 Introduction to IoT

 Definition and characteristics of IoT

 IoT Architecture
 Physical and logical design of IoT
 Enabling Technologies in IoT
 History of IoT
 About things of IoT
 Identifiers in IoT
 About the internet in IoT
 IoT frameworks
 M2M in IoT
Introduction to IoT
Definition and characteristics of IoT

what is IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.

characteristics

IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-
based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
IoT Architecture

 Devices/Things:
 Connectivity:
 Edge Computing:
 IoT Gateway:
 Cloud Computing:
 Data Storage:
 Analytics and Insights:
 User Interface/Application:
 Security:
 Management and Monitoring:
Devices/Things:

 Smart Home Devices:

 Wearable Devices:
• Smart Thermostats: Devices that regulate home
temperature based on user preferences and can • Smartwatches: Devices that can track health
be controlled remotely. metrics, provide notifications, and connect to
smartphones.
• Smart Lighting Systems: Lighting systems that can
be controlled and automated through the • Fitness Trackers: Wearable devices that monitor
internet. physical activity, sleep, and health metrics.
• Smart Locks and Doorbells: Security devices that • Smart Clothing: Clothing embedded with sensors
provide remote monitoring and control of home to track various health parameters.
access.
Devices/Things:

 Industrial IoT (IIoT) Devices:

 Smart City Infrastructure:
• Connected Sensors: Sensors deployed in
industrial settings to monitor and collect data on • Smart Streetlights: Streetlights with sensors for
machinery, equipment, and environmental energy efficiency and automated lighting control.
conditions.
• Smart Parking Systems: Sensors and cameras that
• Connected Machines: Machinery and equipment monitor parking spaces and provide real-time
equipped with sensors for real-time monitoring information to drivers.
and predictive maintenance.
• Environmental Monitoring Devices: Sensors
• Asset Tracking Devices: Devices used to track the measuring air quality, noise levels, and other
location and condition of assets in industries like environmental parameters.
logistics and manufacturing.
 Healthcare IoT Devices:  Connected Vehicles:
• Remote Patient Monitoring Devices: Wearable or • Connected Cars: Vehicles equipped with IoT
implantable devices that monitor and transmit technology for features like navigation, real-time
health data to healthcare providers. diagnostics, and entertainment.
• Smart Pill Dispensers: Devices that remind • Fleet Management Systems: Systems that
patients to take medication and provide alerts to monitor and manage the operations of a fleet of
caregivers. vehicles through IoT connectivity.
• IoT-enabled Medical Equipment: Connected • Smart Traffic Management: IoT-enabled systems
medical devices such as infusion pumps, for optimizing traffic flow and reducing
ventilators, and diagnostic equipment. congestion.
  Consumer Electronics:
 Agricultural IoT Devices:
• Smart TVs and Streaming Devices: Devices that
• Precision Agriculture Sensors: Devices for
connect to the internet for streaming content and
monitoring soil conditions, crop health, and
smart home integration.
weather patterns.
• Smart Speakers and Voice Assistants: Devices
• Smart Irrigation Systems: Systems that optimize
that use voice recognition for various tasks and
water usage based on environmental conditions
home automation control.
and crop needs.
• Connected Appliances: Household appliances like
• Livestock Monitoring: Wearables or implants for
refrigerators, ovens, and washing machines with
tracking the health and location of livestock.
IoT capabilities.
 Retail IoT Devices:
1. Environmental Monitoring Devices:
• RFID Tags: Tags for tracking inventory and 1. Weather Stations: Devices that measure and report
managing supply chains in retail. weather conditions.
• Smart Shelves: Shelves equipped with sensors to 2. Air Quality Monitors: Sensors for measuring
monitor inventory levels and customer pollutants and air quality in indoor and outdoor
interactions. environments.

• Beacon Technology: Devices that use Bluetooth 3. Water Quality Sensors: Devices for monitoring the
Low Energy (BLE) to provide location-based quality of water in rivers, lakes, and other bodies of
water.
services and promotions in stores.
Conectivity
Connectivity:

 IoT connectivity is the means by which an IoT  Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity):

device, which can be anything from a simple sensor  Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE):
in a factory to a self-driving vehicle and encompasses
applications from streetlights to robots, connects to  Zigbee:
the cloud, other devices and integration points such  Z-Wave:
as IoT gateways.
 LoRa (Long Range):
 enables devices to communicate and share data
seamlessly.  NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT):
 The connectivity options in IoT vary depending on  5G
the specific requirements of the application,
 RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification):
including
 range, data rate, power consumption, and deployment
 Ethernet:
environment.
1. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity):
Wi-Fi is a widely used wireless networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer over short to medium distances. It
is suitable for applications where power consumption is not a critical factor, and devices have access to a reliable power source.
2. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE):
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology commonly used for connecting devices like smartphones,
speakers, and wearables. Bluetooth Low Energy is a power-efficient version of Bluetooth designed for IoT applications with
lower data transfer requirements.
3. Z-Wave: Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol designed for home automation and IoT applications. It
operates in the sub-1GHz frequency range, providing good range and penetration through walls.
4. Zigbee:
Zigbee is a low-power, short-range wireless communication standard that is commonly used in home automation and industrial
applications. It operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and is suitable for applications where low power consumption is
essential.
Connectivity
1. LoRa (Long Range): LoRa is a low-power, long-range wireless communication technology suitable for IoT
applications that require extended coverage. It operates in the unlicensed sub-gigahertz radio frequency
bands and is often used for applications like smart agriculture and smart cities.
2. NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT): NB-IoT is a cellular communication technology designed for low-power, wide-
area IoT applications. It leverages existing cellular infrastructure to provide long-range connectivity with
improved coverage and penetration.
1. 5G: The fifth-generation (5G) cellular network technology offers high data rates, low latency, and massive
device connectivity. While it is not exclusive to IoT, 5G can support a wide range of IoT applications,
especially those requiring high bandwidth and low latency.
2. RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification): RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic
fields to identify and track tags attached to objects. It is commonly used for asset tracking, supply chain
management, and access control in IoT applications.
3. Ethernet: In certain industrial and fixed applications, Ethernet is used for wired connectivity, providing a
reliable and high-speed data connection.
Edge Computing:

 Reduced Latency:
 Bandwidth Optimization:
 Improved Reliability:

 Edge computing plays a crucial role in the Internet of  Enhanced Privacy and Security:
Things (IoT) by bringing computational capabilities  Real-time Analytics:
closer to the data source, reducing latency,
improving efficiency, and enhancing overall system  Scalability:
performance.  Energy Efficiency:
 Customization and Flexibility:
 Distributed Intelligence:
 Integration with Cloud Services:
IoT Gateway:
IoT Gateway:

 How Does An IoT Gateway Work?

 IoT gateways are designed to simplify and
streamline IoT device communications and
 An IoT gateway is a centralized hub that connects management. Some common functions of IoT
IoT devices and sensors to cloud-based devices include:
computing and data processing. • Inter-Device Communications:
 Modern IoT gateways often allow bidirectional • Device-to-Cloud Communications:
data flow between the cloud and IoT devices.
• Data Preprocessing:
• IoT Device Security:
• Intelligent Edge:
Data Storage:

 Data sources:
 Data storage:
 Data analytics & applications:
Data Storage:

 Data sources:
 IoT collects data from smart devices,
environmental sensors, smartphones,
intelligent vehicles, and all kinds of sensors.
 The data can then be sent over the network
with common standard protocols such as
MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP to the edge gateway
then to the cloud.
Data Storage:

 Data storage:
 stores data collected from sensors and devices
at the edge or cloud for long-term or short-term
applications.
 edge gateway provides functionalities, such as
sensor data aggregation, pre-processing of the
data, and securing connectivity to the cloud.
 In the cloud, there are various database
management systems built for IoT applications.
 The systems can store and manage those
enormous amounts of data for further
applications.
Data Storage:

 Data analytics & applications:

 Most organizations can use the cloud to run the
applications needed to process device-
generated data.
 analyzes the data with AI, machine learning, and
basic computing techniques to generate useful
information.
 data is used to create actionable insights to
unlock data-driven business intelligence,
optimize operations, engage more customers,
control processes automatically, and help
enterprises make the best decision based on the
results extracted from the data analytics layer.
Analytics and Insights:

 Internet of Things (IoT) analytics is a data analysis

tool that assesses the wide range of data
collected from IoT devices. IoT analytics assesses
vast quantities of data and produces useful
information from it.
 IoT analytics can be applied to managing data
centers and applications handling retail and
healthcare.
IoT Analytics - Data Integration

 Data Integration Explainer | TIBCO

 TIBCO
Software
Devices that power IoT Analytics

 Wearables
 Smart Home
 Healthcare
 Voice-Activated Everything
How IoT Analytics Work and the
Applications

1. The first step is to collect data aggregated from a variety of sources, in a range of formats, and at multiple
frequencies.
2. This data is then processed with a wide range of external sources.
3. The information is then stored in a time-series for analysis.
4. The analysis can be done in multiple ways--with custom analysis systems, with standard SQL queries, or
with machine learning analysis techniques. The results can be used to make a wide range of predictions.
5. With the information received, organizations can build several systems and applications to ease business
processes.
User Interface/Application:

• administrator UI allows full access to device

provisioning, device and solution configuration, and
user management. These features can be part of one
solution, or separate solutions.
 Users interact with computer systems through a user • An operator UI provides access to the solution's
interface (UI). UI requirements vary depending on overall operational components, such as device management,
objectives. alert monitoring, and configuration.
 IoT systems usually have four UI types: • A consumer UI applies only to consumer-facing
solutions. The UI is similar to an operator's interface,
 User interfaces and scenarios in IoT Edge vision AI - but is limited to the devices the user owns.
Azure Architecture Center | Microsoft Learn
• An analytics UI is an interactive dashboard that
provides telemetry visualizations and other data
analyses.
Azure IoT Edge vision AI
Security:

 What is IoT security (internet of things

security)?
 IoT security (internet of things security) is the
technology segment focused on safeguarding
connected devices and networks in IoT.
 IoT involves adding internet connectivity to a
system of interrelated computing devices,  What is IoT Security? | TechTarget
mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals and people.
 Each thing has a unique identifier and the ability
to automatically transfer data over a network.
 However, enabling devices to connect to the
internet opens them up to serious vulnerabilities
if they aren't properly protected.
Management and Monitoring:
Physical and logical design of IoT
Enabling Technologies in IoT

 Wireless Communication Protocols:

History of IoT
IoT Identifiers

 In particular, the following classes of IoT identifiers can be distinguished:

 Object Identifiers (Object IDs), which are used for uniquely identifying physical or
virtual objects.
 Communication Identifiers (Communication IDs), which are used to identify uniquely
devices in the scope of communications with other devices, including internet- based
communications.
 Application Identifiers (Application IDs), which are used to identify uniquely
applications and services used in the scope of IoT applications.
IoT Identifiers
 Object identifier

 MAC Address (Media Access Control):

 A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) of an IoT device.
 It is a hardware-based identifier and is typically used at the data link layer of the network protocol
stack.
 MAC addresses are assigned by the device manufacturer and provide a globally unique
identifier for each device.

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 Object identifier

 UUID (Universally Unique Identifier):

 A UUID is a 128-bit identifier that is designed to be unique across all devices and all time.
 It is commonly used to uniquely identify resources or entities in IoT systems.
 UUIDs are randomly generated and can be represented as a string of characters, such as
"550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000".

 EPC (Electronic Product Code):

 EPC is a standardized identifier used in supply chain management and asset tracking
applications.
 It provides a unique identifier for individual items or assets.
 EPCs are typically encoded in RFID tags or barcodes attached to IoT devices or products.

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 Communication Identifiers

 IP Address (Internet Protocol):

 An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a network.
 It is used for communication and addressing at the network layer (Internet Protocol).
 IoT devices can have either IPv4 addresses (e.g., 192.168.0.1) or IPv6 addresses (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

 URI (Uniform Resource Identifier):

 A URI is a string of characters used to identify or name a resource on the internet.
 In the context of IoT, URIs are used to address and access specific resources or services provided by IoT
devices.
 For example, a URI could be used to address a particular sensor reading from an IoT device or to control
a specific actuator.

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  DNS (Domain Name System):
 The DNS is a hierarchical naming system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses.
 In IoT, domain names can be used to identify and access IoT devices or services instead of using
direct IP addresses.

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About things of IoT

 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network

of interconnected physical devices that
communicate and exchange data with each other
through the internet.
 These devices, often embedded with sensors and
actuators, collect and share data to enable
automation, monitoring, and control in various
domains.
About the internet in IoT

 Key IoT Connectivity Technologies Include:

• 2G (which is being retired, also see our 2G 3G sunset
white paper)
 Connectivity: • 3G
 Data Exchange: • 4G
 Remote Monitoring and Control: • 5G
 Centralized Data Processing: • NB-IoT
• LTE-M
• LPWANs
• Satellite (GNSS)
• Bluetooth
IoT frameworks

 The framework of IoT typically includes a

combination of the following:
• Hardware
 An IoT framework can be defined as a set of • Software
protocols, tools, and standards that provide a
specific structure for developing and • Networking elements (IoT protocols)
deploying IoT applications and services. • Device management
 In other words, an IoT framework gives you • Security
the basics for building your own application.
• Data management
• Application development
• Cloud-based platform.
M2M in IoT

 M2M Technology enables devices on a network to

make autonomous decisions without requiring
manual actions. Although widely used in
manufacturing, it's also used in other sectors.
Applications of IoT
IoT in Health
IoT in Health
IoT in Agriculture
IoT in Agriculture
IoT in Education
IoT in Education
IoT in Traffic
IoT in Traffic
IoT in Smart Home
IoT in Smart Home
IoT in Retails
IoT in Smart Cities
IoT in Smart Cities
IoT Based Waste Collection
IoT Based Pollution Control
References

 What is an IoT framework? | DeepSea (deepseadev.com)

 Introduction to IoT
 Definition and characteristics of IoT
 IoT Architecture
 Physical and logical design of IoT
 Enabling Technologies in IoT
 History of IoT
 About things of IoT
 Identifiers in IoT
 About the internet in IoT
 IoT frameworks
 M2M in IoT
 Surprise test

Questions Marks
1.Define IoT and explain the fundamental concepts. 8
2. what are the characteristics of IoT. 2
3.Explain IoT architecture with a neat sketch. 8
4.Explain connectivity in IoT architecture. 4
5.Give a brief description of how IoT analytics and user interface functions. 8
6.Draw a block diagram showing the various layers of IoT mentioning the various 8
elements.
7.What are IoT identifiers? Explain each of them with examples. 8
8.Explain MAC in terms of object identifiers. 4
9.What is the difference between IP4 and IP6. 4
10.Explain MQTT and HTTP protocols used as an communication identifier. 4
11.What are differences between M2M and IoT. 8
12.Elaborate the applications of IoT in various fields.
SENSOR NETWORKS
MODULE 2
 Definition
 Types of sensors
 Types of actuators
 Examples and working
 IoT Development Boards: Arduino IDE and Board types
 Raspberry Pi development kit
 RFID principles and components
 Wireless sensor networks: History and context
 The nodes, connecting nodes, networking nodes
 WSN and IoT
Sensors

 Things – physical devices that interreact with the surrounding parameters to read and
convert the parameter into equivalent values in the form of a signal.
 Further the signal is amplified and sent to a microcontroller.
 Aerial Euler diagram - Multidisciplinary
Scenario

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 Evolution of Mechatronics

 The word mechatronics originated in Japanese-English and was created by Tetsuro Mori,
an engineer of Yaskawa Electric Corporation.
 The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the
registration number of "46-32714" in 1971.
 The company later released the right to use the word to the public, and the word began
being used globally.
 Currently the word is translated into many languages and is considered an essential term
for advanced automated industry.

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 Evolution of Mechatronics

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 MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

 A Mechatronics system includes a combination of mechanical, electrical,

telecommunications, control and computer science systems or technologies interlinked
and working together.

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 Elements of a Mechatronics systems

 Microcontroller/microprocessor
 Actuators
 Sensors

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 Design of Mechatronics system

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 Mechatronics system – for example
speed control of motor

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 Mechatronics system – for example
weighing machine

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 Control system – closed and open loop

What is a control system

 The controller is „mind‟ of the mechatronic system, which processes user commands and
sensed signals to generate command signals to be sent to the actuator in the system.
 Actuators are devices that can convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
 A system in which deliberate guidance or manipulation is used to achieve a prescribed
value for a variable.
 Control systems include SCADA, DCS, PLCs and other types of industrial measurement and
control systems.

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 Open loop vs closed-loop control system

Open loop Closed loop

Motor driver

Micro controller

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potentiometer
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 Open loop control system vs closed loop
control system
Basis of Difference Open Loop Control System Closed Loop Control System
A control system in which there is no feedback The control system in which there is a feedback
Definition path is provided is called an open loop control path present is called a closed loop control
system. system.

Open loop control system is also called non- Closed loop control system is also called a
Also called feedback control system. feedback control system.

In open loop control system, the control action In closed loop control system, the control
Control action is independent of the output of the overall action is dependent on the output of the
system. system.

The design and construction of an open loop Closed loop control system has comparatively
Design complexity control system is quite simple. complex design and construction.

The major components of an open loop The main components of a closed loop control
control system are − controller and plant. system are − Controller, plant or process,
Main Components feedback element and error detector
(comparator).

Open loop control system has fast response The response of the closed loop control system
Response because there is no measurement and is slow due to presence of feedback.
feedback of output.

The reliability of open loop control system is less. The closed loop control system is more reliable.
Reliability
Closed loop control system is comparatively
The accuracy of open loop control system
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Accuracy depends upon the system calibration and
accuracy.
therefore, may be less.
 The stability of open loop control system Closed loop control system is
Stability (in terms of output) is more, i.e., the output of the open loop comparatively less stable.
system remains constant.

The open loop control system is not Closed loop control system is optimized
Optimization optimized. to produce the desired output.

Open loop control system requires less Comparatively more maintenance is

Maintenance maintenance. needed in closed loop control system.

Open loop control system is easy to The implementation of a closed loop

Implementation implement. control system is relatively difficult.

Open loop control system is less The cost of the closed loop control
Cost expensive. system is relatively high.

Open loop control system has more In closed loop system, the internal noise
Noise internal noise. in the system is less.

Common practical examples of open Examples of closed loop control systems

loop control systems are − automatic include: ACs, fridge, toaster, rocket
Examples traffic light system, automatic washing launching system, radar tracking system,
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machine, immersion heater, etc. etc.
 Example of open and closed loop control
system

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Types of sensors
Types of sensors

• Contacting
• Non-contacting
• Hall effect
• Capacitive
• Eddy Current
• Ultrasonic
• Laser
• Proximity
• Rotary
• Linear
Types of sensors

• Position Sensors
• Pressure Sensors
• Temperature Sensors
• Force Sensors
• Vibration Sensors
• Piezo Sensors
• Fluid Property Sensors
• Humidity Sensors
• Strain gauges
• Photo Optic Sensors
• Flow and Level Switches
Sensors – working

 Temperature Sensors – measure

temperature and converts this
parameters into signals.
 Dht11 – temperature humidity sensor.
DHT11 Temperature

 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a

temperature & humidity sensor complex with a
calibrated digital signal output.
 digital-signal-acquisition technique and
temperature & humidity sensing technology, it
ensures high reliability and excellent long-term
stability.
DHT11 Temperature

 resistive-type humidity measurement component

and an NTC temperature measurement
component,
 connects to a high-performance 8-bit
microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast
response, anti-interference ability and cost-
effectiveness.
Circuit diagram.
 When MCU sends a start signal, DHT11 changes
from the low-power-consumption mode to the
running-mode, waiting for MCU completing the
start signal.
 Once it is completed, DHT11 sends a response
signal of 40-bit data that include the relative
humidity and temperature information to MCU.
 Users can choose to collect (read) some data.
Without the start signal from MCU, DHT11 will
not give the response signal to MCU.
 Once data is collected, DHT11 will change to the
low-power-consumption mode until it receives a
start signal from MCU again.
Moisture sensor
References

 https://www.variohm.com/news-media/technical-blog-archive/types-of-sensors