 2
A= r θ− r sinθ
2 2
1 2
A= r ( θ−sin θ )
2

Eg:
Shaded area ¿ sector OAB−∆ OAB

1 2 π 1 2 π
A= 6 . − .6 . sin
2 4 2 4

9π
A= −9 √ 2
2

4) Estimate the rae inder the curve

2 method
a) Trapezoidal method
b) Simpson’s method

5) Trapezoidal method

A ≈ area of ABCD
1
≈ h ( a+ b )
2
 1
≈ h ( F ( a ) + F ( b ))
2
Using 2 subintervals (2 trapeziums)

b−a
h=
2
h ( F 0 + F 1) h ( F1 + F 2 )
A= +
2 2
h
Total Area ¿ 2 [ F 0 + F1 + F 1+ F 2 ]
h
¿ [F 0 +2 F1 + F 2 ]
a
In general, if we have n subintervals
h
Area A= 2 [ F 0+ F n +2 ( F 1+ F 2 +… ) ]
b−a
Where h= n

Eg: estimate the area of y=x 2 for x, from 2 to 6 using 2 subintervals. Compare it to
the exact value.
 6−2
h= =2
2

 2 subintervals

¿ 3 function values F 0 , F 1 , F 2

x 2 4 6
F0 F1 F2
2
y=x 2 2 2
2 =4 4 =16 6 =36
h
Area= [ F + F +2 F 1 ]
2 0 2

2
¿
2
[ 4 +36+2 ( 16 ) ]= 72cm
2

 Exact value

[ ]
6 6
x3
A=∫ x dx=
2

2
3 2

( )( )
3 3
6 2 1
− =69
3 3 3

1
72−69
3
Error in % ¿ 1
× 100 %
69
3
¿ 3.85 %

Note: if we double number of subintervals, error in % is reduced by 4 times

6) Simpson’s method

Using parabalo to estimate → better ans

 If y=f (x ) is quadratic then this method gives answer equal to exact value
 Using only even N° of subintervals i.e 2, 4, 6 … subintervals
 If we double N° of subintervals the error is reduced by 16 times
Formula

b−a
h=
n
h
A≈ [ F + F + 4 ( F 1+ F 3 + F 5+ … ) +2 ( F 2+ F 4 + F 6 +… ) ]
3 0 n

Eg: using the simspon’s method ti find the area of y=x 2 (x from 2 to 4)
Using 4 subintervals

6−2 4
h= = =1
4 4

x 2 3 4 5 6
y=x
2
4 9 16 25 36
1
A=
3
[ 4+ 36+ 4 ( 9+25 )+2 ( 16 ) ]

208
A= unites square
3

6
¿ ∫ x dx
2

208
¿
3

Volume of Solid of Revolution – Rate of Change

1) Rotate by x – axis
 Volume of one slide
2
V 1=π r ∆ x , V 2 , V 3 , …

Total of N° of Small slices

h
¿ ∑ π r2 ∆ x
a

Exact value, let ∆ x →0

b
V = lim
∆x →0
∑ π r2 ∆ x
x=a

b
V = ∫ π y dx , y=f ( x )
2

x=a

b
V =π ∫ f ( x ) dx
2

Note
b
A=∫ f (x ) dx
a

Eg:
 Find V of the solid of Revolution
Formula
3
V = ∫ π y dx
2

x=1

[ ]
3 3
x5
¿ ∫ π x dx=π
4

1
5 1

π 5 5
¿ ( 3 −1 )
5

2) Given y=x 2−2 x ,rotate by x – axis. Find V of solid generated

[ ]
2 y=x 2−2 x
V =∫ π y dx y 2=( x 2−2 x )2
2

0 4 3 2
¿ x −4 x + 4 x
2
V =∫ π ( x −4 x +4 x ) dx
4 3 2

0
 [ ]
2
x5 4 4x
3
¿π −x +
5 3 0

[( ) ]
3
25 4 2 .4 16
¿π −2 + −0 = π
5 3 6

3) Rotate by y – axis

By x – axis: V =∫ π y 2 dx
a

By y – axis: V =∫ π x 2 dy
c

Where y=f (x ) then change to x x=g( y)

Eg:

y= √ x

Rotate by y – axis
Formulae:

[
2 y=√ x
V =∫ π x dy y 2=x
2

1 2 4
x =y

2
V =∫ π y dy
4

[ ]
2
y5
¿π
5 1

31
¿ π
5

4) Between the 2 curves:

2
y=x =g ( x )
Rotate by x – axis
Shaded volume = ?
1 1
V =∫ π f ( x ) dx−∫ π g ( x ) dx
2 2

0 0

1
¿ ∫ π [ f ( x )−g ( x ) ] ×dx
2 2

0
 V =V 1−V 2
1 1
¿ ∫ π x dx−∫ π ( x ) dx
2 2 2

0 0

1
¿ π ∫ ( x −x ) dx
2 4

[ ]
1
x 3 x5
¿π −
3 5 0

¿π
[( ) ]
1 1
− −0
3 5
2π
¿
15

5)

y= √ x
Rotate by x – axis
x= 4

∫ π y 2 dx
x=0

4
¿ π 2 ( 4 )−∫ πx dx
2

16
¿ 16 π− π
2
6) Rate of Change
Note:
dy
y ¿ x→
dx
dv
V ¿h→
dh
dx
x ¿time →
dt
Also the chain rule
y=f ( x ) , x=f ( t )
dy
Ask: rate of change of y to time t, dt ?
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt

7) Eg: The icecube is melting

Side is x reduced by the rate 2cm/min

Find the ratio of change of its value, when x=40 cm
dx
Given dt =2 cm/min
dV
→ find
dt
dV dV dx
= ×
dt dx dt
3 ' 2
V =x →V =3 x
 dV 2
∴ =3 x ×2
dt
2
¿ 6 x ,at x=40
3
¿ 9600 cm /min
(reduced)

8) Sphere

Find the rate of change of the surface area, at r =30 cm

 Radius is increased by the rate 5 cm/min

dr
 Given 5 cm/min= dt s

Surface area A

→ Find
dA
dt (
not
dA
dr )
dA dA dr
= ×
dt dr dt
dA
[surface area formula A=4 π r 2 dr =8 πr ]
dA
∴ =8 πr × 5
dt
¿ 40 πr
¿ 40 π ×3 0
 dA 3
=1200 π cm /min
dt

APPLICATION of SERIES
1) Remind
Compound interest, Alex invests $ 1000 for 6 Y, rate¿ 8 % p.a, compounded
yearly. Find the total after 6 Y
n
A=P ( 1+r )

( )
6
8
¿ 1000 1+ =$ 1568.8
100

2) Addition to investment
Alex invests $1000 at a start of eacg year for 6 Y. the rate at 8 % p.a
compound yearly.
Total after 6Y?

Multiple of A , A 1 , A 2 … A 6 ?

… A6 =1000 ( 1.08 )

Total ¿ 1000(1.08+1.08 2+ 1.083+ 1.084 … 1.086 )

 a=1.0 8
r =1.08 , n=6

n
a(r −1)
∑ S n= r−1

Or if r <1

a ( 1−r n )
Sn =
1−r

3) Addition to investment is used in superannuation

Eg: Mr&Ms Smith contribute $100 at start of each month to their supper
account where r =12% p.a compounded monthly. Find the total after 12 Y
→
n
A=P ( 1+r )
r =12% p . a
12%
¿ p.m
12
¿1% p.m
n=20 Y
¿ 20 ×12
¿ 240 months
240
A1=100 ( 1+0.01 )
240
¿ 100 ( 1.01 )
239
A2=100 ( 1.01 )
…
The last investment ¿ A240 =100 ( 1.01 )1
Total ¿ 100 [ 1.01+1.012+ …+1.01240 ]
GP ¿ a=1.01
2
1.01
r= =1.01
1.01
n=240
 1.01 ( 1.01 240−1 )
¿ 100 × =$ 98925
1.01−1

4) Time payment
Eg: Ben borrow $2000 at 12% p.a reducible each year. He needs to pay
equal instalments each year for 4 years. Find the amount of each instalment.
→ $M

After 1st year, amount still owned is

1
A1=2000 ( 1.12 ) −$ M

After 2nd year, amount owned

A2= A 1 ( 1.12 ) −M

¿ ( 2000 ( 1.12 )1−M ) 1.12−M

2
A2=2000× 1.12 −M (1+1.12 )
After 3rd year, owned:
A3 =A 2 × 1.12−M

¿ ( 2000 ×1.122 −M ( 1+1.12 ) ) ×1.12

A3 =2000× 1.123−M ( 1+ 1.12+ 1.122 )

After 4th year
A 4=2000 ×1.12 4−M ( 1+ 1.12+ 1.122+1.123 )
Pay off let A 4=0
2000 ×1.124 −M ( 1+ 1.12+ 1.122+1.123 ) =0
M ( 1+ 1.12+ 1.122+1.123 ) =2000 ×1.124
a=1
r =1.12
n=4

M [ 1.12−1 ]
1 ( 1.124 −1 ) 4
=2000 ×1.12 =$ 658.47
5) Cindy borrows $100000 for homeloan for 20Y at 6% p.a, reducib;e each
year. Calculate year;y payment? ($M)
1st year amount still owned
A1=100000 ( 1.06 )−$ M

2nd year
A2=100000 × 10× 62−M ( 1+1.06+1.06 2 )

M ( 1+ 1.061 +1.062 +…+1.06 19) =100000 ×1.0620

M ( 1.06−1 )
1 ( 1.06−1 )
=$ 8718.38

6) Rate of change
Container

The height of water is ↑ at the rate 20cm/sec.

Find the ratio of change of this voloume of water at h=4 cm

[ ]
dV
dt
?

dV dV dh
= ×
dt dh dt
1 2
V shaded = π r h
3
 Subs r in terms of h
1 2
V water = π r h
3

( )
2
1 3h
V= π h
3 8
2
π 3h
V= ×
64
3
3πh
V=
64
2
dV 9 π h
=
dh 64
2 2
dV 9 π h 9πh
= × 2=
dt 64 32
dV 9 π
at h=4 ∴ =
dt 2

7) Rate of change
A kite is 50 m high carried horizontally the wind at the race 4m/sec.
Find the rate of change of the string when the length of the string is 100 m

dl
Find dt
dl dl dx
= ×
dt dx dt
x
¿ ×4
l
 At l=100
x=√ 1002−50 2=50 √ 3
dl 50 √ 3 √ 3
= =
dt 100 2

TRIGONOMETRY CALCULUS
1)
d
( sin x ) ,∫ cos x dx
dx

2) The basic inequality:

If ∠ x small, and in radians, we have:
sin x < x< tan x

3) sin x < x< tan x

x 1
1< <
sin x cos x
x
x → 0 1< <1
sin x
x
→ lim =1
x→0 sin x
sin x
lim =1
x →0 x
x→0
x ≈ sin x ≈ tan x
sin x x
= =1
x x

Similar:

tan x
lim =1
x →0 x
Eg: find:

sin 2 x
lim =?
x →0 x

¿ lim
x→ 0 [ sin2 x
2x
×2
]
sin 2 x
¿ 2 lim
x→ 0 2x

¿ 2 ×1=2

tan 3 x
lim
x →0 4x

¿ lim
x→ 0 [ tan 3 x 3
3x
×
4 ]
3 tan3 x
¿ lim
4 x→ 0 3 x

3
¿
4

4)
a) y=sin x
'
y =cos x

Proof: if y=f ( x )

dy f ( x+ h )−f ( x )
then =lim
dx h →0 h

sin ( x +h ) −sin x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h
 sin x cos h+sin h cos x−sin x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

¿ lim
h→ 0 [ sin x ( cos h−1 ) sin h
h
+
h
cos x ]
¿ 0+1

¿ cos x

b) y=cos x
'
y =−sin x

Proof: change cos x=sin ( 90 °−x )

y ' =cos ( 90 °−x ) × (−1 )

'
y =sin x (−1 )

'
y =−sin x

c) y=tan x
' 2
y =sec x

Proof:

sin x
y=tan x=
cos x

'
u v−v ' u
y '=
v

cos x cos x−(−sin x sin x )

y'= 2
cos x
' 2 2
y =1+ tan x=sec x

d) y=cot x
' 2
y =csc x
 5) Also
' du
y=sinu , y =cos u×
dx
' du
y=cos u , y =−sin u×
dx
' 2 du
y=tan u , y =sec u ×
dx

Eg: find y’

 y=sin2 x
'
y =cos 2 x ×2=2 cos 2 x

( π
 y=cos 3 x + 6 )
(
y ' =−sin 3 x+
π
6
×3)
 y=tan 3 x
' 2
y =3 sec 3 x
 y=sin( x 2)
' 2
y =2 x sin x
 y=sin2 x
'
y =2 sin x × cos x × 1

6) y ' =¿ ?
 y=sin ( ln x )
1 cos ( ln x )
¿ cos ( ln x ) × =
x x
 y=cos e x
' x x x x
y =−sin e × e =−e sin e
 y=e tan x
 ' 2 tan x
y =sec x e
 y=ln ( sin x )
' 1
y= ×cos x=cot x
sin x

7) Integration
d
a) From dx sin x=cos x

Then ∫ cos x dx=sin x + c

d
b) From dx cos x=−sin x

Then ∫ sin x dx=−cos x+ c

d 2
c) From dx tan x=sec x

Then ∫ sec x dx=tan x+ c

2

Eg:

 ∫ 3 cos 2 x dx
3× sin 2 x
¿ +c
2
1
 ∫ 2 sin ( 2 x+ 60° ) dx
1 cos ( 2 x+60 ° )
¿ ×− +c
2 2
¿−cos ( 2 x+ 60° )

 ∫ sec2 2 x dx
tan 2 x
¿ +c
2
 8) Find the area under the graph y=sin x ,x from o → π

Area ¿ ∫ sin x dx
0

π
¿ [ −cos x ] 0
¿−[ cos π−cos 0 ]
¿−[ −1−1 ] =2 unit
2

9) y=x sin x
'
y =?
'
y =1 ×sin x +cos x × x
'
y =sin x + x cos x

Reminder
'
y=cos x → y =−sin x
'
y=sin x → y =cos x
' 2
y=tan x → y =sec x

d
( sin u )=cos u ×u'
dx

d '
cos u=−sin u ×u
dx
1) Futher Trigonometric Perivatives
dy
(I) If y=sec x , dx =sec x tan x

Proof y=sec x

1 −1
¿ =( cos x )
cos x

¿ sec x tan x

dy
(II) If y=csc x , dx =−csc x cot x

Proof: y=csc x
−1
¿ ( sin x )

' −2
y =−( sin x ) ×cos x

1
¿− × cos x
( sin x )2

1 cos x
¿− ×
sin x sin x

¿−csc x × cot x

dy 2
(III) If y=cot x , dx =−csc x

Proof: y=cot x

y=tan−1 ( x )

' −2 2
y =−( tan x ) × sec x

2
−sec x
'
y= 2
tan x
2
' −1 cos x
y= 2
× 2
cos x sin x
 ' −1 2
y= 2
=−csc x
sin x

dy
Example: find dx :

a) y=ln ( tan 2 x )
1 2
y= ×2 sec 2 x
tan2 x
2
' 2 sec 2 x cos 2 x 1
y= = × ×2
tan 2 x sin 2 x cos2 2 x
' 2
y=
sin 2 x cos 2 x
' 4 4
y= =
2 sin2 x cos 2 x sin 4 x
b) y=csc (2 x−5 )
'
y =−csc ( 2 x−5 ) ×cot ( 2 x−5 ) ×2
c) y=cot ( 1−2 x )
' 2
y =−csc ( 1−2 x ) ×−2
y ' =2 csc 2 ( 1−2 x )
d) y=sec x 2
' 2 2
y =2 x sec x tan x

2) Trigonometric integration
∫ sin x dx=−cos x+ c
∫ cos x dx=sin x + c
∫ sec2 x =tan x +c
∫ csc2 x=−cot x + c
∫ sec x tan x=sec x+ c
∫ csc x cot x=−csc x +c
a) ∫ tan x dx
sin x
¿∫ dx
cos x
Let u=cos x ,u' =−sin x
'
u
¿−∫ dx=−ln u+ c
u
¿−ln |cos x|+ c

b) ∫ cot x dx
cos x
¿∫ dx
sin x
Let u=sin x
'
u =cos x
'
u
¿∫ dx
u
¿ ln u+ c
¿ ln |sin x|+ c

c) ∫ sec x dx
¿ ∫ sec x ( secsecxx+tan
tan x )
x
dx

2
sec x tan x+ sec x
¿∫ dx
sec x +tan x
'
u
¿∫ dx
u
¿ ln |sec x+ tan x|+c

d) ∫ csc x dx
csc x−cot x
¿ ∫ csc x
csc x−cot x
2
−csc x cot x +csc x
¿∫ dx
csc x −cot x
¿ ln |csc x−cot x|+ c
e) i) Find sin2 x dx
ii) Find cos 2 x dx
 2 2
cos 2 x=cos x−sin x
2
¿ 1−2 sin x
i) 2 sin2 x =1−cos 2 x
2
2 1−cos x
sin x=
2
∫ sin 2 x dx
¿∫ ( 12 − cos22 x ) dx
x sin 2 x
¿ − +c
2 4
ii) 2 cos2 x=cos 2 x +1
2 cos 2 x +1
cos x=
2

∫ cos 2 x dx=∫ ( 12 + cos22 x ) dx

x sin 2 x
¿ + +c
2 4
f) using u substitution
Find:
i) ∫ sin x cos x dx
3

ii) ∫ cos 4 x sin x dx

0

π
3
iii) ∫ tan7 x sec 2 x dx
0

i) ∫ sin x cos x dx
3

let u=sin x

du=cos x dx
¿ ∫ u du
3

4
u
¿ +c
4

( sin x ) 4
¿ +c
4

ii) ∫ cos 4 x sin x dx

0

let u=cos x

du=−sin x dx

When x=0 , u=1

x=π , u=−1

−1
¿−∫ u du
4

[ ]
1
u5
¿
5 −1

1 −1 2
¿ −
5 5
=
5 ( )
π
3
iii) ∫ tan7 x sec 2 x dx
0

let u=tan x , du=sec 2 x dx

x=0 , u=0

π
x= , u= √ 3
3

√3
I =∫ u7 du
0
 [ ]
√3
u8
¿
8 0

81
¿
8

3) Sketch y=sin x , y=cos x

Find the intersection pts then the area b.w the two curve
(0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π )

Solve for A and B

y=sin x
y=cos x
tan x=1
π 5π
x= ,
4 4

y= √ ,− √
2 2
2 2

∴A ( π4 , √22 ) , B ( 54π ,− √22 )

5π
4

I =∫ (sin x −cos x)dx

π
4

5π
¿ [ −cos x−sin x ]
4
π
4

¿ 2 √2 u
2