B.M.S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19

Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Tutorial Sheets
Course: PROCESS ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS-II
Course Code: 19CH4DCTD2
Faculty: Dr. Shivakumar. R

UNIT – I: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Fluids

Problem 1: Calculate the vapor pressure of water at 363 K. The vapor pressure at 373 K is
101.3 kPa. The mean heat of vaporization in this temperature range is 2275 kJ/kg.

Problem 2: Mercury has a density of 13690 kg/m3 in the liquid state and 14193 kg/m3 in the
solid state, both measured at the melting point of 234.33 K at 1 bar. If the heat of fusion of
mercury is 9.7876 kJ/kg, what is the melting point of mercury at 10 bars?

Problem 3: Calculate the internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy for one mole
of nitrogen at 773 K and 100 bars assuming that nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas. The molal
heat capacity of nitrogen at 1 bar is given as CP = 27.3 + 4.2x10–3 T, where T is in K and CP is
in J/mol K. Enthalpy of nitrogen is zero at 273 K and 1 bar. The entropy of nitrogen is 192.4
J/mol K at 298 K and 1 bar.

Problem 4: A gas obeys the equation of state P (V – B) = RT + (AP2)/T, where A and B are
constants. The mean specific heat (CP) at atmospheric pressure is 33.6 J/mol K. If A = 0.001
m3 K/(bar) mol; B = 8.0 x10–5 m3/mol. Calculate

i. The entropy change when the state of the gas is changed from state 1 (4 bars, 300 K)
to state 2 (12 bars, 400 K).

ii. The mean heat capacity at 12 bars.

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Problem 5: The melting point of benzene is found to increase from 278.5 K to 278.78 K,
when the external pressure is increased by 100 bar. Heat of fusion of benzene is 128 kJ/kg.
What is the change in volume per kg accompanying the fusion of benzene?

Problem 6: Calculate the change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy when
one kmol hydrogen gas at 300 K and 1 bar is heated and compressed to 500 K and 100 bars.
The entropy of hydrogen in the initial state is 131.5 kJ/kmol K. Enthalpy at 273 K may be taken
to be zero. Assume CP = 27.3 + 4.2 x10–3 T at 1 bar where CP is in kJ/kmol K and T is in K.
Hydrogen may be treated as ideal gas.

Problem 7: Superheated steam originally at P1 = 1000 kPa and T1 = 533.15 K expands

through a nozzle to an exhaust pressure P2 = 200 kPa. Assuming the process is reversible and
adiabatic, and that equilibrium is attained. Estimate the state of the steam at the exit of the
nozzle.

Problem 8: A tank of volume 1.5 m3 contains 500 kg of liquid water in equilibrium with
pure eater vapor which is fills the rest of the volume in the tank. The temperature and pressure
inside the tank were 373 K and 101.33 kPa. 750 Kg of fresh liquid water was feed into the tank
at a pressure of 101.33 kPa using a water line. The temperature of the fresh liquid was 343 K.
If the temperature and pressure inside the tank are not changed due to the process, how much
energy as heat must be supplied to the tank.

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Unit-II: Residual Properties

Problem 1: Derive an expression for the fugacity coefficient of a gas obeying the equation
of state P(V – b) = RT and estimate the fugacity of ammonia at 10 bar and 298 K, given that b
= 3.707 × 10–5 m3/mol.

Problem 2: Determine the fugacity and fugacity coefficient of steam at 623 K and 1000 kPa
using enthalpy and entropy values from steam tables. Assume that steam behaves ideally at
101.3 kPa.

Problem 3: Calculate the fugacity of n-butane in the liquid state at 350 K and 60 bar. The
vapour pressure of n-butane at 350 K is 9.35 bar. The molar volume of saturated liquid at 350
K is 0.1072 × 10–3 m3/mol. The fugacity coefficient for the saturated vapour at 350 K is 0.834.

Problem 4: At 300 K and 1 bar, the volumetric data for a liquid mixture of benzene and
cyclohexane are represented by V = 109.4 × 10–6 – 16.8 × 10–6x – 2.64 × 10–6x2, where x is
the mole fraction of benzene and V has the units of m3/mol. Find expressions for the partial
molar volumes of benzene and cyclohexane.

Problem 5: The Henry’s law constant for oxygen in water at 298 K is 4.4 ×104 bar. Estimate
the solubility of oxygen in water at 298 K for a partial pressure of oxygen at 0.25 bar.

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Unit 3: Vapour Liquid Equilibrium

Problem 1:

a. P-X-Y Diagram:

1. Find the values of 83.2069 kPa and 41.9827kPa

Assume the values of x1 and find P and y1.

For ideal solutions from raoult’s law ; from Dolton’s law .

, , and

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0 0.3313 0.5692 0.7483 0.8880 1.0000
P 41.9827 50.2275 58.4724 66.7172 74.9620 83.2069

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

b. T-X-Y Diagram:

1. Find the values of 342.9946 K and using rearranged Antoine

equation, , where i= no of components, when T= , then .

Use these equations to find

Assume the values of x1, find and y1.

For ideal solutions from raoult’s law ; from Dolton’s law .

, and

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0 0.333 0.589 0.779 0.9137 1.0
T 362.73 358.78 354.83 350.89 346.94 342.99

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Problem 2: n-Heptane and toluene form ideal solution. At 373 K, their vapour pressures are 106 and
74 kPa respectively. Determine the composition of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium at 373 K and
101.3 kPa.

Solution :

And

Problem 3: Mixtures of n-Heptane (A) and n-Octane (B) are expected to behave ideally. The total
pressure over the system is 101.3 kPa. Using the vapour pressure data given below,

Construct the boiling point diagram (T-X-Y diagram) and

The equilibrium diagram

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Solution:

b. Equilibrium Diagram

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering
Problem 4: The vapour pressures of benzene and toluene are given below. Calculate the equilibrium
data for the system at 101.3 kPa and formulate an equation for the equilibrium diagram in terms of
average relative volatility.

Solution: relative volatility; and

Find the value first, find x1 value and find the y1 value.

T x1 PS1 PS2 y1
353.1 1.00 101.3 39.6 1.00
358 0.78 116.9 46 0.90
363 0.58 135.4 54 0.78
368 0.41 155.7 63.3 0.63
373 0.26 179.1 74.2 0.46
378 0.13 204.2 86 0.26
383 0.02 233 99 0.04
383.6 0.00 240 101.3 0.00

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Problem 5: The binary system, acetone (1)–acetonitrile (2) conforms closely to Raoult’s law. Using
the vapour pressure data given below plot the following a. P-x1 and P-y1 curves at 323 K
b. T-x1 and T-y1 curves at 53.32 kPa

a. P-X-Y Diagram:

1. Find the values from table of 81.97 kPa and 33.79kPa

Assume the values of x1 and find P and y1. For ideal solutions from raoult’s law

; from Dolton’s law . .

, , and
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 0.377 0.618 0.784 0.906 1.0
P 33.79 43.42 53.06 62.69 72.33 81.97

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

T-X-Y Data

T x1 PS1 PS2 y1
311.45 1.00 53.32 21.25 1.00
315 0.79 61.09 24.61 0.90
319 0.58 70.91 28.9 0.77
323 0.41 81.97 33.79 0.62
327 0.25 94.36 39.35 0.45
331 0.12 108.2 45.62 0.25
335.33 0.00 124.95 53.32 0.00

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering
Problem 6: The vapour pressures of acetone (1) and acetonitrile (2) can be evaluated by the
Antoine equations
Where T is in K and P is in kPa. Assuming that the solutions
formed by these are ideal, calculate
a. x1 and y1 at 327 K and 65 kPa
b. T and y1 at 65 kPa and x1 = 0.4
c. P and y1 at 327 K and x1 = 0.4
d. T and x1 at 65 kPa and y1 = 0.4
e. P and x1 at 327 K and y1 = 0.4

Solution:
a. 𝑃 = 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + (1 − 𝑥1 )𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ;find 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 85.12 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 39.31 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃−𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 65−39.31 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 0.568∗85.12
𝑥1 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 85.12−39.31 = 0.5608 and 𝑦1 = = = 0.7344
1 2 𝑃 65

b. Here T= bubble point or bubble temperature, this is calculated by trial and error, because
𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , are function of temperature. The feed condition given is liquid solution. Hence
here the phase change is from liquid-vapour. If the given system is at its boiling point than the
sum of vapour fractions of all the components will be equal to 1, i.e. 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 1 for the
given problem.
i. First, assume initial guess value for temperature. That will be 𝑇 = 𝑥1 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 and 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 2.
ii. Find the 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 for the initial temperature and verify if P=65 kPa, 𝑃 = 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 +
(1 − 𝑥1 )𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 .
iii. Check if 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 1 at the end.

𝑇 = 332.2757 𝐾 , initial guess, calculate 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ; finally Bubble Temp = 330.3692
K
𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 95.55𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 44.6330𝑘𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑦1 = 0.5880, ; 𝑦2 = 0.412 and 𝑦 = 1.0

c. 𝑃 = 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + (1 − 𝑥1 )𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 57.634 𝑘𝑃𝑎; find 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 85.12 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
39.31 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 0.4∗85.12
𝑥1 = 0.4 and 𝑦1 = = = 0.591. This P= bubble pressure
𝑃 57.634
d. Here T= Dew point or Dew temperature, this is calculated by trial and error, because 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡
and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , are function of temperature. The feed condition given is vapour. Hence here the
phase change is from liquid-vapour. If the given system is at its boiling point than the sum of
vapour fractions of all the components will be equal to 1, i.e. 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 1 for the given
problem.

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

i. First, assume initial guess value for temperature. That will be 𝑇 = 𝑦1 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑦2 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 and 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 2.
ii. Find the 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 for the initial temperature and verify if P=65 kPa, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 1
1 𝑦1 (1−𝑦1 )
=𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + .
𝑃 1 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
iii. Check if 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 1 at the end.

𝑇 = 332.2757 𝐾 , initial guess, calculate 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ; finally Bubble Temp = 334.155K
𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 108.4664 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 51.2959 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑥1 = 0.2397, ; 𝑥2 = 0.7603 and 𝑥 =
1.0
𝑃−𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑦1 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
e. 𝑥1 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , sub for P, 𝑃 = ; 𝑥1 =
1 2 𝑦1 𝑦1 (𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡)

𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑥1 𝑃1 − 𝑦1 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ; 𝑥1 𝑃1 − 𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑦1 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑦1 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡
Final Equation 𝑥1 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) ; 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 85.12 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 39.31 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 1 (𝑃1 2

𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑥1 = 0.2354 ; 𝑥2 = 0.7646 and 𝑃 = = 50.093 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑦1

Problem 7: Mixtures of n-Heptane (A) and n-Octane (B) are expected to behave ideally. The
total pressure over the system is 101.3 kPa. Using the vapour pressure data given below,
(a) Construct the boiling point diagram
(b) The equilibrium diagram
(c) Deduce an equation for the equilibrium diagram using an arithmetic average ‘α’ value.
T, K 371.4 378 383 388 393 398.6
𝑃𝐴𝑆 , kPa 101.3 125.3 140.0 160.0 179.9 205.3
𝑃𝐵𝑆 , kPa 44.4 55.6 64.5 74.8 86.6 101.3

𝑃−𝑃𝐵 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑆 𝑥𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑠𝑎𝑡

Solution: a. Find the 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 −𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝛼 = 𝑃𝐴𝑆 and 𝑦𝐴 =
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝑃

T x1 PS1 PS2 y1
371.4 1.00 101.3 44.4 1.00 2.282
378 0.66 125.3 55.6 1.54 2.254
383 0.49 140 64.5 1.28 2.171
388 0.31 160 74.8 0.93 2.139

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

393 0.16 179.9 86.6 0.53 2.077

398.6 0.00 205.3 101.3 0.00 2.027

c. Find the Average Value of 𝛼 and find the Equilibrium data for the x value estimated using
𝛼𝑥𝐴 2.16𝑥𝐴
equation 𝑦𝐴 = =
1+(𝛼−1)𝑥𝐴 1+(2.16−1)𝑥𝐴

T, K 371.4 378 383 388 393 398.6

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering
x1 1.0000 0.6557 0.4874 0.3110 0.1576 0
y1 1.0000 0.8044 0.6726 0.4937 0.2877 0

Problem 8: A mixture contains 45% (mol) methanol (A), 30% (mol) ethanol (B) and the rest
n-propanol (C). Liquid solution may be assumed to be ideal and perfect gas law is valid for the
vapour phase, total pressure of 101.3 kPa. Calculate

(a) The bubble point and the vapour composition

(b) The dew point and the liquid composition.
The vapour pressures of the pure liquids are given below:
Temperature , K 333 343 353 363
𝑃𝐴𝑆 , kPa 81.97 133.29 186.61 266.58

𝑃𝐵𝑆 , kPa 49.32 73.31 106.63 166.61

𝑃𝐶𝑆 , kPa 39.32 62.65 93.30 133.29

Solution:
Step1. If the vapour phase can be treated as an ideal gas and liquid phase, an ideal solution, the
𝑦 𝑃𝑖𝑆
K-values can be written as 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 = .
𝑖 𝑃

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering
𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑠𝑎𝑡
Step2. from the Flash Calculation Criteria ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = ∑ 𝐾𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝑃
= 1 at Bubble
temperature. Assume the feed as saturated Liquid and all the compositions given are liquid
compositions.
Step 3. Plot T Vs saturation pressure plot for interpolation.

i. First, assume initial guess value for temperature. That will be = 𝑥1 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 +
𝑥3 𝑇3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3

ii. Find the 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 for the initial temperature and verify if P=65 kPa, 𝑃 =
𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥3 𝑃3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 .
iii. Check if 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 = 1 at the end. For the obtained temperature Value from graph.

Dew point Calculations

𝑦 𝑦𝑖 𝑃
1. From the Flash Calculation Criteria ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝐾𝑖 = ∑ = 1 at Bubble temperature.
𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑠𝑎𝑡
Assume the feed as saturated Liquid and all the compositions given are liquid compositions.
i. First, assume initial guess value for temperature. That will be 𝑇 = 𝑦1 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑦2 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 +
𝑦3 𝑇3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝑇1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝑇2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 1, 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.
ii. Find the 𝑃1 𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝑃2 𝑠𝑎𝑡 for the initial temperature and verify if P=
1 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3
=𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 +𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 +𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 .
𝑃 1 2 3

iii. Check if 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 1 at the end.

Problem 9: A hydrocarbon mixture contains 25% (mol) propane, 40% (mol) n-butane and 35%
(mol) n-pentane at 1447.14 kPa. Assume ideal solution behaviour and calculate

(a) The bubble-point temperature and composition of the vapour

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering
(b) The dew-point temperature and the composition of the liquid
(c) The temperature and the composition of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium when 45%
(mol) of the initial mixture is vaporised. (Refer EXAMPLE 8.26, K.V. Narayan).

UNIT- 4: Non-Ideal solutions

Problem 1: Prove that at the azeotropic composition, the vapour and liquid have the same
composition.
Problems 2: Liquids A and B form an azeotrope containing 46.1 mole per cent A at 101.3 kPa
and 345 K. At 345 K, the vapour pressure of A is 84.8 kPa and that of B is 78.2 kPa. Calculate
the van Laar constants.

Solution:

Problems 3: The azeotrope of the ethanol–benzene system has a composition of 44.8% (mol)
ethanol with a boiling point of 341.4 K at 101.3 kPa. At this temperature the vapour pressure
of benzene is 68.9 kPa and the vapour pressure of ethanol is 67.4 kPa. What are the activity
coefficients in a solution containing 10% alcohol?

Solution:

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Problem 4: Water (1) –hydrazine (2) system forms an azeotrope containing 58.5% (mol)
hydrazine at 393 K and 101.3 kPa. Calculate the equilibrium vapour composition for a solution
containing 20% (mol) hydrazine. The relative volatility of water with reference to hydrazine is
1.6 and may be assumed to remain constant in the temperature range involved. The vapour
pressure of hydrazine at 393 K is 124.76 kPa.

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 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
Department of Chemical Engineering

Reference

1. Smith J. M. and Van Ness H.C, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics",

5th edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1996.

2. Narayanan, K. V. “Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics”, Prentice Hall of India Private

Limited, New Delhi, 2001.

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