PHP Mysql

BCA VI SEM PHP &MySQL Rajadhani Degree college
INTRODUCTION TO PHP
What is PHP
PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language that
can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web development.
Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that executes
on the server and generates the dynamic page.).
PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the market in
1995. Some important points need to be noticed about PHP are as followed:
 PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.
 PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
 PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the
dynamic content of the website.
 PHP can be embedded into HTML.
 PHP is an object-oriented language.
 PHP is an open-source scripting language.
 PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
History
 PHP was developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 as a simple set of CGI
binaries written in C. He called this suite of scripts "Personal Home Page
Tools". It can be regarded as PHP version 1.0.
 In April 1996, Rasmus introduced PHP/FI. Included built-in support for
DBM, mSQL, and Postgres95 databases, cookies, user-defined function
support. PHP/FI was given the version 2.0 status.
 PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor – PHP 3.0 version came about when Zeev
Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the PHP parser and acquired the
present-day acronym. It provided a mature interface for multiple
databases, protocols and APIs, object-oriented programming support, and
consistent language syntax.
 PHP 4.0 was released in May 2000 powered by Zend Engine. It had
support for many web servers, HTTP sessions, output buffering, secure
ways of handling user input and several new language constructs.
 PHP 5.0 was released in July 2004. It is mainly driven by its core, the
Zend Engine 2.0 with a new object model and dozens of other new
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features. PHP's development team includes dozens of developers and

others working on PHP-related and supporting projects such as PEAR,
PECL, and documentation.
 PHP 7.0 was released in Dec 2015. This was originally dubbed PHP next
generation (phpng). Developers reworked Zend Engine is called Zend
Engine 3. Some of the important features of PHP 7 include its improved
performance, reduced memory usage, Return and Scalar Type
Declarations and Anonymous Classes.
 PHP 8.0 was released on 26 November 2020. This is a major version
having many significant improvements from its previous versions. One
standout feature is Just-in-time compilation (JIT) that can provide
substantial performance improvements. The latest version of PHP is
8.2.8, released on July 4th, 2023.
Why use PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to design the dynamic
web applications with MySQL database.
 It handles dynamic content, database as well as session tracking for the
website.
 You can create sessions in PHP.
 It can access cookies variable and also set cookies.
 It helps to encrypt the data and apply validation.
 PHP supports several protocols such as HTTP, POP3, SNMP, LDAP,
IMAP, and many more.
 Using PHP language, you can control the user to access some pages of
your website.
 As PHP is easy to install and set up, this is the main reason why PHP is
the best language to learn.
 PHP can handle the forms, such as - collect the data from users using
forms, save it into the database, and return useful information to the user.
For example - Registration form.
PHP Features
PHP is very popular language because of its simplicity and open source.
There are some important features of PHP given below:
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Performance:
PHP script is executed much faster than those scripts which are written in
other languages such as JSP and ASP. PHP uses its own memory, so the
server workload and loading time is automatically reduced, which results in
faster processing speed and better performance.
Open Source:PHP source code and software are freely available on the web.
You can develop all the versions of PHP according to your requirement
without paying any cost. All its components are free to download and use.
Familiarity with syntax:
PHP has easily understandable syntax. Programmers are comfortable coding
with it.
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Embedded:
PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML tags and script.
Platform Independent:
PHP is available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX & UNIX operating system.
A PHP application developed in one OS can be easily executed in other OS
also.
Database Support:
PHP supports all the leading databases such as MySQL, SQLite, ODBC, etc.
Error Reporting -
PHP has predefined error reporting constants to generate an error notice or
warning at runtime. E.g., E_ERROR, E_WARNING, E_STRICT, E_PARSE.
Loosely Typed Language:
PHP allows us to use a variable without declaring its datatype. It will be
taken automatically at the time of execution based on the type of data it
contains on its value.
Web servers Support:
PHP is compatible with almost all local servers used today like Apache,
Netscape, Microsoft IIS, etc.
Security:
PHP is a secure language to develop the website. It consists of multiple
layers of security to prevent threads and malicious attacks.
Control:
Different programming languages require long script or code, whereas PHP
can do the same work in a few lines of code. It has maximum control over
the websites like you can make changes easily whenever you want.
A Helpful PHP Community:
It has a large community of developers who regularly updates
documentation, tutorials, online help, and FAQs. Learning PHP from the
communities is one of the significant benefits.
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Install PHP
To install PHP, we will suggest you to install AMP (Apache, MySQL, PHP)
software stack. It is available for all operating systems. There are many AMP
options available in the market that are given below:
 WAMP for Windows

 LAMP for Linux
 MAMP for Mac
 SAMP for Solaris
 FAMP for FreeBSD
XAMPP (Cross, Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl) for Cross Platform: It includes
some other components too such as FileZilla, OpenSSL, Webalizer, Mercury
Mail, etc.
If you are on Windows and don't want Perl and other features of XAMPP,
you should go for WAMP. In a similar way, you may use LAMP for Linux
and MAMP for Macintosh.
How to run PHP code in XAMPP
Generally, a PHP file contains HTML tags and some PHP scripting code. It
is very easy to create a simple PHP example. To do so, create a file and write
HTML tags + PHP code and save this file with .php extension.
Note: PHP statements ends with semicolon (;).
All PHP code goes between the php tag. It starts with <?php and ends with
?>. The syntax of PHP tag is given below:
<?php
//your code here
?>
Let's see a simple PHP example where we are writing some text using PHP
echo command.
File: first.php
<!DOCTYPE>
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<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "<h2>Hello First PHP</h2>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Hello First PHP
How to run PHP programs in XAMPP
How to run PHP programs in XAMPP PHP is a popular backend
programming language. PHP programs can be written on any editor, such as
- Notepad, Notepad++, Dreamweaver, etc. These programs save with .php
extension, i.e., filename.php inside the htdocs folder.
For example - p1.php.
As I'm using window, and my XAMPP server is installed in D drive. So, the
path for the htdocs directory will be "D:\xampp\htdocs".
PHP program runs on a web browser such as - Chrome, Internet Explorer,
Firefox, etc. Below some steps are given to run the PHP programs.
Step 1: Create a simple PHP program like hello world.
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
Step 2: Save the file with hello.php name in the htdocs folder, which resides
inside the xampp folder.
Note: PHP program must be saved in the htdocs folder, which resides inside
the xampp folder, where you installed the XAMPP. Otherwise it will
generate an error - Object not found.
Step 3: Run the XAMPP server and start the Apache and MySQL.
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Step 4: Now, open the web browser and type localhost

http://localhost/hello.php on your browser window.
Step 5: The output for the above hello.php program will be shown as the
screenshot below:
PHP Case Sensitivity

In PHP, keyword (e.g., echo, if, else, while), functions, user-defined
functions, classes are not case-sensitive. However, all variable names are
case-sensitive.
PHP echo
PHP echo statement can be used to print the string, multi-line strings, escaping
characters, variable, array, etc. Some important points that you must know about
the echo statement are:
 echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.
 echo can be used with or without parentheses: echo(), and echo.
 echo does not return any value.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by a comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than the print statement.
Syntax:
void echo ( string $arg1 [, string $... ] )
eg.,
<?php
echo "Hello by PHP echo";
?>
Output: Hello by PHP echo
PHP echo: printing multi line string
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<?php
echo "Hello by PHP echo
this is multi line
text printed by
PHP echo statement
";
?>
Output:
Hello by PHP echo this is multi line text printed by PHP echo statement
PHP echo: printing escaping characters
<?php
echo "Hello escape \"sequence\" characters";
?>
Output:
Hello escape "sequence" characters
PHP echo: printing variable value
<?php
$msg="Hello JavaTpoint PHP";
echo "Message is: $msg";
?>
Output:
Message is: Hello JavaTpoint PHP
PHP print
PHP print statement can be used to print the string, multi-line strings,
escaping characters, variable, array, etc. Some important points that you
must know about the echo statement are:
 print is a statement, used as an alternative to echo at many times to

display the output.
 print can be used with or without parentheses.
 print always returns an integer value, which is 1.
 Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
 print is slower than the echo statement.
The syntax of PHP print is given below:
int print(string $arg)
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eg.,
<?php
print "Hello by PHP print
this is multi line
text printed by
PHP print statement
";
?>
Output:Hello by PHP print this is multi line text printed by PHP print statement
Difference between echo and print
echo
 echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.
 echo can be used with or without parentheses.
 echo does not return any value.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than print statement.
print
 print is also a statement, used as an alternative to echo at many times to
display the output.
 print can be used with or without parentheses.
 print always returns an integer value, which is 1.
 Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
 print is slower than echo statement.
PHP Comments
PHP Single Line Comments
There are two ways to use single line comments in PHP.
 // (C++ style single line comment)
 # (Unix Shell style single line comment)
<?php
// this is C++ style single line comment
# this is Unix Shell style single line comment
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echo "Welcome to PHP single line comments";

?>
Output:Welcome to PHP single line comments
PHP Multi Line Comments
In PHP, we can comments multiple lines also. To do so, we need to enclose all
lines within /* */. Let's see a simple example of PHP multiple line comment.
<?php
/*
Anything placed
within comment
will not be displayed
on the browser;
*/
echo "Welcome to PHP multi line comment";
?>
Output:Welcome to PHP multi line comment
PHP Data Types
PHP data types are used to hold different types of data or values. PHP supports
8 primitive data types that can be categorized further in 3 types:
 Scalar Types (predefined)
 Compound Types (user-defined)
 Special Types
PHP Data Types: Scalar Types
It holds only single value. There are 4 scalar data types in PHP.
 boolean
 integer
 float
 string
PHP Data Types: Compound Types
It can hold multiple values. There are 2 compound data types in PHP.
 array
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 object
PHP Data Types: Special Types
There are 2 special data types in PHP.
 resource
 NULL
PHP Boolean
Booleans are the simplest data type works like switch. It holds only two values:
TRUE (1) or FALSE (0).
Example:
<?php
if (TRUE)
echo "This condition is TRUE.";
if (FALSE)
echo "This condition is FALSE.";
?>
PHP Integer
It holds only whole numbers, i.e., numbers without fractional part or decimal
points.
Rules for integer:
 An integer can be either positive or negative.
 An integer must not contain decimal point.
 Integer can be decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), or hexadecimal (base
16).
 The range of an integer must be lie between 2,147,483,648 and
2,147,483,647 i.e., -2^31 to 2^31.
Example:
<?php
$dec1 = 34;
$oct1 = 0243;
$hexa1 = 0x45;
echo "Decimal number: " .$dec1. "</br>";
echo "Octal number: " .$oct1. "</br>";

echo "HexaDecimal number: " .$hexa1. "</br>";
?>
Output:
Decimal number: 34
Octal number: 163
HexaDecimal number: 69
PHP Float
Unlike integer, it can hold numbers with a fractional or decimal point, including
a negative or positive sign.
PHP String
A string is a non-numeric data type.String values must be enclosed either within
single quotes or in double quotes. But both are treated differently. To clarify
this, see the example below:
Example:
<?php
$company = "Javatpoint";
//both single and double quote statements will treat different
echo "Hello $company";
echo "</br>";
echo 'Hello $company';
?>
Output:
Hello Javatpoint
Hello $company
PHP Array
An array is a compound data type. It can store multiple values of same data type
in a single variable.
Example:
<?php
$bikes = array ("Royal Enfield", "Yamaha", "KTM");
var_dump($bikes); //the var_dump() function returns the datatype and
values
echo "</br>";
echo "Array Element1: $bikes[0] </br>";
?>
Output:
array(3) { [0]=> string(13) "Royal Enfield" [1]=> string(6) "Yamaha" [2]=>
string(3) "KTM" }
Array Element1: Royal Enfield
Array Element2: Yamaha
Array Element3: KTM
PHP object
Objects are the instances of user-defined classes that can store both values and
functions. They must be explicitly declared.
Example:
<?php
class bike {
function model() {
$model_name = "Royal Enfield";
echo "Bike Model: " .$model_name;
}
}
$obj = new bike();
$obj -> model();
?>
Output:
Bike Model: Royal Enfield
PHP Resource
Resources are not the exact data type in PHP. Basically, these are used to store
some function calls or references to external PHP resources. For example - a
database call. It is an external resource.
PHP Null
Null is a special data type that has only one value: NULL. There is a convention
of writing it in capital letters as it is case sensitive.
The special type of data type NULL defined a variable with no value.
Example:
<?php
$nl = NULL;
echo $nl; //it will not give any output
?>
PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable is declared using a $ sign followed by the variable name.
Here, some important points to know about variables:
As PHP is a loosely typed language, so we do not need to declare the data types
of the variables. It automatically analyzes the values and makes conversions to
its correct datatype.
After declaring a variable, it can be reused throughout the code.
Assignment Operator (=) is used to assign the value to a variable.
Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:
$variablename=value;
PHP Variable Scope
The scope of a variable is defined as its range in the program under which it can
be accessed.
PHP has three types of variable scopes:
Local variable: The variables that are declared within a function are called
local variables for that function.
<?php
function local_var()
{
$num = 45; //local variable
echo "Local variable declared inside the function is: ". $num;
}
local_var();
?>
Global variable: The global variables are the variables that are declared outside
the function.
<?php
$name = "Sanaya Sharma"; //Global Variable
function global_var()
{
global $name;
echo "Variable inside the function: ". $name;
echo "</br>";
}
global_var();
echo "Variable outside the function: ". $name;
?>
Note: Without using the global keyword, if you try to access a global variable
inside the function, it will generate an error that the variable is undefined.
Static variable: It is a feature of PHP to delete the variable, once it completes
its execution and memory is freed. We use the static keyword before the variable
to define a variable, and this variable is called as static variable.
<?php
function static_var()
{
static $num1 = 3; //static variable
$num2 = 6; //Non-static variable
//increment in non-static variable
$num1++;
//increment in static variable
$num2++;
echo "Static: " .$num1 ."</br>";
echo "Non-static: " .$num2 ."</br>";
}
//first function call
static_var();
//second function call

static_var();
?>
Output:
Static: 4
Non-static: 7
Static: 5
Non-static: 7
PHP Constants
PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be changed during the execution
of the script except for magic constants, which are not really constants. Unlike
variables, constants are automatically global throughout the script. PHP
constants can be defined by 2 ways:
 Using define() function:Use the define() function to create a constant. It
defines constant at run time.
Syntax:
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
 name: It specifies the constant name.
 value: It specifies the constant value.
 case-insensitive: Specifies whether a constant is case-insensitive. Default
value is false. It means it is case sensitive by default.
Eg.,
<?php
define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP");
echo MESSAGE;
?>
 Using const keyword: The const keyword defines constants at compile
time. It is a language construct, not a function. The constant defined using
const keyword are case-sensitive.
<?php
const MESSAGE="Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP";
echo MESSAGE;
?>
Constant() function
There is another way to print the value of constants using constant() function
instead of using the echo statement.
Syntax
constant (name)
<?php
define("MSG", "JavaTpoint");
echo MSG, "</br>";
echo constant("MSG");
//both are similar
?>
Magic Constants
Magic constants are the predefined constants in PHP which get changed on the
basis of their use. They start with double underscore (__) and ends with double
underscore.
There are nine magic constants in PHP. In which eight magic constants start and
end with double underscores (__).
1. __LINE__:It returns the current line number of the file, where this
constant is used.
2. __FILE__:This magic constant returns the full path of the executed file,
where the file is stored.
3. __DIR__:It returns the full directory path of the executed file.
4. __FUNCTION__:This magic constant returns the function name, where
this constant is used.
5. __CLASS__:It returns the class name, where this magic constant is used.
6. __TRAIT__:This magic constant returns the trait name, where it is used.
7. __METHOD__:It returns the name of the class method where this magic
constant is included.
8. __NAMESPACE__:It returns the current namespace where it is used.
9. ClassName::class: This magic constant does not start and end with the
double underscore (__). It returns the fully qualified name of the
ClassName. ClassName::class is added in PHP 5.5.0. It is useful with
namespaced classes.
All of the constants are resolved at compile-time instead of run time, unlike the
regular constant. Magic constants are case-insensitive.
PHP Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example Explanation
+ Addition $a + $b Sum of operands
- Subtraction $a - $b Difference of operands
* Multiplication $a * $b Product of operands
/ Division $a / $b Quotient of operands
% Modulus $a % $b Remainder of operands
** Exponentiation $a ** $b $a raised to the power $b

Assignment Operators
= Assign $a = $b The value of right operand is assigned to the left

operand.
+= Add then Assign $a+= $b Addition same as $a = $a + $b
-= Subtract then $a -= $b Subtraction same as $a = $a - $b

Assign
*= Multiply then $a *= $b Multiplication same as $a = $a * $b

Assign
/= Divide then Assign $a /= $b Find quotient same as $a = $a / $b

(quotient)
%= Divide then Assign $a%= $b Find remainder same as $a = $a % $b

(remainder)
Bitwise Operators
& And $a & $b Bits that are 1 in both $a and $b are set
to 1, otherwise 0.
| Or (Inclusive or) $a | $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set

to 1
^ Xor (Exclusive $a ^ $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set

or) to 0.
~ Not ~$a Bits that are 1 set to 0 and bits that are
0 are set to 1
<< Shift left $a << $b Left shift the bits of operand $a $b steps
>> Shift right $a >> $b Right shift the bits of $a operand by $b

number of places
Comparison Operators/Relational Operators

== Equal $a== $b Return TRUE if $a is equal to $b
=== Identical $a===$b Return TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of
same data type
!== Not identical $a!== $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, and they are
not of same data type
!= Not equal $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
<> Not equal $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
< Less than $a < $b Return TRUE if $a is less than $b
> Greater than $a > $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than $b
<= Less than or equal $a <= $b Return TRUE if $a is less than or equal $b
to
>= Greater than or $a >= $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than or equal $b

equal to
<=> Spaceship $a<=>$b Return-1 if $a is less than $b

Return 0 if $a is equal $b
Return 1 if $a is greater than $b
Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
++ Increment ++$a Increment the value of $a by one, then return $a
$a++ Return $a, then increment the value of $a by one
-- decrement --$a Decrement the value of $a by one, then return $a
$a-- Return $a, then decrement the value of $a by one
Logical Operators
and And $a and $b Return TRUE if both $a and $b are true
Or Or $a or $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true
xor Xor $a xor $b Return TRUE if either $ or $b is true but not

both
! Not ! $a Return TRUE if $a is not true
&& And $a && $b Return TRUE if either $a and $b are true
|| Or $a || $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true
String Operators
. Concatenation $a . $b Concatenate both $a and $b
.= Concatenation and $a .= $b First concatenate $a and $b, then

Assignment assign the concatenated string to
$a, e.g. $a = $a . $b
Array Operators
+ Union $a + $y Union of $a and $b
== Equality $a == $b Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value

pair
!= Inequality $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
=== Identity $a === $b Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value

pair of same type in same order
!== Non- $a !== $b Return TRUE if $a is not identical to $b

Identity
<> Inequality $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
Type Operators
The type operator instanceof is used to determine whether an object, its parent
and its derived class are the same type or not.
Eg.,
$charu = new Developer();
//testing the type of object
if( $charu instanceof Developer)
{
echo "Charu is a developer.";
}
else
{
echo "Charu is a programmer.";
}
Execution Operators
PHP has an execution operator backticks (``). PHP executes the content of
backticks as a shell command. Execution operator and shell_exec() give the
same result
Eg,
echo `dir`
Error Control Operators
PHP has one error control operator, i.e., at (@) symbol. Whenever it is used
with an expression, any error message will be ignored that might be generated
by that expression.
Eg.,
@file ('non_existent_file')
PHP $ and $$ Variables
The $var (single dollar) is a normal variable with the name var that stores any
value like string, integer, float, etc.
The $$var (double dollar) is a reference variable that stores the value of the
$variable inside it.
Eg.,
<?php
$x = "abc";
$$x = 200;
echo $x."<br/>";
echo $$x."<br/>";
echo $abc;
?>
o/p:
UNIT II
Programming with PHP
PHP If Else
PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if
statement in PHP.
 If
If statement is used to executes the block of code exist inside the if
statement only if the specified condition is true.
Syntax
if(condition){
//code to be executed
}
Eg.,
<?php
$num=12;
if($num<100){
echo "$num is less than 100";
}
?>
 if-else
If-else statement executes one block of code if the specified condition is
true and another block of code if the condition is false.
Syntax:
if(condition){
//code to be executed if true
}else{
//code to be executed if false
}
Eg.,
<?php
$num=12;
if($num%2==0){
echo "$num is even number";
}else{
echo "$num is odd number";
} ?>
 if-else-if
if-else-if is a special statement used to combine multiple if?.else
statements. So, we can check multiple conditions using this statement.
Syntax:
if (condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
} elseif (condition2){
} elseif (condition3){
....
} else{
//code to be executed if all given conditions are false
}
Eg,
<?php
$marks=69;
if ($marks<33){
echo "fail";
}
else if ($marks>=34 && $marks<50) {
echo "D grade";
}
echo "C grade";
}
echo "B grade";
}
echo "A grade";
}
echo "A+ grade";
}
else {
echo "Invalid input"; } ?>
 nested if
The nested if statement contains the if block inside another if block. The
inner if statement executes only when specified condition in outer if
statement is true.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
//code to be executed if condition is true
if (condition) {
//code to be executed if condition is true
}
}
Eg.,
<?php
$age = 23;
$nationality = "Indian";
//applying conditions on nationality and age
if ($nationality == "Indian")
{
if ($age >= 18) {
echo "Eligible to give vote";
}
else {
echo "Not eligible to give vote";
}
}
?>
PHP Switch
PHP switch statement is used to execute one statement from multiple
conditions. It works like PHP if-else-if statement.
Syntax
switch(expression){
case value1:
break;
case value2:
break;
......
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
Example:
<?php
$num=20;
switch($num){
case 10:
echo("number is equals to 10");
break;
case 20:
echo("number is equal to 20");
break;
case 30:
echo("number is equal to 30");
break;
default:
echo("number is not equal to 10, 20 or 30");
}
?>
PHP For Loop
PHP for loop can be used to traverse set of code for the specified number of
times.
Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){
}
Eg.,
<?php
for($n=1;$n<=10;$n++){
echo "$n<br/>";
}
?>
PHP Nested For Loop
We can use for loop inside for loop in PHP, it is known as nested for loop. The
inner for loop executes only when the outer for loop condition is found true.\
Eg.,
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=3;$i++){
for($j=1;$j<=3;$j++){
echo "$i $j<br/>";
}
}
?>
PHP For Each Loop
PHP for each loop is used to traverse array elements.
Syntax
foreach( $array as $var ){
}
?>
Example:
<?php
$season=array("summer","winter","spring","autumn");
foreach( $season as $arr ){
echo "Season is: $arr<br />";
}
?>
PHP While Loop
The while loop is also called an Entry control loop because the condition is
checked before entering the loop body.
Syntax
while(condition){
}
Alternative Syntax
while(condition):
endwhile;
eg.,
<?php
$n=1;
while($n<=10){
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}
?>
PHP do-while loop
It executes the code at least one time always because the condition is checked
after executing the code.
Syntax
do{
}while(condition);
Example
<?php
$n=1;
do{
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}while($n<=10);
?>
PHP Break
The break keyword immediately ends the execution of the loop or switch
structure and program control resumes at the next statements outside the
loop/switch.
Syntax
jump statement;
break;
example:
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++){
echo "$i <br/>";
if($i==5){
break;
}
}?>
PHP continue statement

It continues the current flow of the program or next iteration and skips the
remaining code at the specified condition.
example:
<?php
for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++){
echo "$i <br/>";
if($i==5){
continue;
}
}
?>
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators
Operator Name Example Result
?: Ternary $x Returns the value of

= expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 $x.
The value of $x
is expr2 if expr1 =
TRUE.
The value of $x
is expr3 if expr1 =
FALSE
?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of

coalescing $x.
The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1 exists,
and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not exist,
or is NULL, the value of
$x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
PHP Arrays
Advantage of PHP Array

 Less Code: We don't need to define multiple variables.
 Easy to traverse: By the help of single loop, we can traverse all the
elements of an array.
 Sorting: We can sort the elements of array.
PHP Array Types
There are 3 types of array in PHP.
 Indexed Array
 Associative Array
 Multidimensional Array
PHP Indexed Array
PHP index is represented by number which starts from 0. PHP array elements
are assigned to an index number by default.
There are two ways to define indexed array:
1st way:
2nd way:
$season[0]="summer";
$season[1]="winter";
$season[2]="spring";
$season[3]="autumn";
Eg.,
<?php
echo "Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]";
?>
Traversing PHP Indexed Array
We can easily traverse array in PHP using foreach loop.
Eg.,
<?php
$size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
foreach( $size as $s )
{
echo "Size is: $s<br />";
}
?>
Count Length of PHP Indexed Array
PHP provides count() function which returns length of an array.
<?php
$size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
echo count($size);
?>
PHP Associative Array
We can associate name with each array elements in PHP using => symbol.
There are two ways to define associative array:

1st way:
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"350000","John"=>"450000","Kartik"=>"200000");
2nd way:
$salary["Sonoo"]="350000";
$salary["John"]="450000";
$salary["Kartik"]="200000";
Eg.,
<?php
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"350000","John"=>"450000","Kartik"=>"200000");
echo "Sonoo salary: ".$salary["Sonoo"]."<br/>";
echo "John salary: ".$salary["John"]."<br/>";
echo "Kartik salary: ".$salary["Kartik"]."<br/>";
?>
Traversing PHP Associative Array
By the help of PHP for each loop, we can easily traverse the elements of PHP
associative array.
<?php
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"550000","Vimal"=>"250000","Ratan"=>"200000");
foreach($salary as $k => $v) {
echo "Key: ".$k." Value: ".$v."<br/>";
}
?>
Output:
Key: Sonoo Value: 550000
Key: Vimal Value: 250000
Key: Ratan Value: 200000
PHP Multidimensional Array
PHP multidimensional array is also known as array of arrays. It allows you to

store tabular data in an array. PHP multidimensional array can be represented in
the form of matrix which is represented by row * column.
$emp = array
(
array(1,"sonoo",400000),
array(2,"john",500000),
array(3,"rahul",300000)
);
Eg.,
<?php
$emp = array
(
array(1,"sonoo",400000),
array(2,"john",500000),
array(3,"rahul",300000)
);
for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++) {

for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo $emp[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
PHP Array Functions
1) PHP array() function
PHP array() function creates and returns an array. It allows you to create
indexed, associative and multidimensional arrays.
Syntax
array array ([ mixed $... ] )
Example
<?php
echo "Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]";
?>
Output:Season are: summer, winter, spring and autumn
2) PHP array_change_key_case() function

PHP array_change_key_case() function changes the case of all key of an array.
** It changes case of key only.
Syntax
array array_change_key_case ( array $array [, int $case = CASE_LOWER ] )
Example
<?php
print_r(array_change_key_case($salary,CASE_UPPER));
?>
Output:
Array ( [SONOO] => 550000 [VIMAL] => 250000 [RATAN] => 200000 )
3) PHP array_chunk() function
PHP array_chunk() function splits array into chunks. By using array_chunk()
method, you can divide array into many parts.
Syntax
array array_chunk ( array $array , int $size [, bool $preserve_keys = false ] )

Example
<?php
print_r(array_chunk($salary,2));
?>
Output:
Array (
[0] => Array ( [0] => 550000 [1] => 250000 )
[1] => Array ( [0] => 200000 )
)
4) PHP count() function
PHP count() function counts all elements in an array.
Syntax
int count ( mixed $array_or_countable [, int $mode = COUNT_NORMAL ] )
Example
<?php
echo count($season);
?>
Output:
4
5) PHP sort() function
PHP sort() function sorts all the elements in an array.
Syntax
bool sort ( array &$array [, int $sort_flags = SORT_REGULAR ] )
Example
<?php
sort($season);
foreach( $season as $s )
{
echo "$s<br />";
}
?>
Output:
autumn
spring
summer
winter
6) PHP array_reverse() function
PHP array_reverse() function returns an array containing elements in reversed
order.
Syntax
array array_reverse ( array $array [, bool $preserve_keys = false ] )
Example
<?php
$reverseseason=array_reverse($season);
foreach( $reverseseason as $s )
{
echo "$s<br />";
}
?>
Output:
autumn
spring
winter
summer
7) PHP array_search() function
PHP array_search() function searches the specified value in an array. It returns
key if search is successful.
Syntax
mixed array_search ( mixed $needle , array $haystack [, bool $strict = false ] )
Example
<?php
$key=array_search("spring",$season);
echo $key;
?>
Output:
2
8) PHP array_intersect() function
PHP array_intersect() function returns the intersection of two array. In other
words, it returns the matching elements of two array.
Syntax
array array_intersect ( array $array1 , array $array2 [, array $... ] )
Example
<?php
$name1=array("sonoo","john","vivek","smith");
$name2=array("umesh","sonoo","kartik","smith");
$name3=array_intersect($name1,$name2);
foreach( $name3 as $n )
{
echo "$n<br />";
}
?>
Output
sonoo
smith
9.PHP array_push() Function
The array_push() function inserts one or more elements to the end of an array.
Syntax
array_push(array, value1, value2, ...)
Example
<?php
$a=array("red","green");
array_push($a,"blue","yellow");
print_r($a);
?>
10. PHP array_pop() Function\
Delete the last element of an array:
Syntax: array_pop(array)
Example:
<?php
$a=array("red","green","blue");
array_pop($a);
print_r($a);
?>
11.PHP array_splice() Function:
New item in an array can be inserted with the help of array_splice() function of
PHP. This function removes a portion of an array and replaces it with something
else. If offset and length are such that nothing is removed, then the elements
from the replacement array are inserted in the place specified by the offset.
Syntax:
array array_splice ($input, $offset [, $length [, $replacement]])
eg.,
<?php
//Original Array on which operations is to be perform
$original_array = array( '1', '2', '3', '4', '5' );
echo 'Original array : ';
foreach ($original_array as $x)
{
echo "$x ";
}
echo "\n";
//value of new item
$inserted_value = '11';
//value of position at which insertion is to be done

$position = 2;
//array_splice() function
array_splice( $original_array, $position, 0, $inserted_value );
echo "After inserting 11 in the array is : ";
foreach ($original_array as $x)
{
echo "$x ";
}
?>
o/p:
Original array : 1 2 3 4 5
After inserting 11 in the array is : 1 2 11 3 4 5
PHP Include and Require
"PHP allows you to include file so that a page content can be reused many
times. It is very helpful to include files when you want to apply the same HTML
or PHP code to multiple pages of a website." There are two ways to include file
in PHP.
 include
 require
Both include and require are identical to each other, except failure.
 include only generates a warning, i.e., E_WARNING, and continue the
execution of the script.
 require generates a fatal error, i.e., E_COMPILE_ERROR, and stop the
execution of the script.
PHP include
PHP include is used to include a file on the basis of given path. You may use a
relative or absolute path of the file.
Syntax
There are two syntaxes available for include:
include 'filename ';
Or
include ('filename');
Examples
Let's see a simple PHP include example.
File: menu.html
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com">Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/php-tutorial">PHP</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial">Java</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/html-tutorial">HTML</a>
File: include1.php
<?php include("menu.html"); ?>
<h1>This is Main Page</h1>
Output:
Home |
PHP |
Java |
HTML
This is Main Page
PHP require
PHP require is similar to include, which is also used to include files. The only
difference is that it stops the execution of script if the file is not found whereas
include doesn't.
Syntax
There are two syntaxes available for require:
require 'filename';
Or
require ('filename');
Examples
Let's see a simple PHP require example.
File: menu.html
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com">Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/php-tutorial">PHP</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial">Java</a> |
<a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/html-tutorial">HTML</a>
File: require1.php
<?php require("menu.html"); ?>
<h1>This is Main Page</h1>
Output:
Home |
PHP |
Java |
HTML
This is Main Page
PHP - Type Casting

Implicit Type Casting:
It is coercive type casting.
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = '20';
$c = $a+$b;
echo "c = " . $c;
?>
Here $b is atomatically converted to integer.
Explicit Type Casting:
$var = (type)expr;
Some of the type casting operators in PHP are −
 (int) or (integer) casts to an integer
 (bool) or (boolean) casts to a boolean
 (float) or (double) or (real) casts to a float
 (string) casts to a string
 (array) casts to an array
 (object) casts to an object
Example
$a = "10 Rs.";
$b = (int)$a;
var_dump($b);
$a = 100;
$b = (double)$a;
var_dump($b);
Type Casting Functions
PHP includes the following built-in functions for performing type casting −
intval():
intval(mixed $value, int $base = 10): int
 By default base is 10, converting to decimal, it can also be 0x,0B,0 for
hexadecimal,binary and octal.
Example:
<?php
echo intval(42). PHP_EOL;

echo intval('042', 0) . PHP_EOL; # 0ctal number
echo intval('42', 8) . PHP_EOL; # octal
echo intval(0x1A) . PHP_EOL; # Hexadecimal
echo intval('0x1A', 16) . PHP_EOL; # Hexadecimal
echo intval('0x1A', 0) . PHP_EOL; # Hexadecimal
?>
floatval():
floatval(mixed $value): float
example:
<?php
echo floatval(42). PHP_EOL;
echo floatval(4.2). PHP_EOL;
echo floatval('42') . PHP_EOL;
echo floatval('99.90 Rs') . PHP_EOL;
echo floatval('$100.50') . PHP_EOL;
echo floatval('ABC123!@#') . PHP_EOL;
echo (true) . PHP_EOL; ;
echo (false) . PHP_EOL;
?>
O/P:
42
4.2
42
99.9
0
0
1
strval():
strval(mixed $value): string
<?php
echo strval(42). PHP_EOL;
echo strval(4.2). PHP_EOL;
echo strval(4.2E5) . PHP_EOL;
echo strval(NULL) . PHP_EOL;
echo (true) . PHP_EOL;
echo (false) . PHP_EOL;

?>
o/p:
42
4.2
420000
UNIT-3
PHP Functions
PHP function is a piece of code that can be reused many times. It can take input
as argument list and return value. There are thousands of built-in functions in
PHP. In PHP, we can define Conditional function, Function within Function and
Recursive function also.
PHP User-defined Functions
Syntax
function functionname(){
}
Example:
<?php
function sayHello(){
echo "Hello PHP Function";
}
sayHello();//calling function
?>
PHP Function Arguments
PHP supports Call by Value (default), Call by Reference, Default argument
values and Variable-length argument list.
PHP Parameterized Function
PHP Parameterized functions are the functions with parameters. You can pass
any number of parameters inside a function. These passed parameters act as
variables inside your function.
example to pass two argument in PHP function.
<?php
function sayHello($name,$age){
echo "Hello $name, you are $age years old<br/>";
}
sayHello("Sonoo",27);
sayHello("Vimal",29);
sayHello("John",23);
?>
Output:
Hello Sonoo, you are 27 years old
Hello Vimal, you are 29 years old

Hello John, you are 23 years old
PHP Call By Value
In case of PHP call by value, actual value is not modified if it is modified inside
the function.
<?php
function adder($str2)
{
$str2 .= 'Call By Value';
echo $str2
}
$str = 'Hello ';
adder($str);
echo $str;
?>
Output: Hello Call By Value
Hello
PHP Call By Reference:

By default, value passed to the function is call by value. To pass value as a
reference, you need to use ampersand (&) symbol before the argument name.
Example:
<?php
function adder(&$str2)
{
$str2 .= 'Call By Reference';
}
$str = 'Hello ';
adder($str);
echo $str;
?>
PHP Function: Default Argument Value
We can specify a default argument value in function.
Example:
<?php
function sayHello($name="Sonoo"){
echo "Hello $name<br/>";
}
sayHello("Rajesh");
sayHello();//passing no value
sayHello("John");
?>
PHP Function: Returning Value
Example of PHP function that returns value:
<?php
function cube($n){
return $n*$n*$n;
}
echo "Cube of 3 is: ".cube(3);
?>
Output:
Cube of 3 is: 27
PHP Variable Length Argument Function
PHP supports variable length argument function. It means you can pass 0, 1 or n
number of arguments in function.
Example:
?php
function add(...$numbers) {
$sum = 0;
foreach ($numbers as $n) {
$sum += $n;
}
return $sum;
}
echo add(1, 2, 3, 4);
?>
Output:
10
PHP Recursive Function
Recursion is we call current function within function.
<?php
function factorial($n)
{
if ($n < 0)
return -1; /*Wrong value*/

if ($n == 0)
return 1; /*Terminating condition*/
return ($n * factorial ($n -1));
}
echo factorial(5);
?>
Output:
120
Library Functions : PHP provides us with huge collection of built-in library
functions. These functions are already coded and stored in form of functions. To
use those we just need to call them as per our requirement like, var_dump,
fopen(), print_r(), gettype() and so on.
PHP Date and Time:

PHP date() Function: The PHP date() function converts timestamp to a more
readable date and time format.
Syntax:
date(format, timestamp)
Explanation:
 The format parameter in the date() function specifies the format of
returned date and time.
 The timestamp is an optional parameter, if it is not included then the
current date and time will be used.
Example:
?php
echo "Today's date is :";
$today = date("d/m/Y");
echo $today;
?>
Output:
Today's date is :05/05/2024
Formatting options available in date() function\
 d: Represents day of the month; two digits with leading zeros (01 or 31).
 D: Represents day of the week in the text as an abbreviation (Mon to
Sun).
 m: Represents month in numbers with leading zeros (01 or 12).
 M: Represents month in text, abbreviated (Jan to Dec).

 y: Represents year in two digits (08 or 14).
 Y: Represents year in four digits (2008 or 2014).
 The parts of the date can be separated by inserting other characters, like
hyphens (-), dots (.), slashes (/), or spaces to add additional visual
formatting.
The following characters can be used along with the date() function to
format the time string:
 h: Represents hour in 12-hour format with leading zeros (01 to 12).

 H: Represents hour in 24-hour format with leading zeros (00 to 23).
 i: Represents minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59).
 s: Represents seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59).
 a: Represents lowercase antemeridian and post meridian (am or pm).
 A: Represents uppercase antemeridian and post meridian (AM or PM).
Example:
<?php
echo date("h:i:s") . "\n";
echo date("M,d,Y h:i:s A") . "\n";
echo date("h:i a");
?>
o/p: 03:04:17
Dec,05,2017 03:04:17 PM
03:04 pm
PHP time() Function: The time() function is used to get the current time as a
Unix timestamp (the number of seconds since the beginning of the Unix epoch:
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT).
The following characters can be used to format the time string:
 h: Represents hour in 12-hour format with leading zeros (01 to 12).
 H: Represents hour in 24-hour format with leading zeros (00 to 23).
 i: Represents minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59).
 s: Represents seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59).
 a: Represents lowercase antemeridian and post meridian (am or pm).
 A: Represents uppercase antemeridian and post meridian (AM or PM).
Example:
<?php
$timestamp = time();
echo($timestamp);
echo "\n";
echo(date("F d, Y h:i:s A", $timestamp));
?>
o/p: 1512486297
December 05, 2017 03:04:57 PM
PHP mktime() Function: The mktime() function is used to create the
timestamp for a specific date and time. If no date and time are provided, the
timestamp for the current date and time is returned.
Syntax:
mktime(hour, minute, second, month, day, year)
eg.,
<?php
echo mktime(23, 21, 50, 11, 25, 2017);
?>
The above code creates a time stamp for 25th Nov 2017,23 hrs 21mins 50secs.
o/p: 1511652110
Strings in PHP
PHP string is a sequence of characters i.e., used to store and manipulate text.
PHP supports only 256-character set and so that it does not offer native Unicode
support.
Creating and Declaring Strings
There are 4 ways to specify a string literal in PHP.
Single quoted:
We can create a string in PHP by enclosing the text in a single-quote. In single
quoted PHP strings, most escape sequences and variables will not be
interpreted. But, we can use single quote through \' and backslash through \\
inside single quoted PHP strings.
Example:
<?php
$str1='Hello text
multiple line
text within single quoted string';
$num=10;
$str2='Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string $num';
$str3='Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string';
echo "$str1 <br/> $str2 <br/> $str3";

?>
Output:
Hello text multiple line text within single quoted string
Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string $num
Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string
Double quoted: In PHP, we can specify string through enclosing text within
double quote also. But escape sequences and variables will be interpreted using
double quote PHP strings.
Example:
<?php
$str1="Hello text
multiple line
text within double quoted string";
$num=10;
$str2="Using double \"quote\" with backslash inside double quoted string
$num";
$str3="Using escape sequences \n in double quoted string";
echo "$str1 <br/> $str2 <br/> $str3";
?>
Output:
Hello text multiple line text within double quoted string
Using double "quote" with backslash inside double quoted string 10
Using escape sequences in double quoted string
Heredoc syntax: Heredoc syntax (<<<) is the third way to delimit strings. In
Heredoc syntax, an identifier is provided after this heredoc <<< operator, and
immediately a new line is started to write any text. To close the quotation, the
string follows itself and then again that same identifier is provided. That closing
identifier must begin from the new line without any whitespace or tab.
Eg.,
<?php
$str = <<<Demo
It is a valid example
Demo; //Valid code as whitespace or tab is not valid before closing identifier
echo $str;
?>
Output:
It is a valid example
Newdoc syntax (since PHP 5.3): Newdoc is similar to the heredoc, but in
newdoc parsing is not done. It is also identified with three less than symbols
<<< followed by an identifier. But here identifier is enclosed in single-quote,
e.g. <<<'EXP'.
<?php
$str = <<<'DEMO'
Welcome to javaTpoint.
Learn with newdoc example.
DEMO;
echo $str;
echo '</br>';
echo <<< 'Demo' // Here we are not storing string content in variable str.
Welcome to javaTpoint.
Learn with newdoc example.
Demo;
?>
Output:
Welcome to javaTpoint. Learn with newdoc example.
Welcome to javaTpoint. Learn with newdoc example.
The difference between newdoc and heredoc is that - Newdoc is a single-
quoted string whereas heredoc is a double-quoted string.
String Functions
1. strlen() function: This function is used to find the length of a string.

Syntax
int strlen ( string $string )
Example
<?php
$str="my name is Sonoo jaiswal";
$str=strlen($str);
echo $str;
?>
2. strrev() function: This function is used to reverse a string.
Syntax
string strrev ( string $string )

Example
<?php
$str="my name is Sonoo jaiswal";
$str=strrev($str);
echo $str;
?>
Output:lawsiaj oonoS si eman ym
3. str_replace() function: This function takes three strings as arguments. The

third argument is the original string and the first argument is replaced by the
second one. Count is optional and specifies number of replacements done.
Syntax
str_replace ( $search, $replace, $string, $count)
eg.,
<?php
echo str_replace("Geeks", "World", "Hello GeeksforGeeks!"), "\n";
echo str_replace("for", "World", "Hello GeeksforGeeks!"), "\n";
?>
4. strpos() function: This function takes two string arguments and if the second
string is present in the first one, it will return the starting position of the string
otherwise returns FALSE.
Eg.,
<?php
echo strpos("Hello GeeksforGeeks!", "Geeks"), "\n";
echo strpos("Hello GeeksforGeeks!", "for"), "\n";
var_dump(strpos("Hello GeeksforGeeks!", "Peek"));
?>
o/p: 6
11
bool(false)
5. trim() function: This function allows us to remove whitespaces or strings
from both sides of a string.
Eg.,
Eg.,
<?php
echo trim(" Hello GeeksforGeeks! ");

?>
6. strtoupper() function:The strtoupper() function returns string in uppercase
letter.
Eg.,
<?php
$input = "Welcome to geeksforgeeks";
echo strtoupper($input);
?>
7. strtolower() function: This function converts a string into the lowercase
string.
Example:
<?php
$input = "Welcome to GeeksforGeeks";
echo strtolower($input);
?>
8.str_word_count() function: This function counts the number of characters in
string.
Example:
<?php
$input = "Welcome to GeeksforGeeks";
echo str_word_count($input);
?>
9. explode() function: This function converts a string into an array.
Example:
<?php
echo explode($input);
?>
Output:
Array ( [0] => Welcome [1] => to [2] => geeksforgeeks )
10. substr() function: This function gives the substring of a given string from a
given index.
Syntax
substr( $string, $start, $length )
Example:
<?php

echo(substr($input,3));
?>
Output:
come to geeksforgeeks
11.String Reverse: strrev()
This function reverses the order of a string.
Example:
<?php
$text = "Hello, World!";
$reversed = strrev($text);
echo "Reversed: $reversed";
?>
12. String Compare: strcmp()
This function compares two strings and returns 0 if they are equal, a positive
number if the first string is greater, and a negative number if the second string is
greater.
Example:
<?php
$string1 = "apple";
$string2 = "banana";
$result = strcmp($string1, $string2);
echo "Comparison Result: $result";
?>
UNIT-4
PHP Classes
PHP also supports the concept of object-oriented programming.
PHP classes are almost like functions but with a major different that classes
contain both variables and function, in a single format called object or can be
said Class is made from a collection of objects.
Syntax:
<?php
class myFirstClass {
var $ var _ a ;
var $ var _ b = " constant string " ;
function classFunction ( $ parameter 1 , $ parameter 2 ) {

[...............]
}
[...............]
}
?>
1 Class To declare a class, we have to use the keyword class

and then the name of the class that we want to declare.
2 Variable To declare a variable, we have to declare keyword var

declaration followed by $ convention and then the name of the
declared variable. These are also known as member
variables. These are also called properties
3 Function To declare a function, we have to declare the keyword

declaration function following the name of the declared function.
These are also known as member functions, but these
functions are only accessible to class only. These are
also called methods
4 Braces We have to enclose our class with curly braces { }
<?php
class Employee
{
/* Member variables */
var $name;
var $salary;
var $profile;
// Constructor
public function __construct(){
echo 'The class "' . __CLASS__ . '" was initiated!<br>';
}
/* Member functions */
function set_name($new){
$this->name = $new;
}
?>
Creating Objects in PHP to access the class
Objects are created using new operator.
Eg.,
$employee_1 = new employees;
Eg.,
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = " en ">
<head>
<meta charse t= " UTF ? 8 ">
<meta http ? equiv = " X ? UA ? Compatible " content = " IE = edge ">
<meta name = " viewport " content = " width = device - width, initial ? scale =
1 .0">
<title> PHP </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
class employees {
/* Member variables */
var $name;
var $salary;
var $profile;
/* Member functions */
function set_name($new){
$this->name = $new;
}
function get_name(){
echo $this->name ."<br/>";
}
function set_salary($new){
$this->salary = $new;
}
function get_salary(){
echo $this->salary ." <br/>";
}
function set_profile($new){
$this->profile = $new;
}
function get_profile(){
echo $this->profile ." <br/>";
}
}
$employee_1 = new employees;
$employee_1->set_name( "JOHN" );
$employee_1->set_salary( "10000" );
$employee_1->set_profile( "audit manager" );
$employee_1->get_name();
$employee_1->get_salary();
$employee_1->get_profile();
echo "<br/>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
JOHN
10000
audit manager
$ this Keyword
$ this keyword refers to the present object, and this keyword can only be used
inside a member function of a class. We can use $ this keyword in two ways
1) To add a value to the declared variable, we have to use $ this property inside
the set _ name function
Eg.,
<?php
class employee {
public $name;
var $salary;
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function set_salary($salary) {
$this->salary = $salary;
}
}
$employee_1 = new employee();
$employee_1->set_name("JOHN");
$employee_1->set_salary(" $ 2000000"); ?>
2) In order to add a value to declared variable, the property of variable can be
changed directly.
Eg.,
<?php
class employee {
public $name;
var $salary;
}
$employee_1 = new employee();
$employee_1->name = " JOHN ";
$employee_1->salary = " $ 2000000 ";
?>
Constructors
These are a special types of functions that are automatically called whenever an
object is created. These function are created by using the _construct ( )
keyword. The constructors have no Return Type, so they do not return anything
not even void.
Constructor types:
 Default Constructor:It has no parameters, but the values to the default
constructor can be passed dynamically.
 Parameterized Constructor: It takes the parameters, and also you can pass
different values to the data members.
 Copy Constructor: It accepts the address of the other objects as a
parameter.
Syntax:
function __construct( $ parameter 1, $ parameter 2 ) {
$this->name = $ parameter 1;
$this->state = $ parameter 2;
}
<?php
class newconstructorclass
{
// Constructor
function __construct($new){
echo 'the constructor class has been initiated' ."<br/>" ;
$this->name = $new;
}
function get_name(){
echo $this->name ."<br/>";
}
}
// Create a new object
$obj = new newconstructorclass( " john " );
$obj -> get_name();
?>
Advantages of using Constructors:
1.Constructors provides the ability to pass parameters which are helpful in
automatic initialization of the member variables during creation time .
2.The Constructors can have as many parameters as required and they can be
defined with the default arguments.
3.They encourage re-usability avoiding re-initializing whenever instance of the
class is created .
4.You can start session in constructor method so that you don’t have to start in
all the functions everytime.
5.They can call class member methods and functions.
6.They can call other Constructors even from Parent class.
Destructors
These are special functions that are automatically called whenever an object
goes out of scope or gets deleted. These functions are created by using the
_destruct ( ) keyword.
Syntax:
function __destruct() {
[ . . . . . . . . . . .]
[ . . . . . . . . . . .] }
Eg.,
<?php
class newdestructorclass
{
// Destructor
public function __destruct(){
echo 'The class ' . __CLASS__ . '" was automatically destroyed when the
created object does not have a scope to initiate';
}
// Create a new object

$obj = new newdestructorclass;
?>
Advantages of destructors:
1.Destructors give chance to objects to free up memory allocation , so that
enough space is available for new objects or free up resources for other tasks.
2.It effectively makes programs run more efficiently and are very useful as they
carry out clean up tasks.
Comparison between __constructors and __destructors:

Constructors Destructors
Accepts one or more arguments. No arguments are passed. Its void.
function name is _construct(). function name is _destruct()
It has same name as the class with

It has same name as the class.
prefix ~tilda.
Constructor is involved Destructor is involved

automatically when the object is automatically when the object is
created. destroyed.
Used to de-initialize objects already

Used to initialize the instance of a
existing to free up memory for new
class.
accommodation.
Used to initialize data members of Used to make the object perform

class. some task before it is destroyed.
Constructors can be overloaded. Destructors cannot be overloaded.
It is called each time a class is It is called automatically at the time

instantiated or object is created. of object deletion .
Allocates memory. It deallocates memory.
Multiple constructors can exist in Only one Destructor can exist in a

a class. class.
If there is a derived class

The destructor of the derived class
inheriting from base class and the
is called and then the destructor of
object of the derived class is
Constructors Destructors
created, base class just the reverse order of

the constructor of base class is constructor.
created and then the constructor
of the derived class.
The concept of copy constructor is

allowed where an object is
initialized from the address of No such concept is allowed.
another object .
Class Access Specifier

Class Member Access from own Accessible from Accessible by
Access Specifier class derived class Object
Private Yes No No
Protected Yes Yes No
Public Yes Yes Yes
Multiple Inheritance in PHP

Multiple Inheritance is the property of the Object Oriented Programming
languages in which child class or sub class can inherit the properties of the
multiple parent classes or super classes.
PHP doesn’t support multiple inheritance but by using Interfaces in PHP or using
Traits in PHP instead of classes, we can implement it.
Traits (Using Class along with Traits): The trait is a type of class which enables
multiple inheritance. Classec can extend only one other class but can extend more
than one trait at a time.
Syntax:
class child_class_name extends parent_class_name {
use trait_name;
...
...
child_class functions
}
Example:
<?php
// Class Geeks
class Geeks {
public function sayhello() {
echo "Hello";
}
}
// Trait forGeeks
trait forGeeks {
public function sayfor() {
echo " Geeks";
}
}
class Sample extends Geeks {
use forGeeks;
public function geeksforgeeks() {
echo "\nGeeksforGeeks";
}
}
$test = new Sample();
$test->sayhello();
$test->sayfor();
$test->geeksforgeeks();
?>
Overloading in PHP
Function overloading in PHP is used to dynamically create properties and
methods. Function overloading contains same function name and that function
performs different task according to number of arguments. n PHP function
overloading is done with the help of magic function __call(). This function takes
function name and arguments.
Property and Rules of overloading in PHP:
1.All overloading methods must be defined as Public.
2.After creating the object for a class, we can access a set of entities that are
properties or methods not defined within the scope of the class.
3.Such entities are said to be overloaded properties or methods, and the process
is called as overloading.
4.For working with these overloaded properties or functions, PHP magic methods
are used.
6.Most of the magic methods will be triggered in object context except
__callStatic() method which is used in a static context.
Types of Overloading in PHP: There are two types of overloading in PHP.
 Property Overloading
 Method Overloading
Property Overloading: PHP property overloading is used to create dynamic
properties in the object context. Following operations are performed with
overloaded properties in PHP.
 Setting and getting overloaded properties.
 Evaluating overloaded properties setting.
 Undo such properties setting.
Before performing the operations, we should define appropriate magic methods.
which are,
__set(): triggered while initializing overloaded properties.
__get(): triggered while using overloaded properties with PHP print statements.
__isset(): This magic method is invoked when we check overloaded properties
with isset() function
__unset(): Similarly, this function will be invoked on using PHP unset() for
overloaded properties.
Example.,
<?php
//
class GFG {
// Location of overloading data

private $data = array();
// Overloading not used here
public $declared = 1;
// Overloading used when accessed
// outside the class
private $hidden = 2;
// Function definition
public function __set($name, $value) {
echo "Setting '$name' to '$value'\n";
$this->data[$name] = $value;
}
public function __get($name) {
echo "Getting '$name: ";
if (array_key_exists($name, $this->data)) {
return $this->data[$name];
}
$trace = debug_backtrace();
return null;
}
public function __isset($name) {
echo "Is '$name' set?\n";
return isset($this->data[$name]);
}
// Definition of __unset function

public function __unset($name) {
echo "Unsetting '$name'\n";
unset($this->data[$name]);
}
// getHidden function definition
public function getHidden() {

return $this->hidden;
}
}
// Create an object
$obj = new GFG;
// Set value 1 to the object variable
$obj->a = 1;
echo $obj->a . "\n";
// Use isset function to check
// 'a' is set or not
var_dump(isset($obj->a));
// Unset 'a'
unset($obj->a);
var_dump(isset($obj->a));
echo $obj->declared . "\n\n";
echo "Private property are visible inside the class ";
echo $obj->getHidden() . "\n\n";
echo "Private property are not visible outside of class\n";
echo $obj->hidden . "\n";
?>
Output:
Setting 'a' to '1'
Getting 'a: 1
Is 'a' set?
bool(true)
Unsetting 'a'
Is 'a' set?
bool(false)
1
Private property are visible inside the class 2
Private property are not visible outside of class

Getting 'hidden:
Method Overloading: It is a type of overloading for creating dynamic methods

that are not declared within the class scope.PHP method overloading allows
function call on both object and static context. The related magic functions are,
 __call() – triggered while invoking overloaded methods in the object
context.
 __callStatic() – triggered while invoking overloaded methods in static
context.
Example:
<?php
class GFG {
public function __call($name, $arguments) {
echo "Calling object method '$name' "
. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
public static function __callStatic($name, $arguments) {
echo "Calling static method '$name' "

. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
}
// Create new object
$obj = new GFG;
$obj->runTest('in object context');
GFG::runTest('in static context');
?>
Output:
Calling object method 'runTest' in object context
Calling static method 'runTest' in static context
Function Overriding: Function overriding is same as other OOPs programming
languages. In function overriding, both parent and child classes should have same
function name with and number of arguments. The purpose of overriding is to
change the behavior of parent class method. The two methods with the same name
and same parameter is called overriding.
Example:
<?php
// PHP program to implement
// function overriding
// This is parent class

class P {
// Function geeks of parent class

function geeks() {
echo "Parent";
}
}
// This is child class

class C extends P {
// Overriding geeks method

function geeks() {
echo "\nChild";
}
}
// Reference type of parent

$p = new P;
// Reference type of child

$c= new C;
// print Parent
$p->geeks();
// Print child
$c->geeks();
?>
PHP Form Handling:
The form request may be get or post.
PHP Get Form
Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get request is
visible on the URL browser so it is not secured. You can send limited amount of
data through get request.
Eg.,
File: form1.html
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>
<input type="submit" value="visit"/>
</form>
File: welcome.php
<?php
$name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
echo "Welcome, $name";
?>
PHP Post Form
Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of data such as
file upload, image upload, login form, registration form etc.
The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL browser so it is
secured.
File: form1.html
<form action="login.php" method="post">
<table>
<tr><td>Name:</td><td> <input type="text" name="name"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>Password:</td><td> <input type="password"
name="password"/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="login"/> </td></tr>
</table>
</form>
File: login.php
<?php
$name=$_POST["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
$password=$_POST["password"];//receiving password field value in $password
variable
echo "Welcome: $name, your password is: $password";
?>
PHP Form Validation
PHP methods and arrays used in form processing are:
1.isset(): This function is used to determine whether the variable or a form control
is having a value or not.
Eg.,
If (isset($_POST['submit']))
{
$number= $_GET["number"];
}
2.$_GET[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through
the parameters sent in the URL. It takes the attribute given in the url as the
parameter.
e.g, $number= $_GET["number"];
3.$_POST[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through
the HTTP POST method. IT takes name attribute of corresponding form control
as the parameter.
Eg., $number= $_POST["number"];
4.$_REQUEST[]: It is used to retrieve an information while using a database.
5. $_SERVER: $_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds
information about headers, paths,request method and script locations.
PHP form Validation Example:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
$nameErr = "Name is required";
} else {
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
// check if name only contains letters and whitespace

if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z-' ]*$/",$name)) {
$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["email"])) {
$emailErr = "Email is required";
} else {
$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);
// check if e-mail address is well-formed
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["website"])) {
$website = "";
} else {
$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);
// check if URL address syntax is valid (this regular expression also allows
dashes in the URL)
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-
9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {
$comment = "";
} else {
$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
} else {
$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);
}
}
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>
<h2>PHP Form Validation Example</h2>

<p><span class="error">* required field</span></p>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php echo $name;?>">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>
<br><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email" value="<?php echo $email;?>">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $emailErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Website: <input type="text" name="website" value="<?php echo
$website;?>">
<span class="error"><?php echo $websiteErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"><?php echo
$comment;?></textarea>
<br><br>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" <?php if (isset($gender) &&
$gender=="female") echo "checked";?> value="female">Female
$gender=="male") echo "checked";?> value="male">Male
$gender=="other") echo "checked";?> value="other">Other
<span class="error">* <?php echo $genderErr;?></span>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<?php
echo "<h2>Your Input:</h2>";
echo $name;
echo "<br>";
echo $email;
echo "<br>";
echo $website;
echo "<br>";
echo $comment;
echo "<br>";
echo $gender;
?>
</body>
</html>
MYSQL INTRODUCTION:
MySQL is a relational database management system based on the Structured
Query Language, which is the popular language for accessing and managing the
records in the database. MySQL is open-source and free software under the
GNU license. It is supported by Oracle Company. It is developed, marketed, and
supported by MySQL AB, a Swedish company, and written in C programming
language and C++ programming language.
MySQL is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) software that
provides many things, which are as follows:
 It allows us to implement database operations on tables, rows, columns,
and indexes.
 It defines the database relationship in the form of tables (collection of
rows and columns), also known as relations.
 It provides the Referential Integrity between rows or columns of various
tables.
 It allows us to updates the table indexes automatically.
 It uses many SQL queries and combines useful information from multiple
tables for the end-users.
The process of MySQL environment is the same as the client-server model.
The core of the MySQL database is the MySQL Server. This server is available
as a separate program and responsible for handling all the database instructions,
statements, or commands. The working of MySQL database with MySQL
Server are as follows:
 MySQL creates a database that allows you to build many tables to store
and manipulate data and defining the relationship between each table.
 Clients make requests through the GUI screen or command prompt by

using specific SQL expressions on MySQL.
 Finally, the server application will respond with the requested expressions
and produce the desired result on the client-side.
MySQL Features
 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
 Easy to use
 It is secure
 Client/ Server Architecture
 Free to download
 It is scalable
 Speed
 High Flexibility
 Compatible on many operating systems
 Allows roll-back
 MySQL allows transactions to be rolled back, commit, and crash
recovery.
 Memory efficiency
 Its efficiency is high because it has a very low memory leakage problem.
 High Performance
 MySQL uses Triggers, Stored procedures, and views that allow the
developer to give higher productivity.
 Platform Independent
 Partitioning
 MySQL provides a unified visual database graphical user interface tool
named "MySQL Workbench" to work with database architects,
developers, and Database Administrators.
 Dual Password Support
Disadvantages/Drawback of MySQL
 MySQL version less than 5.0 doesn't support ROLE, COMMIT, and
stored procedure.
 MySQL does not support a very large database size as efficiently.
 MySQL doesn't handle transactions very efficiently, and it is prone to data
corruption.
 MySQL is accused that it doesn't have a good developing and debugging

tool compared to paid databases.
 MySQL doesn't support SQL check constraints.
MySQL Data Types

MySQL supports a lot number of SQL standard data types in various categories.
It uses many different data types that can be broken into the following
categories: numeric, date and time, string types, spatial types, and JSON data
types.
Numeric Data Types
Numeric data types are used to store numeric values, including integers and
decimal numbers. MySQL uses all the standard ANSI SQL numeric data types.
 INT − A normal-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed,
the allowable range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. If unsigned, the
allowable range is from 0 to 4294967295. You can specify a width of up
to 11 digits.
 TINYINT − A very small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If
signed, the allowable range is from -128 to 127. If unsigned, the
allowable range is from 0 to 255. You can specify a width of up to 4
digits.
 SMALLINT − A small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed,
the allowable range is from -32768 to 32767. If unsigned, the allowable
range is from 0 to 65535. You can specify a width of up to 5 digits.
 MEDIUMINT − A medium-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned.
If signed, the allowable range is from -8388608 to 8388607. If unsigned,
the allowable range is from 0 to 16777215. You can specify a width of up
to 9 digits.
 BIGINT − A large integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the
allowable range is from -9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to
18446744073709551615. You can specify a width of up to 20 digits.
 FLOAT(M,D) − A floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. You
can define the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). This is
not required and will default to 10,2, where 2 is the number of decimals
and 10 is the total number of digits (including decimals). Decimal

precision can go to 24 places for a FLOAT.
 DOUBLE(M,D) − A double precision floating-point number that cannot
be unsigned. You can define the display length (M) and the number of
decimals (D). This is not required and will default to 16,4, where 4 is the
number of decimals. Decimal precision can go to 53 places for a
DOUBLE. REAL is a synonym for DOUBLE.
 DECIMAL(M,D) − An unpacked floating-point number that cannot be
unsigned. In the unpacked decimals, each decimal corresponds to one
byte. Defining the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D) is
required. NUMERIC is a synonym for DECIMAL. Internally, MySQL
stores DECIMAL values using a binary format that allocates storage for
the integer and fractional parts of the number separately. This binary
format efficiently packs 9 digits into 4 bytes of storage
Date and Time Data Types
The MySQL date and time data types are as follows −
 DATE − A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-01 and
9999-12-31. For example, December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 1973-
12-30.
 DATETIME − A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MM:SS format, between 1000-01-01 00:00:00 and 9999-12-31
23:59:59. For example, 3:30 in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973
would be stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00.
 TIMESTAMP − A timestamp between midnight, January 1st, 1970 and
sometime in 2037. This looks like the previous DATETIME format, only
without the hyphens between numbers; 3:30 in the afternoon on
December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 19731230153000 (
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS ).
 TIME − Stores the time in a HH:MM:SS format.
 YEAR(M) − Stores a year in a 2-digit or a 4-digit format. If the length is
specified as 2 (for example YEAR(2)), YEAR can be between 1970 to
2069 (70 to 69). If the length is specified as 4, then YEAR can be 1901 to
2155. The default length is 4.
String Data Types
The following list describes the common string data types in MySQL −
CHAR(M) − A fixed-length string between 1 and 255 characters in length (for
example CHAR(5)), right-padded with spaces to the specified length when
stored. Defining a length is not required, but the default is 1.
VARCHAR(M) − A variable-length string between 1 and 255 characters in
length. For example, VARCHAR(25). You must define a length when creating a
VARCHAR field.
BLOB or TEXT − A field with a maximum length of 65535 characters. BLOBs
are "Binary Large Objects" and are used to store large amounts of binary data,
such as images or other types of files. Fields defined as TEXT also hold large
amounts of data. The difference between the two is that the sorts and
comparisons on the stored data are case sensitive on BLOBs and are not case
sensitive in TEXT fields. You do not specify a length with BLOB or TEXT.
TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT − A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum
length of 255 characters. You do not specify a length with TINYBLOB or
TINYTEXT.
MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT − A BLOB or TEXT column with a
maximum length of 16777215 characters. You do not specify a length with
MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT.
LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT − A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum
length of 4294967295 characters. You do not specify a length with
LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT.
ENUM − An enumeration, which is a fancy term for list. When defining an
ENUM, you are creating a list of items from which the value must be selected
(or it can be NULL). For example, if you wanted your field to contain "A" or
"B" or "C", you would define your ENUM as ENUM ('A', 'B', 'C') and only
those values (or NULL) could ever populate that field.
The MySQL Varchar Data Type
The MySQL VARCHAR data type is used to store variable-length character
strings, having a length up to 65,535 bytes.
In MySQL, when you store text in a VARCHAR column, it needs a little extra
space to keep track of how long the text is. This extra space can be either 1 or 2
bytes, depending on the length of the text. If the text is short (less than 255
characters), it uses 1 byte for length. For longer text, it uses 2 bytes.
The total size of data plus the length info cannot exceed 65,535 bytes for a row
in a table.
MySQL - Boolean Datatype
MySQL considers the value 0 as FALSE and 1 as TRUE. We can also store
NULL values using the TINYINT datatype. The Boolean values (such as TRUE
and FALSE) are not case-sensitive.
Spatial Data Type
It is a special kind of data type which is used to hold various geometrical and
geographical values.
Data Types Descriptions
GEOMETRY It is a point or aggregate of points that can hold

spatial values of any type that has a location.
POINT A point in geometry represents a single location. It

stores the values of X, Y coordinates.
POLYGON It is a planar surface that represents multisided

geometry. It can be defined by zero or more interior
boundary and only one exterior boundary.
LINESTRING It is a curve that has one or more point values. If it

contains only two points, it always represents Line.
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION It is a kind of geometry that has a collection of zero

or more geometry values.
MULTILINESTRING It is a multi-curve geometry that has a collection of

linestring values.
MULTIPOINT It is a collection of multiple point elements. Here,

the point cannot be connected or ordered in any
way.
MULTIPLYGON It is a multisurface object that represents a

collection of multiple polygon elements. It is a type
of two-dimensional geometry.
JSON Data Type

The JSON data type has the following advantages over storing JSON-format
strings in a string column:
 It provides automatic validation of JSON documents. If we stored invalid

documents in JSON columns, it would produce an error.
 It provides an optimal storage format.
UNIT 5
Using MySQL Client
What is a MySQL client?
MySQL client is a common name for tools that are designed to connect to MySQL
Server. Client programs are used to send commands or queries to the server and
allow managing data in the databases stored on the server.
How to use MySQL Command Line Client
To access MySQL Server from the command-line client, open the program and
enter the password. After that, you will be able to use the client.
You can also access MySQL Command Line Client from Command Prompt.
For this:
 Open Command Prompt.
 Navigate to the bin folder. For example: cd C:\Program
Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.0\bin
 Run the mysql -u root -p command.
 Enter the password.
How to create a user from the command line

CREATE USER 'username' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
You need to grant certain privileges to this user.
GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'username';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username';
How to create a database from the command line
CREATE DATABASE dbname;
To start working with the newly created database, execute the query:
USE dbname;
How to delete a MySQL database from the command line.
DROP DATABASE dbname;
How to delete a MySQL user account
DROP USER 'username';
MySQL Client options and query syntax

To get a full list of MySQL Client commands, enter help or \h at the prompt.
Using phpMyAdmin
phpMyAdmin is a GUI-based application which is used to manage MySQL
database.
Features of phpMyAdmin
 phpMyAdmin can create, alter, browse, and drop databases, views, tables,
columns, and indexes.
 It can display multiple results sets through queries and stored procedures.
 phpMyAdmin use stored procedure and queries to display multiple results
sets.
 It supports foreign keys and InnoDB tables.
 phpMyAdmin can track the changes done on databases, views, and tables.
 We can also create PDF graphics of our database layout.
 phpMyAdmin can be exported into various formats such as XML, CSV,
PDF, ISO/IEC 26300 - OpenDocument Text and Spreadsheet.
 It supports mysqli, which is the improved MySQL extension.
 phpMyAdmin can interact with 80 different languages.
 phpMyAdmin can edit, execute, and bookmark any SQL-statements and

even batch-queries.
 By using a set of pre-defined functions, it can transform stored data into
any format. For example - BLOB-data as image or download-link.
 It provides the facility to backup the database into different forms.
How to work with phpMyAdmin?
Click on New (1) to create a database and enter the database name in Create
database (2) field and then click on Create (3) button. We can create any number
of databases.
Enter the table name, number of columns, and click on Go. A message will
show that the table is created successfully.
Now enter the field name, type, their size, and any constraint here and save it.
The table is created successfully. We can make changes in the table from here.
Using PHP with MySQL:

PHP 5 and later can work with a MySQL database using:
 MySQLi extension (the "i" stands for improved)
 PDO (PHP Data Objects)
Connecting to MySQL:
The function used to connect PHP to MYSQL :
Procedure oriented
mysqli.connect(servername,username,password,databasename)
 Database name is optional
eg.,
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Object oriented
mysqli(servername,username,password,dbname)
 Dbname is optional
eg.,
<?php
$conn = mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
?>
PDO: This command requires valid database to connect to. If no database is

specified, an exception is thrown.
Eg.,
<?php
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=myDB", $username,
$password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,
PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}
?>
Close the Connection
The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the
connection before, use the following:
MySQLi Object-Oriented:
$conn->close();
MySQLi Procedural:
mysqli_close($conn);
PDO:
$conn = null;
PHP MySQL Create Database
Example (MySQLi Object-oriented)

<?php
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>
Example (MySQLi Procedural)
<?php
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
}
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Example (PDO)
<?php
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,
PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDBPDO";
// use exec() because no results are returned
$conn->exec($sql);
echo "Database created successfully<br>";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo $sql . "<br>" . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn = null;
?>
PHP MySQL Create Table
Example
<?php
$host = 'localhost:3306';
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
$conn = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $pass,$dbname);

if(!$conn){
die('Could not connect: '.mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully<br/>';
$sql = "create table emp5(id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,name VARCHAR(20)

NOT NULL,
emp_salary INT NOT NULL,primary key (id))";
if(mysqli_query($conn, $sql)){
echo "Table emp5 created successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not create table: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
PHP MySQL Insert Data
Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
if(!$conn){
}
$sql = 'INSERT INTO emp4(name,salary) VALUES ("sonoo", 9000)';
echo "Record inserted successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not insert record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
PHP MySQL Update Record
Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

if(!$conn){
}
$id=2;
$name="Rahul";
$salary=80000;
$sql = "update emp4 set name=\"$name\", salary=$salary where id=$id";
echo "Record updated successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not update record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
PHP MySQL Delete Record

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

if(!$conn){
}
$id=2;
$sql = "delete from emp4 where id=$id";
echo "Record deleted successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not deleted record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
PHP MySQL Select Query
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
if(!$conn){
}
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM emp4';

$retval=mysqli_query($conn, $sql);
if(mysqli_num_rows($retval) > 0){

while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($retval)){
echo "EMP ID :{$row['id']} <br> ".
"EMP NAME : {$row['name']} <br> ".
"EMP SALARY : {$row['salary']} <br> ".
"--------------------------------<br>";
} //end of while
}else{
echo "0 results";
}
?>
Output:
Connected successfully
EMP ID :1
EMP NAME : ratan
EMP SALARY : 9000

--------------------------------
EMP ID :2
EMP NAME : karan
EMP SALARY : 40000
--------------------------------
EMP ID :3
EMP NAME : jai
EMP SALARY : 90000
--------------------------------
mysqli_query($conn, $sql): The mysqli_query() function executes/performs
the given query on the database. For SELECT query this function returns the
rows retrieved as an object if the execution is successful.
Syntax
mysqli_query($con, query)
con(Mandatory)
1
This is an object representing a connection to MySQL Server.
query(Mandatory)
2
This is a string value representing the query to be executed.
mode(Optional)
This is a integer value representing the result mode. You can
3
pass MYSQLI_USE_RESULT or MYSQLI_STORE_RESULT as values to this
parameter.
mysqli_num_rows($retval): returns number of tuples stored in the object
retval or num of rows in the result set if a query.
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
if(!$conn){
}
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM emp4';

$retval=mysqli_query($conn, $sql);
$num= mysqli_num_rows($retval);
Echo $num;
?>
mysqli_fetch_assoc($retval)
Fetch a result row as an associative array:
Eg.,
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","my_user","my_password","my_db");
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
exit();
}
$sql = "SELECT Lastname, Age FROM Persons ORDER BY Lastname";

$result = mysqli_query($con, $sql);
// Associative array
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result);
printf ("%s (%s)\n", $row["Lastname"], $row["Age"]);
// Free result set

mysqli_free_result($result);
mysqli_close($con);
?>

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BCA VI SEM PHP &MySQL Rajadhani Degree college

features. PHP's development team includes dozens of developers and

Why use PHP

 WAMP for Windows

Step 4: Now, open the web browser and type localhost

PHP Case Sensitivity

 print is a statement, used as an alternative to echo at many times to

echo "Welcome to PHP single line comments";

echo "Octal number: " .$oct1. "</br>";

//second function call

Operator Name Example Explanation

+ Addition $a + $b Sum of operands

- Subtraction $a - $b Difference of operands

* Multiplication $a * $b Product of operands

/ Division $a / $b Quotient of operands

% Modulus $a % $b Remainder of operands

** Exponentiation $a ** $b $a raised to the power $b

= Assign $a = $b The value of right operand is assigned to the left

+= Add then Assign $a+= $b Addition same as $a = $a + $b

-= Subtract then $a -= $b Subtraction same as $a = $a - $b

*= Multiply then $a *= $b Multiplication same as $a = $a * $b

/= Divide then Assign $a /= $b Find quotient same as $a = $a / $b

%= Divide then Assign $a%= $b Find remainder same as $a = $a % $b

Operator Name Example Explanation

| Or (Inclusive or) $a | $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set

^ Xor (Exclusive $a ^ $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set

>> Shift right $a >> $b Right shift the bits of $a operand by $b

Comparison Operators/Relational Operators

== Equal $a== $b Return TRUE if $a is equal to $b

!= Not equal $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

<> Not equal $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

< Less than $a < $b Return TRUE if $a is less than $b

> Greater than $a > $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than $b

>= Greater than or $a >= $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than or equal $b

<=> Spaceship $a<=>$b Return-1 if $a is less than $b

++ Increment ++$a Increment the value of $a by one, then return $a

$a++ Return $a, then increment the value of $a by one

-- decrement --$a Decrement the value of $a by one, then return $a

$a-- Return $a, then decrement the value of $a by one

and And $a and $b Return TRUE if both $a and $b are true

Or Or $a or $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true

xor Xor $a xor $b Return TRUE if either $ or $b is true but not

! Not ! $a Return TRUE if $a is not true

&& And $a && $b Return TRUE if either $a and $b are true

|| Or $a || $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true

Operator Name Example Explanation

. Concatenation $a . $b Concatenate both $a and $b

.= Concatenation and $a .= $b First concatenate $a and $b, then

Operator Name Example Explanation

+ Union $a + $y Union of $a and $b

== Equality $a == $b Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value

!= Inequality $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

=== Identity $a === $b Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value

!== Non- $a !== $b Return TRUE if $a is not identical to $b

<> Inequality $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

PHP continue statement

Operator Name Example Result

?: Ternary $x Returns the value of

?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of

Exponentiation $a $b $a raised to the power $b

= Multiply then $a = $b Multiplication same as $a = $a * $b

return -1; /Wrong value/

Comparison between constructors and destructors: