PLANNER FOR BRIDGE COURSE- MATHEMATICS- CLASS XI

Learning outcomes:

1. To strengthen the basic concepts used in various topics to reduce the learning gaps.
2. To develop an interest in students to study mathematics as a discipline.

3. To develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.

DAY 1 Algebraic Expressions

DAY 2 Number System

DAY 3 Quadratic Equations

DAY 4 Linear Equations

DAY 5 Arithmetic Progression

DAY 6 Co-ordinate Geometry

DAY 7 Trigonometry

DAY 8 Probability

BRIDGE COURSE

ASSIGNMENT - 1
TOPIC - ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Basic concepts

1. Some Algebraic Expressions and identities

( x + y) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
2
i)

( x − y) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
2
ii)

i) x 2 − y 2 = ( x − y )( x + y )

( x + y + z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx
2
ii)

iii) x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )

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 iv) x3 − y3 = ( x − y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )

v) x3 + y3 + z 3 − 3xyz = ( x + y + z ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx )

vi) if x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz

( x + y) = x3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
3
vii)

( x − y) = x3 − 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 − y3
3
viii)

ix) ( x + a )( x + b ) = x 2 + ( a + b ) x + ab
2. Remainder theorem- If a polynomial p(x) is divided by x-a, then remainder= p(a).
3. Factor theorem- x-a is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(a)=0
4. x+a is a factor of polynomial p(x),when p(-a)=0

Q1.

Q2.

Q3. Factorize: x 6 − 64

Q4. Factorize: (5 x − 7 y )3 + (9 z − 5 x)3 + (7 y − 9 z )3

Q5. If 3x+2y=12 and xy=6, find 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 .
Q6. If a+b+c=0 and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 20 , find ab+bc+ca.

Q7. If 2x+3y=13 and xy=6, find 8 x 3 + 27 y 3 .

Q8. 1 1 1
If x 2 + 2
= 27 i) x + ii) x −
x x x

Q9. 1 1 1
If x + = 6 , find i) x 2 + 2 ii) x 4 +
x x x4

2
 ASSIGNMENT -2
TOPIC - NUMBER SYSTEMS
Basic concepts

1. Rational Number- A number is rational if and only if its decimal representation is

terminating or non-terminating but recurring. For example, 1.75, 2.35, 3.1825….. are
rational numbers.
2. Irrational numbers- A number is irrational if and only if its decimal representation is non-
terminating and non-repeating. For example, 1.314738…., 2.432105624…..,

2, 3, 5,  …….. are irrational numbers.

3. Real Numbers- Rational Numbers and irrational numbers taken together form real
numbers.
4. Negative of an irrational number is also an irrational number.
5. The sum of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.
6. The sum of a non –zero rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational
number.
7. The product of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.
8. The product of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is always an irrational
number.
9. There is an infinite number of rational (irrational) numbers between two rational(or
irrational) numbers.

Q1. Simplify 3 16 + + 3 192 − 3 375 + 3 54

Q2. Simplify 4
81 − 8 3 216 + 15 5 32 + 225
Q3. 11 − 5
Rationalise the denominator:
11 + 5

Q4. 3+ 2 2
If = x + y 2 ,find x and y where x and y are rational numbers.
3− 2

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Q5. 7 −1 7 +1
− = a + b 7 , find a and b where a and b are rational numbers.
7 +1 7 −1

Q6.

Q7. When the polynomial 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 4 is divided by x − 2 ,find the remainder.

Q8. Find the remainder when x 3 + x 2 − 17 x + 15 is divided by x − 3 .

Q9.

Q10
.

ASSIGNMENT – 3
TOPIC - QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Basic concepts

1. Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation – The most general form of a quadratic

equation, called the standard form is: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
2. Roots (or solutions) of a Quadratic Equation- Those values of x, which satisfy a
quadratic equation, are called roots (or solutions) of the equation. Thus, a real number 
is called a root of the quadratic equation if  2 + b + c = 0 .
A quadratic equation can have at most two roots, which are usually denoted by  and  .
3. Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation- It is a relationship between the coefficients of a
quadratic equation and is given by D = b 2 − 4ac .
4. Finding the roots of a quadratic equation- there are three methods to find the roots of a
quadratic equation:
i) By the factorization method
ii) By completing the square method
iii) By the quadratic formula

−b  D
5. Quadratic Formula- x = ,if D  0, where D = b2 − 4ac .
2a

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 6. Nature of Roots- The nature of roots of a quadratic equation depends upon the nature of
its discriminant:
i) If D˃0, then the roots are real and unequal/distinct.
ii) If D=0, then the roots are real and equal/coincident.
iii) If D˂0, then there are no real roots/inconsistent.

Q1. Find discriminant and solve the following quadratic equations using quadratic formula:

(a) 3x2 + 10x + 73 = 0 (b) 4x2 – 4a2x + (a4 – b4) = 0

Q2. Solve the following quadratic equations using method of completing square:
(a) 𝑥 2 -3𝑥+4=0 (b) 2𝑥 2 -4𝑥+3 =0
Q3.

Q4.

Q5.
Q6. Solve the following quadratic equation: 9 x 2 − 9 ( a + b ) x + 2a 2 + 5ab + 2b 2  = 0

Q7. Solve x 2 − 16 − x 2 − 8 x + 16 = x 2 − 5 x + 4
Q8.
Find the value of 2 + 2 + 2 + ......to  .

Q9. 1
Solve: x = ,x  2.
1
2−
1
2−
2− x

Q10. Find the value of 𝐾, If the equation x 2 + 4 x + k = 0 has real and distinct roots.

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 ASSIGNMENT -4
TOPIC - LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
Basic concepts

1. In a plane, a point can be located using two mutually perpendicular lines such that one of them
is horizontal and the other vertical.
2. The horizontal line is called X-axis and vertical line is called Y-axis.
3. An equation of the form ax+by+c=0, where a,b and c are real numbers such that a and b are
not both zeroes is called a linear equation.
4. There can be infinite number of solutions of a linear equation in two variables.
5. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a straight line.
6. Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear
equation. On the hand, every solution of a linear equation is appoint of the graph of the linear
equation.
7. The graph of x=0 is the y-axis itself.
8. The graph of y=0 is the x-axis itself.
9. An equation of the type y=mx represents a line passing through the origin.

Q1.

Q2. Find four solutions of the equation of the equation: 2x+y-5=0

Q3. Draw the graph of the linear equation 3x+4y=6. At what points, the graph cuts

i) the x-axis ii) the y-axis

Q4. If x = 2 +1 and y =  − 1 is a solution of the equation 2x-3y+5=0, find  .

Q5. Write equation of line parallel to x-axis and passing through the point (3,4).

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Q6. At what point does the graph of the linear equation 2x+3y=9 meet a line which is
parallel to the y- axis, at a distance of 4 units from the origin and on the right of
the y- axis?

Q7. ABC is a right angled triangle. Write equation of BC and find its length. Also
find area of ΔABC.

Q8. Write equation for line AB, PQ and CD.

Q9. Shade the triangle formed by the graphs of 2x-y=4, x + y=2 and the y-axis. Write
the co-ordinates of vertices of the triangle.

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 ASSIGNMENT - 5
TOPIC - ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Sequence: A sequence is a succession of numbers or terms formed according to some rule.
2. Terms: The elements in a sequence are called terms. A sequence is generally written as ˂a n˃
where an is known as n th term of the sequence or general term of the sequence. a1 , a2 , a3 ,.......

are first, second ,third terms,…. of the sequence.

3. Arithmetic Progression: Arithmetic Progression is a sequence if the difference of a term and
its predecessor is always constant, i.e. an − an −1 = d , where d is the common difference. The

successive terms of an AP are a , a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , a + 4d ,...... .

4. General Term: General term or n th of an AP is an = a + (n − 1)d , where a =first term, d

=common difference.
5. Choice of terms in AP:
No. of terms Terms Common difference
3 a-d ,a , a+d d
4 a-3d , a-d , a+d , a+3d 2d
5 a-2d , a-d , a , a+d , a+2d d

6. Sum of n-terms of an AP: S n =

n
2
2a + ( n − 1) d  , where a =first term, d =common
difference.
n
7. Sn is also given by the expression : S n = ( a + l ) , where l =last term as l = a + ( n − 1) d = an
2

Q1. Find A.P. whose first term is a and the common difference d are given below:

(a) a = 8, d = 4 (b) a = –90, d = 20 (c) a = 2, d = –1/2 (d) a = p, d = –3q

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 Q2. The nth term of a sequence is 2n + 1. Is the sequence, so formed is A. P.? If so, find its
12th term.

Q3. Find the value of k for which the following terms are in A.P.

(a) 2k + 1, k2 + k + 1, 3k2 – 3k + 3 (b) k + 2, 4k – 6, 3k – 2 (c) 8k + 4, 6k – 2, 2k + 7

Q4. For what value of n, the nth term of the following A.P.s are equal?

23, 25, 27, 29,……… and –17, –10, –3,4,………..

Q5. Find the sum of all the natural numbers:

(a) Between 100 and 1000 which are multiple of 5 (b) between 50 and 500 which are
divisible by 7 (c) between 50 and 500 which are divisible by 3 and 5.

Q6. How many terms of A.P. –6, –11/2,–5,... are needed to give the sum –25? Explain
double answer.

Q7. Insert five numbers between 8 and 26 such that resulting sequence is an A.P.

Q8. If Sn = 3n2 + n, find the A.P.

Q9. The sum of first p, q, r terms of an A.P are a, b, c respectively, prove that :

a b c
(q − r ) + (r − p) + ( p − q) = 0
p q r

Q10. The ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an AP is m 2 : n 2 . Show that the ratio of the

m th and nth terms is ( 2m − 1) : ( 2n −1) .

ASSIGNMENT - 6
TOPIC - COORDINATE GEOMETRY
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. The co-ordinate axes X’OX and Y’OY are called x-axis and y-axis respectively. X’OX is the
horizontal line and Y’OY is the vertical line perpendicular to X’OX.

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2. The co-ordinate axes divide the plane into four parts. The four parts are called quadrants named
I, II, IIIAND IV, as shown in the figure.

1. Point of intersection of x-axis and y-axis is called the origin and is denoted by O.
2. OX and OY are called +ve directions of x-axis and y-axis respectively whereas OX’ and OY’
are called negative directions of x-axis and y-axis respectively.
3. A point is represented in a plane and is described by the two co-ordinates known as x-
coordinate and y-coordinate.
4. The x-coordinate of a point is its distance from the y-axis measured along the x-axis. It is +ve
along the +ve direction and negative along the negative direction of x-axis.
5. The y-coordinate of a point is its distance from the x-axis measured along the y-axis. It is +ve
along the +ve direction and negative along the negative direction of y-axis.
6. The x-coordinate of a point is also called abscissa.
7. The y-coordinate of a point is also called ordinate.
8. In stating the coordinates of a point in the coordinate plane, the x-coordinate is written first
and then the y-coordinate. Thus if x=4 and y=3, then the point is written as (4,3).
9. If a point in I quadrant, then its coordinates are of the form (+ve,+ve), if it is in the II quadrant,
then its coordinates are of the form (-ve,+ve), if it is in the III quadrant, then it is of the form
(-ve, -ve) and in IV quadrant , it is of the form (+ve, -ve).

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10. Distance Formula: Distance between points A ( x1, y1 ) and B ( x2, y2 ) is given by

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
AB= .

1. Three points will form :

(i) a right-angled triangle, if sum of squares of any two sides is equal to square of third
largest side.
(ii) an isosceles triangle, if any two sides are equal.
(iii) an equilateral triangle, if all three sides are equal.
(iv) a collinear or a line, if sum of two sides is equal third side.
2. Four points will form:
(i) a rhombus, if all the four sides are equal.
(ii) a square, if all four sides and diagonals are equal.
(iii) a parallelogram, if opposite sides is equal.
(iv) a rectangle, if opposite sides and diagonals are equal.
11. Section-Formula:
If A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) are two points and P ( x, y ) divides AB internally in the ratio

m:n, then
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
x= ,y=
m+n m+n
x1 + x2 y + y2
Co-ordinates of mid-point of AB are x = ,y= 1 12
2 2

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12. Area of Triangle:

Area of ΔABC, whose vertices are

1
A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) is =
 x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) 
2
If x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) =0, then points are collinear.

Q1. Find the distance between the following points: (a) A(3 , 5) and B(8 , – 7)
(b) P( a + b , a – b ) and Q ( a– b , –a – b )

Q2. Find radius of the circle, the co-ordinates of the ends of whose diameter are

(–1, 2) and (3, –4).

Q3. Show that the following points are the vertices of a parallelogram:

(a) A (–2, –1), B (1, 0), C (4, 3) and D (1, 2) (b) P(1, –2),Q(3, 6), R(5, 10) and S(3, 2)

Q4.
If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (0, 0) , ( 3, 3 ), find the third
vertex.
Q5. Find the co-ordinates of points of trisection of the segment joining points (4, –8)
and (7, 4).

Q6. Determine the ratio in which the line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the segment joining
the points (1, 3) and (2, 7).

Q7. If A (5, –1), B (–3, –2) and C (–1, 8) are the vertices of ∆ABC, find length of median
through A and also find the co-ordinates of the centroid.

Q8. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (–2, –1), (1, 0) and (4, 3). Find
its fourth vertex.

Q9. The line joining the points (2,1) and (5,-8) is trisected by the points P and Q. If
the point P lies on the line 2x-y+k=0, find the value of k.

Q10. Where does the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points

A (1,5) and B (4,6) cut the y-axis?

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 ASSIGNMENT - 7
TOPIC – TRIGONOMETRY
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Trigonometry is the study of relationship between the sides and angles of a right angled
triangle.
2. Trigonometric Ratios: Ratios of sides of right triangle are called trigonometric ratios.
3. Trigonometric Identities: Verified relation or an equation involving trigonometric ratios
is known as trigonometric identities, if it is true for every value of the angle.
4. Trigonometric Ratios of angle A in right angle triangle ABC right angled at B.

side opposite to angle A BC

(i) sine A = =
hypotenuse AC
side adjacent to angle A AB
(ii) cosine A= =
hypotenuse AC
side opposite to angle A BC
(iii) tangent A= =
side adjacent to angle A AB
hypotenuse AC
(iv) cosecant A= =
side opposite to angle A BC
hypotenuse AC
(v) secant A= =
side adjacent to angle A AB
side adjacent to angle A AB
(vi) cotangent A= =
side opposite to angle A BC
5. The abbreviated notation of trigonometric ratios are:

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 • Sine A is sin A
• Cosine A is cos A
• Tangent A is tan A
• Secant A is sec A
• Cosecant A is cosec A
• Cotangent A is cot A
6. Relationship between trigonometric ratios.
1 1 1 sin A cos A
cos ec A = ,sec ant A = ,cot A = , tan A = ,cot A =
sin A cos A tan A cos A sin A

8. Powers of trigonometric ratios: We may define (sin  ) = sin  or (cos  ) = cos  etc.
2 2 2 2

9. Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles:

A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin A 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2

Cos A 1
3 1 1 0
2 2 2

1 1 3
Tan A 0 3 Not defined

2
2 3
2
Cosec A Not defined 1

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 Sec A 1 2 2 Not defined
3
1
3

3
Cot A Not defined 1 0

10. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles:

(i) sin (90°-A) = cos A (ii) cos(90°-A) = sin A

(iii) tan (90°-A) = cot A (iv) cot(90°-A) = tan A

(v) cosec (90°-A) = sec A (vi) sec(90°-A) = cosec A

11. Fundamental trigonometric identities:

(i) sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 (ii) sec 2  = 1 + tan 2  (iii) cos ec 2 = 1 +  cot 2 

Q1. 12 35
If cos A = verify that: sin A(1 − tan A) = .
13 156

Q2. 1 − cos  1
If 7 cot  = 24, prove that =
1 + cos  7

5sin  + 3cos  7
(ii) If 4cot  = 5 , show that: = .
5sin  − 2cos  2

Q3. Evaluate each of the following: (i) 2 cos2 60 cot 30° + 6 sin2 30° cosec2 60°

5sin 2 30 + cos2 45 − 4 tan 2 30

(ii) (iii) 2 (cos2 45° + tan2 60°) – 6 (sin245° – tan230°)
2sin 30 cos30 + tan 45

(iv) tan 60 + 3sec 30 + 4 cos 452+ 5 cos 90

2 2 2 2

cosec 30 + sec 60 − cot 30

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Q4. Given that sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, find the value of sin 75°.

Q5. 3
If sin (A + 2B) = and cos (A + 4B) = 0, find the values of angles A and B.
2

Q6. Simplify the following expressions:

(i) (1 + cos  )( cos ec − cot  ) (ii) cos ec (1 + cos  )( cos ec − cot  )

sin 3  + cos3  sin 4 A − cos 4 A

(iii) (iv)
sin  + cos  sin 2 A − cos 2 A

Q7. Prove that following identities:

(i) cos ec 2 + sec 2  = cos ec 2 .sec 2  (ii)

2sec2  − sec4  − 2 cos ec 2 + cos ec 4 = cot 4  − tan 4 

1 + tan 2   1 − tan  
2
iii) =  (iv)
1 + cot 2   1 − cot  

tan  cot 
+ = 1 + tan  + cot  = 1 + sec  cosec 
1 − cot  1 − tan 

Q8. Prove that following identities:

(i) sin  + cos3  cos2  sin 3 
2
= 1 + sin  cos  (ii) + = 1 + sin  cos 
1 − cot  cos  − sin  1 − tan  sin  − cos 

(iii) 1 + cos  − sin  = cot  (iv)

2
1 1 1 1
− = −
sin (1 + cos ) cosec A − cot A sin A sin A c osec A + cot A

cos2 B − cos 2 A sin 2 A − sin 2 B

(v) tan 2 A − tan 2 B = =
cos2 B.cos 2 A cos 2 A cos 2 B

(vi) 2 ( sin 6  + cos6  ) − 3 ( sin 4  + cos 4  ) + 1 = 0

Q9. tan C = 3 , find the value of
In a triangle ABC right angled at A, if

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶.

Q10. If a cos  + b sin  = m and a sin  − b cos  = n , prove that a 2 + b 2 = m 2 + n 2 .

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 ASSIGNMENT - 8
TOPIC - PROBABILITY
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. The theoretical(classical) probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as

number of oucomes favourable to E
P (E) =
number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
2. The probability of a sure event is 1.
3. The probability of an impossible event is 0.
4. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0  P ( E )  1 .

5. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

( )
6. For any event E, p ( E ) + p E = 1, where E stands for ‘not E’

Q1. Tickets numbered from 1 to 20 are mixed together and a ticket is drawn at
random. What is the probability that the ticket has a number which is multiple
of 3 or 7?

Q2. A bag contains 100 identical tokens, on which numbers 1 to 100 are marked. A
token is drawn at random. What is the probability that the number on the token
is: (a) an even number (b) an odd number (c) a multiple of 3

(d) a multiple of 5 (f) a multiple of 3 and 5 (g) a multiple of 3 or 5

(h) a number less than 20 (i) a number greater than 70

(j) a perfect square number (k) a prime number less than 20.

Q3. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that the
card drawn is:(a) a queen (b) a king bearing diamond sign (c) a black card

(d) a jack (e) black and a queen (f) either black or a queen

(g) a red card (h) a face card (i) a diamond or a club

(j) neither heart nor a jack (k) a 2 of diamond (l) an ace of hearts

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 (m) a face card of red color (n) 10 of a black “suit”

Q4. In a simultaneous toss of two coins, find:

(a) P(2 tails)(b) P(exactly one tail) (c) P(no tails) (d) P(at most one head)

(e) P(one head)

Q5. A coin is tossed successively three times. Find probability of getting exactly one
head or two heads.

Q6. Three coins are tossed once. Find probability of:

(a) 3 heads (b) exactly 2 heads (c) at least 2 heads

d) atmost 2 heads (e) no tails (f) head and tail appear alternatively
(g) at least one head and one tail

Q7. A bag contains 10 white, 6 black and 4 red balls. Find probability of getting:

(a) a white ball (b) a black ball (c) not a red ball (d) a white or a red ball

Q8. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find:

(a) P (an odd number as a sum) (b) P(sum as a prime number)

(c) P (a doublet of odd numbers) (d) P(a total of at least 9)

(e) P(a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on other die)

(f) P(a doublet) (g) P(a multiple of 2 as sum) (h) P(getting the sum 9)

(i) P(getting a sum greater than 12) (j) P( a prime number on each die)
(k) P( a multiple of 5 as a sum
Q9. A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. Determine the
probability that the chosen letter is a consonant.
Q10. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
exactly one head .

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