B.M.S.

College of Engineering
Workshop
On
Signals ,Sensors and Measurement Sytems

Sensor Technology & IoT

Applications

By
Dr. Mamatha M.N
Professor
Dept of EIE,
B,M,S,C,E, Bengaluru
SENSOR DEVICES ARE BECOMING WIDELY AVAILABLE
Sensors are hardware components that can detect events or
changes in its surroundings, and then provide a corresponding
output.

- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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MORE “THINGS” ARE BEING CONNECTED

Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…

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PEOPLE CONNECTING TO THINGS

ECG sensor

Internet

Motion sensor

Motion sensor
Motion sensor

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THINGS CONNECTING TO THINGS

- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks
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 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)
End-user

Core network
Gatewa e.g. Internet
y

Sink Gatewa
node y Computer services

- The networks typically run Low Power Devices

- Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or
actuators) 6
HOW ARE THE NETWORKS CHANGING?
Extensions
⚫ More nodes, more connections
⚫ Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
⚫ M2M, IoT
Billions of interconnected devices,
Everybody is connected.
Expansions
⚫ Broadband
⚫ LTE, 5G

Enhancements
⚫ Smart networks
⚫ Data-centric and content-oriented networking
⚫ Context-aware (autonomous) systems

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 What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables
these objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration between the
physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.

Thus IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies,

microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microservices and the
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internet.
The convergence has helped tear down the silos between information
technology (IT) and operational technology (OT).
 What is IoT? -Continued
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of
interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines,
objects,
animals or people
that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be

•a person with a heart monitor implant,

• a farm animal with a biochip transponder,
• an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure
is low
or
• any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address
and is able to transfer data over a network.
 HOW IOT WORKS?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that
use embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is
either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
These capabilities include:
Communication and cooperation
Addressability
Identification
Sensing
Actuation
Embedded information processing
Localization 10

User interfaces
 OVERVIEW: HARDWARE PLATFORM IEEE 802.15.4
User/Environment 2 sensors 2.4GHz RF System

Sensors & XM1000

Actuators
Device
“Thing”
level
Communications

Network

Gateway
Network
level
The Internet The
Internet

Servers
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SENSORS & ACTUATORS
Sensors:
⚫ They are mainly input components
⚫ They sense and collect surrounding information
⚫ Basically three types:
Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)

Actuators:
⚫ They are mainly output components
⚫ They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
Controlling motors to move objects
Displaying messages
and others…

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THINGS
We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system
currently.
A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
⚫ Sensors & actuators
⚫ Microcontroller
⚫ Communication unit
⚫ Power supply
A “thing” has the following properties:
⚫ It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of
energy.
⚫ It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their
computing capability.
⚫ It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
Power consumption is the main design issue.

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COMMUNICATIONS
A “thing” always feature communications for “team
working”
The Role of Communications
⚫ Providing a data link between two nodes
Communication type:
⚫ Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
⚫ Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most
popular choice (and also our focus)
Popular RF-based communication solutions:
⚫ IEEE 802.15.4 🡨 used in XM1000
⚫ IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi)
⚫ Bluetooth
⚫ Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID

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NETWORKS
The Roles of Networks
⚫ Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
⚫ Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in
the network.
Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to
perform networking related tasks.
RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop
Network. Some examples:
⚫ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
⚫ Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
⚫ Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
⚫ Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
⚫ and others...
Main concern: Reliability & Performance

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THE INTERNET
The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a
local network.
The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things
must also support TCP/IP.
Gateway (or sink)
⚫ For a practical deployment, a gateway is often needed in a
network.
⚫ It offers relaying packets between the network and the
Internet.

The Internet

Data link
Gateway
Networ
k 16
 Thin Thin
PROTOCOL STACK g g
Application Application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC Medium
Serve
r

Application Gatewa
y
TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4

(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
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 HOW IOT WORKS?

RFI Sensor Smart Nano

D Tech Tech

To identify To collect and To enhance the To make the

and track process the power of the smaller and
the data of data to network by smaller
things detect the devolving things have
changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part of interact.
things the network.

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 THE STRUCTURE OF IOT
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting
of networks of devices and computers connected through
a series of intermediate technologies where numerous
technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as
enablers of this connectivity.

Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and

addressability by RFIDs.
Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect
data from the environment.
Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology
has provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and
connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices
through sensors has formed the network connection to the
Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent
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control.
 IOT AS A NETWORK OF NETWORKS

These networks connected with added security, analytics,

and management capabilities. This will allow IoT to21
become even more powerful in what it can help people
achieve.
UNLOCK THE MASSIVE POTENTIAL OF
IOT

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 OPPORTUNITIES

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Source:
 CURRENT STATUS & FUTURE PROSPECT OF IOT

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“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

 INTERNET OF THINGS

P. Barnaghi, A. Sheth, “Internet of Things, The story so far”, IEEE IoT Newsletter, September 2014.
 THE FUTURE OF IOT

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"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
 THE POTENTIAL OF IOT

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GE’s estimates on potential of just ONE percent savings
applied using IoT across global industry sectors.
TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF IOT

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 APPLICATIONS OF IOT

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"The Ultimate Goal of IOT is to Automate Human Life."

 FEW APPLICATIONS OF IOT -ACTIVITY
✔ Building and Home automation
✔ Manufacturing
✔ Medical and Healthcare systems
✔ Media
✔ Environmental monitoring
✔ Infrastructure management
✔ Energy management
✔ Transportation
✔ Better quality of life for elderly

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You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
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 SENSORS IN EVEN -THE HOLY COW!

In the world of IoT, even the cows will be connected and

monitored. Sensors are implanted in the ears of cattle. This
allows farmers to monitor cows’ health and track their
movements, ensuring a healthier, more plentiful supply of
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milk for people to consume. On average, each cow
generates about 200 MB of information per year.
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IoT helps you in LIFE LOGGING

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 TECHNOLOGICAL
CHALLENGES OF IOT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such
as:
▪ Scalability
▪ Technological Standardization
▪ Inter operability
▪ Discovery
▪ Software complexity
▪ Data volumes and interpretation
▪ Power Supply
▪ Interaction and short range communication
▪ Wireless communication
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▪ Fault tolerance
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 “With a trillion sensors embedded in
the environment—all connected by
computing systems, software, and
services—it will be possible to hear the
heartbeat of the Earth, impacting human
interaction with the globe as profoundly
as the Internet has revolutionized
communication.” - Peter Hartwell, Senior
Researcher, HP Labs.
How much more IoT can do is only
left to your 45

“IMAGINATION”
 CRITICISMS OF IOT
Scholars and social observers and pessimists
have doubts about the promises of the ubiquitous
computing revolution, in the areas as:

▪ Privacy
▪ Security
▪ Autonomy and Control
▪ Social control
▪ Political manipulation
▪ Design
▪ Environmental impact
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▪ Influences human moral decision making
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 REFERENCES
1. www.google.com

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

3. Cisco whitepaper, "The Internet of Things" - How the Next

Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, by Dave
Evans, April 2011.

4. GE cloud expo 2014, "Industrial Internet as a Service", by

Shyam Varan Nath, Principal Architect.

5. Dr. Mazlan Abbas, MIMOS Berhad, Wisma IEM, Petaling

Jaya 48
THANK YOU

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 Internet of Things is the next stage of the
information revolution and referenced the
inter-connectivity of everything from urban transport
to medical devices to household appliances.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices
will use an IP address as a unique identifier. However,
due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows
for 4.3 billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT will
have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely large
address space required.

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Of course, we know nothing remains
static, especially when it comes to the
Internet. Initiatives and advances, such
as Cisco‘s Planetary Skin, GE’s
Industrial Internet, HP‘s central nervous
system for the earth (CeNSE), and smart
dust, have the potential to add
millions—even billions—of sensors to the
Internet.
As cows, water pipes, people,
and even shoes, trees, and animals
become connected to IoT, the world has
the potential to become a better place.