Foreign Relations of Pakistan
Foreign Relations of Pakistan
Foreign Relations of Pakistan
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan emerged as an independent country through the partition of India
in August 1947 and was admitted as a United Nations member state in September 1947. It is
currently the second-largest country within the Muslim world in terms of population, and is also the
only Muslim-majority country in possession of nuclear weapons.[1][2][3] De facto, the country shares
direct land borders with India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China.
The country has extensive trade relations with the European Union[4] and with several countries
globally.[5] As of 2023, Pakistan does not recognize two other United Nations member states
(Armenia and Israel) and its ties with India remain frozen since 2019.[6][7]
Pakistan's foreign policy seeks to 'promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate
relations, i.e. respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States, non-interference in the
internal affairs of other State; non-aggression and peaceful settlement of disputes. Pakistan has
therefore always sought to develop friendly and cordial relations with all countries of the world'.[14]
Pakistan's foreign policy is meant to formalize and define its interactions with foreign nations and
standardize interactions with organizations, corporations and individual citizens.[15][16] Backed by
the semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, Pakistan is the 47th largest (nominal GDP,
2021) and 23rd largest (purchasing) economic power and 6th largest military in the world, with a
defence budget of US$11.4 billion (2018)[17] 4.0% of its GDP (2018).[18] The Foreign Minister of
Pakistan is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy, although the Prime minister maintains
an ultimate authority over foreign policy.[15] The state foreign policy includes defining the national
interest, as well as the economic interest and strategies chosen both to safeguard that and to
achieve its policy goals.[15][14] Following the general election held in May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA
Sartaj Aziz were designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies.[19]
After the dismissal of Nawaz Sharif's government in July 2017, Khawaja Muhammad Asif held the
portfolio of foreign minister under the premiership of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi.[20][21] After the victory
of Imran Khan Niazi in the Pakistan General Elections 2018, Shah Mehmood Qureshi was named the
Minister of Foreign Affairs.[22] Subsequently, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari became foreign minister after
the political crisis-a position previously held by his grandfather, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Hina Rabbani
Khar.
M A Jinnah's Vision
In 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the state of Pakistan, clearly described the principles
and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message, which is featured prominently in
a quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: "The foundation of
our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe."[23]
"Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live
peacefully and maintain cordial and friendly relations with our
immediate neighbours and with (the) world at large. We have no
aggressive designs against any one. We stand by the United Nations
Charter and will gladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity
of the world."[24]
Historical overview
Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with
the neighbouring Soviet Union (USSR) who maintained a close military and ideological interaction
with the neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East).[25] During
most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to Republic of India, over which it has fought three
wars on Kashmir conflict.[25] During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with and neighbouring
Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the latter's contest over the Durand Line.[26][27]
The foreign relations with Iran, Turkey,[28] Saudi Arabia[29] and China[30] remain important and based
on the extensive cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and
wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. With the
growing influence of the USSR in the region, Pakistan cemented close security relations with China
in Asia and Poland, United Kingdom and Germany in Europe during most of the Cold War. Pakistan
has had a fluctuating relationship with the United States,[31] Pakistan played a crucial role in the
establishment of US-China relations in the 1970s, mediating between the Henry Kissenger and Mao
Zedong.[32][33][34] At the same time, it also assisted in establishing relationships with other East
Asian countries.[34]
In recent years, Pakistan's ties with Russia have moved away from Cold War-era hostilities,[35] and
the chill in the relations between Pakistan and the U.S. has further pushed the country towards
Russia and China.[36][37] Prime Minister Imran Khan visited Moscow to meet President Vladimir
Putin as Russia was launching the invasion of Ukraine.[38][39] He has previously criticised America's
“War on Terror“.[40] After the fall of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) -led coalition government in
2022,[41] the emergence of multiple crises has exacerbated the instability of its foreign policy.[42]
Pakistan-China relations
China has played a significant role in the development, economy and security of Pakistan, with
relationship beginning in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to enter into official
diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (on Taiwan Island) and recognizes the People's
Republic of China (PRC) on Mainland China as the sole representative. Since then, both countries
have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive
special relationship[43][44] and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting
in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to
Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.[45][46] Since the advent of the
21st century, Pakistan and China have strengthened their relations through bilateral trade, military
agreements and supporting each other on key issues. The intensifying US-China Strategic Rivalry
has put Pakistan in an extremely difficult situation to maintain ties with both of these states.[42]
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari accused UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang were “taken out of
context”,[47] and Pakistan supports China's activities for socio-economic development, harmony and
peace, and stability.[48]
A cornerstone of the success of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC contains initiatives worth a total of $62 billion, such as
infrastructure, energy, economic zones, and the development of the Gwadar port. A Chinese
spokesperson said in 2022 that “the bond of friendship and mutual assistance between the Chinese
and Pakistani people is stronger than gold, and the two countries’ iron-clad friendship is deeply
rooted in the people and boasts strong vitality.[49]
Muslim world
After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries[50]
and made a wholehearted bid for leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for leadership in
achieving its unity.[51] The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the
Islamic world, in large part due to its large manpower and military strength.[52] A top-ranking Muslim
League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries
into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity.[53] Such developments (alongside Pakistan's creation) did not
get American approval and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the
time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.[54] Since most of the Arab
world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's
Pan-Islamic aspirations.[55] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani
attempt to dominate other Muslim states.[56]
Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world.
Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt,
Morocco, Somalia, Azerbaijan, and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between
these countries and Pakistan.[57] However, Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city
of Jalalabad during the Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had
wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' which would transcend national borders covering Pakistan,
Afghanistan and Central Asia.[58]
On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian
tensions.[59] Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war and
by the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organization in Afghanistan became a
problem for Shia-led Iran which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[60] Tensions between Iran
and Pakistan intensified in 1998, when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes as Pakistani warplanes
bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.[61][62] Although Iran later
established ties with the reestablished Taliban government in Afghanistan,[63] the insurgency in
Balochistan has increased friction in relations between Iran and Pakistan.[64] In the 1960s, the
problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan which led to open hostilities in the
1970s. After the Taliban took power in 2021, border clashes between Pakistan and Afghanistan
have increased sharply.[63]
Major alliances
In 1947 after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, Pakistan still had close ties with the
country. The Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan also paid a historical and friendly state visit to the
United States, and held meetings with President Harry Truman and the American military officials
for the purpose of the military aid[65] in 1951. Ideologically, Prime Minister Ali Khan was opposed to
communism; and his government was struggling with issues concerning the matters of uplifting the
national economy and protecting interests of national security.[65] In 1954–56, the United States and
Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the dispatching of the
Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in
1955–56.[65]
In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances.[65] Also, in 1956, when Pakistan
declared itself a republic, it continued as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1971,
Pakistan withdrew itself from the two alliances in a vision of exercising an independent foreign
policy. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey
and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbours of the Soviet
Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with
Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the
founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. In 1974, Pakistan became a
critical entity in the militarization of the OIC and has historically maintained friendly relations with all
the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC. Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in
1989. In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of
Pakistan'. From 1956 to 1972, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was a republic in the Commonwealth
of Nations, when it withdrew in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession
and Bangladesh's independence. In 1989, Pakistan rejoined, despite Pakistan's suspension from the
Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008.[66][67]
At the Astana Summit on 9 June 2017, Pakistan became full members of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO). Pakistan, Iran and China have also established a 'Trilateral Consultation' to
discuss counter-terrorism and security.[68]
Major dissensions
Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues. India
and Pakistan have fought three conventional wars throughout the 20th century over the issue of
Kashmir.[69] There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their
own government rather than remaining subordinate to India's Hindu majority.[70] There are many
sources of tension between the two countries but the issues over terrorism, size disparities and
three geostrategic issues: Kashmir, water, and the Siachen Glacier, are the major ones resulting in
the attenuated volume of trade and trust deficit.[71] The continuing dispute over the status of
Kashmir inflames opinions in both nations and makes friendly relations difficult. Since 2019,
Pakistan has frozen in relations with India after India revoked the autonomy of its administered
Kashmir.[72] Pakistan is also a member of the Coffee Club to oppose Indian membership in the
United Nations Security Council.[73]
The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the
first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.[74] The relationship between the
two countries went through varying levels of friendliness, but Pakistan consistently found
themselves on the United States side of issues faced during the Cold War.[75] Pakistan served as a
geostrategic position for United States military bases during the Cold War since it bordered the
Soviet Union and China.[76] These positive relations would fall apart following successful
cooperation in fighting the Soviet Union's influence in Central Asia and the subsequent fall of the
Soviet Union.
In reaction to Pakistan's new nuclear capacity, the United States in 1992 passed the Pressler
Amendment approving sanctions against Pakistan,[77] Relations would restrengthen following 9/11
with Pakistan's warm response following the tragedy. Aid was given to Pakistan for the first time
again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. The Bush and Obama
administrations has concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; Afghan
stability; democratization and human rights protection; the ongoing Kashmir problem and Pakistan-
India tensions; and economic development.[78] This dynamic would reach a head following a few
incidents highlighted by the operation to kill Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.[79] While America's
troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis,[80] bilateral
relationship persists of promoting trade and regional economic cooperation, this type of
relationship is beneficial for both countries and gives incentive for continuing friendly relations in
the early 2010s.[81] However, with the U.S. troops withdrawal, its role in serving as a conduit for the
U.S. in Afghanistan has ended.[82]
Recently U.S. stopped military aid to Pakistan, which was about US$2 billion per year.[83] America's
deference to India reflects its importance to counter China's influence in Asia. This imposes a
ceiling on cooperation with Pakistan, limiting it to the non-strategic domain.[42] Former Prime
Minister Imran Khan had named senior U.S. diplomat Donald Lu as the person who was allegedly
involved in the "foreign conspiracy" to topple his government through a no-confidence vote tabled by
the Opposition. The U.S. has repeatedly dismissed Khan's allegations.[36]
Diplomatic relations
28 Switzerland 1949[111]
53 Senegal 1960[137]
55 Cyprus 1961[138]
60 Ireland 1962[143]
65 Guinea 1963[148]
66 Mali 1963[149]
72 Uruguay 1964[155]
78 Albania 1965[161]
79 Malawi 1965[162]
87 Gambia 1967[170]
99 Zambia 1972[182]
Africa
Formal
Country relations Notes
began
Algeria
There are friendly foreign relations between Algeria and
Pakistan. Pakistan supported the cause of Algeria's
independence from France.
Botswana 20 August 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1986 when Mr.
Tayyab Siddiqui, the then Pakistani Ambassador to Zimbabwe, presented his
credentials to President of Botswana Dr. Quett Masire.[204]
Democratic
Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited to Congo.
Republic of the Congo
Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kinshasa.[264]
Pakistan also has up to 3500 troops in Congo under United
Nations Operation in Congo[265]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began
Egypt 20 October 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when
the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan
Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé
d'Affaires.[266]
Kenya 31 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1964 when
Mr. K.K.Panni, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Kenya presented his
credentials.[151]
Libya 16 July 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1952.[125]
Madagascar
Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Madagascar.[269]
Mauritius
Pakistan has a High Commission in Port Louis and Mauritius
has a High Commission in Islamabad. The two countries are
progressing the finalisation of a Free Trade Agreement.[271][272]
Morocco 19 August 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1957[130]
Mozambique 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[187]
Nigeria 22 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1961[137]
Sao Tome and 12 December Pakistan maintains an export cooperation with São Tomé and Príncipe.[283]
Principe 2006[282]
Sudan 24 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.[129]
Tunisia 19 August 1957 Diplomatic relations between the two states were established19 August
1957.[131]
Zimbabwe November 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1980[137]
Argentina 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[294] In
2002, the countries signed an agreement to boost their trade relations.[295]
Belize 21 October 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 2015.[298]
Cuba 28 October 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1955[305]
Guyana 10 November
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10
1967
November 1967.[310]
Mexico 19 January 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1955[315]
United States 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[329]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began
Uruguay 1964
Pakistan has an honorary consulate in Montevideo.[330] As of
2014 the Pakistani ambassador to Argentina, Imtiaz Ahmad
was accredited to Uruguay.[331][332] In 2006 a commercial
agreement was celebrated between Pakistan and Mercosur (a
trade bloc of which Uruguay is part).[333] There is a Pakistan-
Uruguay Chamber of Commerce.[334]
Asia
Formal
Country Notes
relations began
Bahrain 14 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1971.[336]
Brunei 9 February 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1984.[338]
India 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947 when has
been appointed first Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Mr. Zahid
Hussain.[343]
Indonesia 1949[344]
Indonesia has its embassy in Islamabad[345] and a consulate in
Karachi and Pakistan has its embassy in Jakarta[346] and a
consulate in Medan.[347] Bilateral trade between the two countries is
US$800 million but they hope to increase this to US$2 billion.[348]
Both nations are members of the Developing 8 and Next Eleven
countries.
Iran 23 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1947 when
Pakistan and Iran have agreed to exchange diplomatic representatives.[349]
Iraq 1947
Israel No formal
diplomatic
relations
Japan 28 April 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1952[123]
Tokyo and Islamabad have had healthy relations with each other
since the foundation of their diplomacy in 1952. Japan has been
part of funding the country with machines to access ground water,
as well as aid for improving its sewer and drainage systems.[350][351]
Other major projects funded by the Japanese government include
the Indus Highway Project, a number of power projects in various
provinces of Pakistan, Rural Roads Construction Project and the
Children Hospital PIMS Islamabad Project.[352] Presently the Kohat
Tunnel Project and the Ghazi Brotha Dam Project are being
completed with the help of the Japanese private and government
contractors.[353][354]
Jordan 29 December
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December
1947
1947 when Mr. Mohammad Pasha El Shuraiki, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of Transjordan to Pakistan, presented
his credentials.[94]
South 7 November
Korea 1983[201]
Kuwait 21 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1963 when Kuwait
opens Embassy in Islamabad.[357]
After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991, Pakistani army engineers
were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country.[358]
Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain
villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005,[359] also offering the
largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake, US$100
million.[360]
Malaysia 1957
Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia
has its High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan has brotherly
relations with Malaysia. Both are members of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations. There is a
trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the
import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale.
Both countries enjoy close relations and links of mutual friendship
and the cooperation has further strengthened.
Maldives 26 July 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1966.[361]
Nepal 20 March 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1960[368]
Oman 15 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1971, when
Pakistani Consulate-General in Muscat upgraded to Embassy[373]
Philippines 8 September 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 1949.[375]
16 December
Qatar Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1972.[376]
1972
Saudi September 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1947[90]
Arabia
Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational
aid to Pakistan. Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for
immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in
Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million.
Singapore 17 August
1966[379]
Syria 1948
Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational
exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that
introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria. During the Yom
Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in
Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[383]
In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the
fields of science and technology.[384]
Tajikistan 6 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1992.[385]
Turkey November Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
[387]
1947
Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad[388] and Consulates General in
Karachi[389] and Lahore.[390]
Trade volume between the two countries was US$856 million in 2019
(Pakistan's exports/imports: 306/550 million USD).[391]
United Arab 13 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1972[178]
Emirates
Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to the
UAE on its achieving independence. Bilateral relations and mutually
beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since. These
relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since
evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has
been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.
Uzbekistan 10 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992.[393]
Vietnam 8 November 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1972.[179]
Yemen 4 February 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1952[122]
Europe
Formal
Country relations Notes
began
Armenia Diplomatic relations have not been established as Pakistan is the only
country in the world which does not recognize Armenia as a country.
Azerbaijan 9 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1992[396]
Austria 13 June 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1953[397]
Belgium 20 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1948.[95]
Bosnia and 16 November Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1994.[398]
Herzegovina 1994
Both nations share close relations on the grounds of religion
and politics. Pakistan was a staunch supporter of Bosnia during
the civil war. Pakistan sent in UN Peacekeeping forces to the
former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars. Pakistan and
Bosnia have a free trade agreement.
Belarus 3 February 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1994.[399]
Bulgaria 15 June 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1965[157]
Czech Republic 27 September Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1950[112]
1950
Denmark 13 October 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1949.[107]
Finland 12 January 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1951.[113]
Germany 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[121]
Greece
In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was
opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad
Formal
Country relations Notes
began
Holy See 6 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1951[407]
Iceland 1976
Pakistan maintains cordinal diplomatic relations with
Iceland.[411]
Ireland
Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh
(Saudi Arabia) and an honorary consulate in Karachi. Pakistan
has an embassy in Dublin. Pakistanis continue to support the
idea of unification of Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland
which remains part of the United Kingdom after the Republic of
Ireland left the Commonwealth of Nations.
Italy 7 April 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1948.[412][413]Both
nations have established respective embassies in Pakistan and Italy.[414][415]
Italy has offered assistance in Pakistan's private sector in extending credit
lines to finance technologies in machinery for manufacturing.[416]
Additionally, Italy has given Pakistan the opportunity to be financed the
equivalent of US$100 million to advance over fifty development projects in
the nation, such as assisting acid attack victims in Punjab.[417] Italy has
shown interest in expanding energy and pharmaceutical businesses to the
expansive market in Pakistan. There is even an Italian government desire for
the implementation of an Italian Chamber of Commerce in the Pakistani
economic sphere.[418]
Latvia 29 April 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1996[419]
Lithuania 31 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1994[423]
Luxembourg 22 November Pakistan maintains cordial diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of
1956 Luxembourg.[425] Pakistan also maintains an honorary consulate in
Luxembourg.[426]
Moldova 16 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1992.[210]
Netherlands 1948
Portugal 26 September Relationships between Portugal and Pakistan have turned cordial since
1949 2015. The two nations recognize a potential growth in trade and social
exchanges. In order to start economic relations in the right direction,
investment policy and opportunities for Portuguese companies are now
present.[429]
Romania 15 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1964[430]
Serbia 15 May 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1948.[99]
Spain 2 September
1951
Switzerland 1 February
1949[438][439]
Sweden 1949
Australia 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[85]
New Zealand 18 April 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1951.[115]
Palau 22 November 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 2021.[446]
Samoa 7 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1983.[447]
Solomon Islands 19 February 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 2016.[448]
ASEAN Member Pakistan is not a member of ASEAN, but frequently serves as a bridge for
the organization to communicate with Asian countries further in the west,
with bilateral agreements between ASEAN and Pakistan.[453] While links
could still be stronger between Pakistan and the nations that compose
ASEAN, both sides have expressed interest in furthering that
relationship.[454]
European Union Non-member Pakistan and the EU share a strong economic bond that has been
emphasized by both parties while sharing similar foreign policies. The two
are engaged in serious trade, and frequently work together to enhance
each other's economic capability. There have been multiple summits (htt
p://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/114922.pdf) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170303051011/http://www.consilium.euro
pa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/114922.pdf) 3 March 2017 at the Wayback
Machine and strategic dialogues (https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/he
adquarters-homepage_en/11038/3rd%20EU-Pakistan%20Strategic%20Dial
ogue) between Pakistan and the EU to continue to push the relationship.
IMF 1950 Pakistan is a full member of the IMF, and has received monetary
assistance from IMF multiple times, each time resulting in a successful
bailout for Pakistan.[455][456] IMF also maintains a Resident Representative
Office in Pakistan[457]
Economic 1985 Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran founded the ECO in 1985 with plans at economic
Cooperation and political cooperation in the region. Through the work of this
Organization organization, Iran has free trade agreements with Iran, Turkey, and
Afghanistan forthcoming shortly.[458][459]
NATO Non-member Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally, a special designation from the US for
certain non-NATO states, earning the status shortly into the war on
Organization Membership Notes
terrorism by George W. Bush.[460] This designation comes with certain
benefits highlighted by special access to particular military technology or
collaboration. The two have cooperated and continue to cooperate on
projects like eradicating terrorism in Bosnia and Afghanistan, and offer
each other logistic and military support.[461]
OIC 1969 Pakistan has used the Organization for Islamic Cooperation in the past to
strengthen alliances and settle disputes or disagreements. The 2nd
summit of the OIC was in Pakistan, during a time in which Pakistan still did
not recognize Bangladesh. Under pressure from other nations, Pakistan
would invite a delegation from Bangladesh and here at this summit
Pakistan would come to recognize the nation.[462] Pakistan also uses the
OIC to push their position on the controversial region of Kashmir.[463]
SCO 2015 Pakistan and India signed on to be full members of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization in 2015, with the process for instatement ending
in 2017. The organization shares many interests with Pakistan, and the
new membership has been supportedwithin Pakistan and the members of
the organization.[466]
See also
History of Pakistan
Pakistan portal
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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7. "Pakistan prepares for crucial elections in 2024 as ties with India remain frozen" (https://www.thehindu.co
m/news/international/pakistan-prepares-for-crucial-elections-in-2024-as-ties-with-india-remain-frozen/arti
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12. "Pakistan committed to expanding trade ties with US" (https://www.dawn.com/news/1739896) . DAWN.
2 March 2023.
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Further reading
Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided
Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.
Fair, C. Christine. Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War. (Oxford UP, 2014).
Humayun, Fahd. The Punisher's Dilemma: Domestic Opposition and Foreign Policy Crises,
International Studies Quarterly, Volume 68, Issue 1, March 2024, sqae002,
https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae002
Hussain, Nazir. "Pak-Russia Relations: Lost Opportunities and Future Options." Journal of Political
Studies (2012). 19#1 pp 79–89 online (https://web.archive.org/web/20190220030322/http://pdf
s.semanticscholar.org/1ecb/aa8abe36022eaad6d56264b935ae440acd5a.pdf)
Jabeen, Mussarat, and Muhammad Saleem Mazhar. "Security Game: SEATO and CENTO SEATO
and CENTO As Instrument of Economic and Military Assistance to Encircle Pakistan" Pakistan
Economic and Social Review 49#1 (2011), pp. 109–132 online (https://www.researchgate.net/pro
file/Mussarat_Jabeen2/publication/330369168_SECURITY_GAME_SEATO_and_CENTO_as_Instru
ment_of_Economic_and_Military_Assistance_to_Encircle_Pakistan/links/5b515eff45851507a7b2
0b0b/SECURITY-GAME-SEATO-and-CENTO-as-Instrument-of-Economic-and-Military-Assistance-to
-Encircle-Pakistan.pdf)
Khan, Muhammad Taimur Fahad. "Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Russia." Strategic Studies
39.3 (2019): 89–104. online (http://www.academia.edu/download/61306119/Pakistans_Foreign_
Policy_towards_Russia_New_Directions20191122-115131-14apavi.pdf)
Pande, Aparna. Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India (Routledge, 2011).
Sattar, Abdul. Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2013).
online 2nd 2009 edition (https://archive.org/details/PakistansForeignPolicy19472009_201803)
Singh, Besakh. "Pakistan and Russia Relationship: Changing Dynamics in the Post-Cold War Era."
(MA thesis, Central University of Punjab. 2016); bibliography pp 89=98. online (http://knowledgere
pository.cup.edu.in/bitstream/handle/32116/1769/T00403.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)
External links