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Unit 5

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27 views10 pages

Unit 5

Uploaded by

Khushi Dwivedi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT 5: NON-AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY

Classification of solvents

Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories: polar and non-polar. A
special case is mercury, whose solutions are known as amalgams; also,
other metal solutions exist which are liquid at room temperature.

Generally, the dielectric constant of the solvent provides a rough measure of a


solvent's polarity. The strong polarity of water is indicated by its high dielectric
constant of 88 (at 0 °C). Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are
generally considered to be nonpolar.

The dielectric constant measures the solvent's tendency to partly cancel the field
strength of the electric field of a charged particle immersed in it. This reduction
is then compared to the field strength of the charged particle in a
vacuum. Heuristically, the dielectric constant of a solvent can be thought of as
its ability to reduce the solute's effective internal charge. Generally, the
dielectric constant of a solvent is an acceptable predictor of the solvent's ability
to dissolve common ionic compounds, such as salts.

Classification of Solvent`s
Solvent:

The Solvent is one medium, usually liquid (major component) can also be a
solid form or gas form it has the capability of dissolving a solute is one or more
than two and results in a solution.
ex: NaCl (small quantity) is ionized in water (large amount) to give brine
solution or saltwater
NaCl is solute, and water is Solvent mixed well to give a solution.
The Solvent's classified into two categories one is inorganic, and another is an
organic solvent:
Molecular structure of a solvent:
The tendency of any solute to dissolve in a liquid medium without any chemical
change
Types of the molecular structure of the solvent as bellow
 Inorganic Solvent:
 Organic Solvent:
Inorganic Solvent:

Water is an inorganic solvent that does not have carbon atoms in it, and it is one
of the most abundant Solvents in the universe or We may know as the universal
solvent
Examples Water, Liquid Ammonia, Sulfuric Acid, etc...

Organic Solvent:

Organic Solvent contains carbon atoms in chemical structures and these


chemicals classified into two-three types

 Hydrocarbon solvents
 Oxygenated solvents
 Halogenated solvents
Hydrocarbon solvents:

Solvent have mostly been linked with hydrogens and carbons both in a structure
are known as hydrocarbon solvents, The hydrocarbon manufactured in the
process of refined crude oil or derivative products of petrol, these solvents
obtained as aliphatic and aromatic this components collected in different
fractions depend upon their boiling point

Non-Polar Solvents

Oxygenated solvents:

Oxygenated Solvents contain hydrogen carbons and oxygens to the chemical


structure. Oxygenated Solvent has entirely miscible with water solvents that
have high-level purity and good solvency power.

Halogenated solvents:

Halogenated solvents are organic solvents that include halogens in their


structure, such as bromine, chlorine, Fluorine iodine

 These halogenated solvents are highly toxic


Examples:
ccl4, chcl3, chcl2, Ch2br, Chlorobenzene,

Non-Halogenated Solvent:

The non-halogenated organic solvents are widely used in chemical industries


because their lower toxic nature compared to halogenated Solvent contains
halogens create significant health issues
non-halogenated organic solvents are flammable

Examples:

Methanol Acetone, Propanol,

Polar Protic solvents:

Polar Protic solvent means linkage of bonds hydrogen atom and oxygen atom
((O-H)) also Hydrogen and Nitrogen atoms ((N-H)). Polar protic solvents are
water alcohols, carboxylic acid, and ammonia, etc. All polar protic((having
protons)) solvents have high polarity and high dielectric constant, due to which
the SN1 reactions are mostly favorable by using polar protic solvents.
Polar Aprotic Solvent:

Polar aprotic Solvent means no linkage of bonds between hydrogen-oxygen,


hydrogen-nitrogen atoms polar aprotic((not having protons)) solvents are
DMSO ((s=o)) DMF ((c=o)) acetonitrile ((c triple bond N)) acetone ((c=o))
ready to dissolve the nucleophiles and substates in a polar aprotic Solvent the
rate-determining step depends upon nucleophile to react with crucial starting
material aprotic solvents have less dielectric constant SN2 is more favorable in
polar aprotic

Polar Aprotic Solvent examples:


Non-polar Solvents:

The Solvents with low dielectric constants or absence of dipole moment does
not show any difference in electronegativity towards positive or negative
charges of any polar molecule and does not show any great impact on the
solvation of polar compounds
mostly non-polar solvents have a great probability to dissolve non-polar
components in it like grease, Oils, etc.

Examples:

Benzene, Hexane, Pentane, N-heptane etc

Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents:


Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are also well known as non-aromatic
hydrocarbons consisting of hydrogen and carbon associated with each other are
straight-chained. All the Aliphatic compounds will not cyclic in structure, but
aromatic compounds are cyclic most stable compounds based on bonds in the
chemical structure. Aliphatic compounds classified into alkane ((single bond)),
Alkenes ((double bond)), and alkynes ((triple bond))

Identification of Aliphatic compounds


 The order of Aliphatic compounds is unpleasant
 When Aliphatic compounds burnt in low ignition flame, no flames will
produce
Aromatic compound definition:

Aromatic compounds are unsaturated chemical compounds also known as


arenes example like benzene, are most suitable to satisfy the Huckel's
rule((4n+2))pi rule Aromatic compound consists of single and double bonds are
in an alternative form in chemical structure Aromatic compound has strong
fragrance Aromatic compounds are stable they do not break easily react with
another compound

 All aromatic compounds are in a cyclic structure.


 The aromatic compound should be a planner
 Aromatic compounds should be conjugation
sp2hybridizationcIn aromatic compounds, the p-orbitals ((electron clouds))
must be parallel to which continuous overlapping is possible p-orbitals follows
Huckels rule ((4n+2))pi n=0,1,2...

Identification of Aromatic compounds

Aromatic compounds produce sooty flames when they allow burning in low
fame
aromatic compounds are pleasant order

Solution or Solvation:
The substance which dissolved in a suitable solvent to form a solution

For example, Salt (NaCl) is dissolved in water to give a brine solution.

PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS, STUDY OF SOLVENTS SUCH AS


LIQUID NH3, LIQUID SO2 AND DMSO

Most of the reactions that Chemists observe in laboratory take place in a


solution. Water is the best known solvent but, not of the only importance for the
chemists. For example, non-polar solvents are used to dissolve non-polar
compounds such as hexane, CS4, benzene, CCl4 etc. In addition, solvents such
as H2SO4, NH3, glacial CH3COOH, SO2 and various non metal halides have
been studied extensively. The study of solution chemistry is intimately
connected with acid-base theory. Non aqueous solvents are often interpreted in
terms of the solvent system concepts which basically tells that formation of
solvates involve acid- base interactions.

“A solvent may be considered as a substance which has a power to dissolve


other substances.”

Why we require a solvent for a reaction?

1. In a solvent, it is possible to achieve its maximum or ultimate. 2. The solvent


is required to accelerate the rate of reactions. 3. Sometimes, it is required to
slow down or optimize the rate of reaction as some reactions are violent in
absence of solvents. 4. It may be possible to separate the desired product from
other products by using difference in solubility. 5. Many reagents are more
conveniently handled in solution than in pure state such as BF3.

There are several physical properties of a solvent that are of importance in


determining its behaviour. Two of the most important are melting point and
boiling point. Because it determines the range of liquid state, and tells the
potential range of chemical operations. Another fundamental is its permittivity
(dielectric constant). A high permittivity is necessary for the chemical operation
involving ionic substances.

Physical Properties of a Solvent: 1. MP and BP: It indicates the range of


temperature across which a substance exists in liquid state. If this range is large
- it is beneficial Data for some common solvents may be compared:

Ammonia

Ammonia is probably the most studied non-aqueous solvent. Its physical


properties resembles to water, like, it is a protonic solvent, polar etc. except that
the permittivity is considerably very small. The lower dielectric constant results
in generally decrease in ability to dissolve the ionic compounds especially those
containing highly charged ions such as, CO32 , SO42 , PO43 , are practically
insoluble. But in some cases, the solubility is higher than, might be expected as
per the permittivity factor. In these cases, there is stabilizing interactions
between solute and ammonia. One such interaction is between certain metal
ions such as Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ and the ammonia molecule, where NH 3 acts as
ligand to form stable complexes (amine complexes, [Ni(NH 3)6]2+ , [Cu(NH3)6] 2+
, [Zn(NH3)6]2+. Second type of interaction may be polarizability factor.
Ammonia is a better solvent than water towards non-polar molecules. Though,
ionic compounds containing large polarizable ions (I  , SCNetc) are also quite
soluble.

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