Foreign Relations of Pakistan

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Foreign relations of Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan emerged as an independent country through the partition of India
in August 1947 and was admitted as a United Nations member state in September 1947. It is
currently the second-largest country within the Muslim world in terms of population, and is also the
only Muslim-majority country in possession of nuclear weapons.[1][2][3] De facto, the country shares
direct land borders with India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China.

The country has extensive trade relations with the European Union[4] and with several countries
globally.[5] As of 2023, Pakistan does not recognize two other United Nations member states
(Armenia and Israel) and its ties with India remain frozen since 2019.[6][7]

From a geopolitical perspective, Pakistan's location is strategically important as it is situated at the


crossroads of major maritime and land transit routes between the Middle East and South Asia, while
also serving as a bridge between the Arabian Sea and the energy-rich regions of Central Asia.[8][9]
Since the partition of India, the Kashmir conflict has defined the India–Pakistan relationship: the two
countries claim each other's zones of control in Kashmir, but are separated by a ceasefire boundary
known as the Line of Control.[10] Pakistan has close bilateral ties with China and the Muslim world,
including Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf Arab countries.[11] As a part of the First World during the
Cold War, Pakistan closely cooperated with the United States to combat the global influence of the
Soviet Union,[12] though this relationship later became strained over the course of the War on
Terror.[13] Pakistan is an active member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Organization of Islamic
Cooperation, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

Foreign policy of Pakistan

Pakistan's foreign policy seeks to 'promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate
relations, i.e. respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States, non-interference in the
internal affairs of other State; non-aggression and peaceful settlement of disputes. Pakistan has
therefore always sought to develop friendly and cordial relations with all countries of the world'.[14]

Pakistan's foreign policy is meant to formalize and define its interactions with foreign nations and
standardize interactions with organizations, corporations and individual citizens.[15][16] Backed by
the semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy, Pakistan is the 47th largest (nominal GDP,
2021) and 23rd largest (purchasing) economic power and 6th largest military in the world, with a
defence budget of US$11.4 billion (2018)[17] 4.0% of its GDP (2018).[18] The Foreign Minister of
Pakistan is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy, although the Prime minister maintains
an ultimate authority over foreign policy.[15] The state foreign policy includes defining the national
interest, as well as the economic interest and strategies chosen both to safeguard that and to
achieve its policy goals.[15][14] Following the general election held in May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA
Sartaj Aziz were designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies.[19]
After the dismissal of Nawaz Sharif's government in July 2017, Khawaja Muhammad Asif held the
portfolio of foreign minister under the premiership of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi.[20][21] After the victory
of Imran Khan Niazi in the Pakistan General Elections 2018, Shah Mehmood Qureshi was named the
Minister of Foreign Affairs.[22] Subsequently, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari became foreign minister after
the political crisis-a position previously held by his grandfather, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Hina Rabbani
Khar.

M A Jinnah's Vision

In 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the state of Pakistan, clearly described the principles
and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message, which is featured prominently in
a quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: "The foundation of
our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe."[23]

On 15 August 1947, outlining the foreign policy of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam observed:

"Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live
peacefully and maintain cordial and friendly relations with our
immediate neighbours and with (the) world at large. We have no
aggressive designs against any one. We stand by the United Nations
Charter and will gladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity
of the world."[24]

Historical overview

Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with
the neighbouring Soviet Union (USSR) who maintained a close military and ideological interaction
with the neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East).[25] During
most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to Republic of India, over which it has fought three
wars on Kashmir conflict.[25] During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with and neighbouring
Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the latter's contest over the Durand Line.[26][27]
The foreign relations with Iran, Turkey,[28] Saudi Arabia[29] and China[30] remain important and based
on the extensive cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and
wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. With the
growing influence of the USSR in the region, Pakistan cemented close security relations with China
in Asia and Poland, United Kingdom and Germany in Europe during most of the Cold War. Pakistan
has had a fluctuating relationship with the United States,[31] Pakistan played a crucial role in the
establishment of US-China relations in the 1970s, mediating between the Henry Kissenger and Mao
Zedong.[32][33][34] At the same time, it also assisted in establishing relationships with other East
Asian countries.[34]

In recent years, Pakistan's ties with Russia have moved away from Cold War-era hostilities,[35] and
the chill in the relations between Pakistan and the U.S. has further pushed the country towards
Russia and China.[36][37] Prime Minister Imran Khan visited Moscow to meet President Vladimir
Putin as Russia was launching the invasion of Ukraine.[38][39] He has previously criticised America's
“War on Terror“.[40] After the fall of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) -led coalition government in
2022,[41] the emergence of multiple crises has exacerbated the instability of its foreign policy.[42]

Pakistan-China relations

China has played a significant role in the development, economy and security of Pakistan, with
relationship beginning in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to enter into official
diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (on Taiwan Island) and recognizes the People's
Republic of China (PRC) on Mainland China as the sole representative. Since then, both countries
have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive
special relationship[43][44] and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting
in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to
Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.[45][46] Since the advent of the
21st century, Pakistan and China have strengthened their relations through bilateral trade, military
agreements and supporting each other on key issues. The intensifying US-China Strategic Rivalry
has put Pakistan in an extremely difficult situation to maintain ties with both of these states.[42]
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari accused UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang were “taken out of
context”,[47] and Pakistan supports China's activities for socio-economic development, harmony and
peace, and stability.[48]

A cornerstone of the success of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC contains initiatives worth a total of $62 billion, such as
infrastructure, energy, economic zones, and the development of the Gwadar port. A Chinese
spokesperson said in 2022 that “the bond of friendship and mutual assistance between the Chinese
and Pakistani people is stronger than gold, and the two countries’ iron-clad friendship is deeply
rooted in the people and boasts strong vitality.[49]

Muslim world

After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries[50]
and made a wholehearted bid for leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for leadership in
achieving its unity.[51] The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the
Islamic world, in large part due to its large manpower and military strength.[52] A top-ranking Muslim
League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries
into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity.[53] Such developments (alongside Pakistan's creation) did not
get American approval and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the
time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.[54] Since most of the Arab
world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's
Pan-Islamic aspirations.[55] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani
attempt to dominate other Muslim states.[56]

Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world.
Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt,
Morocco, Somalia, Azerbaijan, and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between
these countries and Pakistan.[57] However, Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city
of Jalalabad during the Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had
wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' which would transcend national borders covering Pakistan,
Afghanistan and Central Asia.[58]

On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian
tensions.[59] Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war and
by the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organization in Afghanistan became a
problem for Shia-led Iran which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[60] Tensions between Iran
and Pakistan intensified in 1998, when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes as Pakistani warplanes
bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.[61][62] Although Iran later
established ties with the reestablished Taliban government in Afghanistan,[63] the insurgency in
Balochistan has increased friction in relations between Iran and Pakistan.[64] In the 1960s, the
problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan which led to open hostilities in the
1970s. After the Taliban took power in 2021, border clashes between Pakistan and Afghanistan
have increased sharply.[63]
Major alliances

In 1947 after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, Pakistan still had close ties with the
country. The Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan also paid a historical and friendly state visit to the
United States, and held meetings with President Harry Truman and the American military officials
for the purpose of the military aid[65] in 1951. Ideologically, Prime Minister Ali Khan was opposed to
communism; and his government was struggling with issues concerning the matters of uplifting the
national economy and protecting interests of national security.[65] In 1954–56, the United States and
Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the dispatching of the
Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in
1955–56.[65]

In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances.[65] Also, in 1956, when Pakistan
declared itself a republic, it continued as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1971,
Pakistan withdrew itself from the two alliances in a vision of exercising an independent foreign
policy. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey
and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbours of the Soviet
Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with
Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the
founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. In 1974, Pakistan became a
critical entity in the militarization of the OIC and has historically maintained friendly relations with all
the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC. Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in
1989. In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of
Pakistan'. From 1956 to 1972, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was a republic in the Commonwealth
of Nations, when it withdrew in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession
and Bangladesh's independence. In 1989, Pakistan rejoined, despite Pakistan's suspension from the
Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008.[66][67]

At the Astana Summit on 9 June 2017, Pakistan became full members of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO). Pakistan, Iran and China have also established a 'Trilateral Consultation' to
discuss counter-terrorism and security.[68]
Major dissensions

Tensions with India

Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues. India
and Pakistan have fought three conventional wars throughout the 20th century over the issue of
Kashmir.[69] There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their
own government rather than remaining subordinate to India's Hindu majority.[70] There are many
sources of tension between the two countries but the issues over terrorism, size disparities and
three geostrategic issues: Kashmir, water, and the Siachen Glacier, are the major ones resulting in
the attenuated volume of trade and trust deficit.[71] The continuing dispute over the status of
Kashmir inflames opinions in both nations and makes friendly relations difficult. Since 2019,
Pakistan has frozen in relations with India after India revoked the autonomy of its administered
Kashmir.[72] Pakistan is also a member of the Coffee Club to oppose Indian membership in the
United Nations Security Council.[73]

Trust Deficit with U.S.

The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the
first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.[74] The relationship between the
two countries went through varying levels of friendliness, but Pakistan consistently found
themselves on the United States side of issues faced during the Cold War.[75] Pakistan served as a
geostrategic position for United States military bases during the Cold War since it bordered the
Soviet Union and China.[76] These positive relations would fall apart following successful
cooperation in fighting the Soviet Union's influence in Central Asia and the subsequent fall of the
Soviet Union.

In reaction to Pakistan's new nuclear capacity, the United States in 1992 passed the Pressler
Amendment approving sanctions against Pakistan,[77] Relations would restrengthen following 9/11
with Pakistan's warm response following the tragedy. Aid was given to Pakistan for the first time
again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. The Bush and Obama
administrations has concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; Afghan
stability; democratization and human rights protection; the ongoing Kashmir problem and Pakistan-
India tensions; and economic development.[78] This dynamic would reach a head following a few
incidents highlighted by the operation to kill Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.[79] While America's
troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis,[80] bilateral
relationship persists of promoting trade and regional economic cooperation, this type of
relationship is beneficial for both countries and gives incentive for continuing friendly relations in
the early 2010s.[81] However, with the U.S. troops withdrawal, its role in serving as a conduit for the
U.S. in Afghanistan has ended.[82]

Recently U.S. stopped military aid to Pakistan, which was about US$2 billion per year.[83] America's
deference to India reflects its importance to counter China's influence in Asia. This imposes a
ceiling on cooperation with Pakistan, limiting it to the non-strategic domain.[42] Former Prime
Minister Imran Khan had named senior U.S. diplomat Donald Lu as the person who was allegedly
involved in the "foreign conspiracy" to topple his government through a no-confidence vote tabled by
the Opposition. The U.S. has repeatedly dismissed Khan's allegations.[36]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with:


# Country Date

1 Myanmar 1 August 1947[84]

2 Australia 15 August 1947[85]

3 India 15 August 1947[86]

4 United States 15 August 1947[87]

5 Iran 23 August 1947[88]

6 United Kingdom August 1947[89]

7 Saudi Arabia September 1947[90]

8 Egypt 20 October 1947[91]

9 Turkey 30 November 1947[92]

10 France 2 December 1947[93]

11 Jordan 29 December 1947[94]

12 Belgium 20 February 1948[95]

13 Afghanistan 29 February 1948[96]

14 Italy 7 April 1948[97]

15 Russia 1 May 1948[98]

16 Serbia 15 May 1948[99]

17 Netherlands July 1948[100]

18 Lebanon 15 September 1948[101]

19 Norway 18 December 1948[102]

20 Sri Lanka 1948[103]

21 Chile 5 February 1949[104]

22 Indonesia 17 August 1949[105]

23 Philippines 8 September 1949[106]

24 Denmark 13 October 1949[107]

25 Portugal 4 November 1949[108]


26 Sweden 24 November 1949[109]

27 Canada 8 December 1949[110]

28 Switzerland 1949[111]

29 Czech Republic 27 September 1950[112]

30 Finland 12 January 1951[113]

31 Brazil January 1951[114]

32 New Zealand 18 April 1951[115]

33 China 21 May 1951[116]

34 Spain 17 September 1951[117]

— Holy See 6 October 1951[118]

35 Thailand 10 October 1951[119]

36 Argentina 15 October 1951[120]

37 Germany 15 October 1951[121]

38 Yemen 4 February 1952[122]

39 Japan 28 April 1952[123]

40 Cambodia 28 May 1952[124]

41 Libya 16 July 1952[125]

42 Austria 13 June 1953[126]

43 Cuba 5 February 1954[127]

44 Mexico 19 January 1955[128]

45 Sudan 24 October 1956[129]

46 Morocco 19 August 1957[130]

47 Tunisia 19 August 1957[131]

48 Malaysia 31 August 1957[132]

49 Ethiopia 28 December 1957[133]

50 Luxembourg 5 May 1959[134]

51 Nepal 20 March 1960[135]

52 Somalia 18 December 1960[136]

53 Senegal 1960[137]

54 Nigeria 22 March 1961[137]

55 Cyprus 1961[138]

56 Mongolia 6 July 1962[139]

57 Rwanda July 1962[140]

58 Madagascar 16 August 1962[141]


59 Poland 17 December 1962[142]

60 Ireland 1962[143]

61 Jamaica 19 January 1963[144]

62 Kuwait 21 July 1963[145]

63 Algeria 16 August 1963[146]

64 Benin 10 December 1963[147]

65 Guinea 1963[148]

66 Mali 1963[149]

67 Trinidad and Tobago 1963[150]

68 Kenya 31 January 1964[151]

69 Venezuela 15 April 1964[152]

70 Togo 8 May 1964[153]

71 Romania 15 October 1964[154]

72 Uruguay 1964[155]

73 Hungary 26 February 1965[156]

74 Bulgaria 15 June 1965[157]

75 Laos 15 July 1965[158]

76 Uganda 1 August 1965[159]

77 Niger 15 October 1965[160]

78 Albania 1965[161]

79 Malawi 1965[162]

80 Malta January 1966[163]

81 Maldives 26 July 1966[164]

82 Singapore 17 August 1966[165]

83 Tanzania 20 February 1967[166]

84 Paraguay 23 October 1967[167]

85 Panama 7 November 1967[168]

86 Guyana 10 November 1967[169]

87 Gambia 1967[170]

88 Mauritius 12 March 1968[171]

89 Ivory Coast 20 December 1968[172]

90 Colombia 19 June 1970[173]

91 Fiji 10 October 1970[174]

92 Mauritania November 1970[175]


93 Bahrain 14 October 1971[176]

94 Oman 15 October 1971[177]

95 United Arab Emirates 13 January 1972[178]

96 Vietnam 8 November 1972[179]

97 North Korea 9 November 1972[180]

98 Qatar 16 December 1972[181]

99 Zambia 1972[182]

100 Costa Rica 9 November 1973[183]

101 Gabon February 1974[184]

102 Central African Republic 2 April 1974[185]

103 Peru 1 September 1974[186]

104 Mozambique 9 August 1975[187]

105 Bangladesh 3 October 1975[188]

106 Republic of the Congo 1975[189]

107 Seychelles June 1976[190]

108 Nicaragua 27 September 1976[191]

109 Papua New Guinea 4 October 1976[192]

110 Iceland 7 December 1976[193]

111 Suriname 7 April 1977[194]

112 Djibouti 27 June 1977[195]

113 Angola 20 October 1977[196]

114 El Salvador 5 February 1979[197]

115 Ecuador 23 July 1979[198]

116 Zimbabwe November 1980[137]

117 Samoa 7 March 1983[199]

118 Comoros 19 October 1983[200]

119 South Korea 7 November 1983[201]

120 Brunei 9 February 1984[202]

121 Lesotho 4 July 1984[203]

122 Botswana 20 August 1986[204]

123 Cape Verde 30 October 1987[205]

124 Bhutan 15 December 1988[206]

— State of Palestine 18 January 1989[207]

125 Namibia 22 March 1990[208]


126 Equatorial Guinea 9 October 1990[209]

127 Moldova 16 February 1992[210]

128 Kazakhstan 24 February 1992[211]

129 Ukraine 16 March 1992[212]

130 Turkmenistan 9 May 1992[213]

131 Kyrgyzstan 10 May 1992[214]

132 Uzbekistan 10 May 1992[215]

133 Slovenia 11 May 1992[216]

134 Tajikistan 6 June 1992[217]

135 Azerbaijan 9 June 1992[218]

136 Slovakia 1 January 1993[219]

137 North Macedonia 12 May 1993[220]

138 Estonia 20 September 1993[221]

139 Eritrea 1 December 1993[222]

140 Belarus 3 February 1994[223]

141 South Africa 23 April 1994[224]

142 Georgia 12 May 1994[225]

143 Lithuania 31 May 1994[226]

144 Croatia 20 July 1994[227]

145 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 November 1994[228]

146 Latvia 29 April 1996[229]

147 Andorra 22 July 2003[230]

148 Liechtenstein 14 August 2003[231]

149 Bahamas 10 February 2005[232]

150 Burundi 9 March 2005[233]

151 San Marino 12 April 2006[234]

152 Montenegro 23 October 2006[235]

153 Monaco 24 February 2009[236]

154 Guatemala 14 October 2011[237]

155 South Sudan 4 June 2012[238]

— Kosovo 27 January 2013[239]

156 Haiti 10 January 2014[240]

157 Honduras 14 January 2014[241]

158 Belize 21 October 2015[242]


159 Solomon Islands 19 February 2016[243][244]

160 Antigua and Barbuda 23 September 2016[237]

161 Kiribati 3 June 2021[245][237]

162 Palau 22 November 2021[246][237]

163 Dominican Republic 18 November 2022[247][237]

164 Vanuatu 26 April 2023[248]

165 Saint Kitts and Nevis 25 January 2024[249][237]

166 Marshall Islands 26 January 2024[250][237]

167 Dominica 6 February 2024[251][237]

168 Saint Lucia 28 May 2024[252][237]

169 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 June 2024[253][237]

170 Bolivia Unknown

171 Burkina Faso Unknown

172 Cameroon Unknown

173 Chad Unknown

174 Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown

175 East Timor Unknown

176 Eswatini Unknown

177 Ghana Unknown

178 Greece Unknown

179 Grenada Unknown

180 Guinea-Bissau Unknown

181 Iraq Unknown

182 Liberia Unknown

183 São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown[254]

184 Sierra Leone Unknown

185 Syria Unknown

186 Tonga Unknown[255]

187 Tuvalu Unknown[256]


Bilateral relations

Africa
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Algeria
There are friendly foreign relations between Algeria and
Pakistan. Pakistan supported the cause of Algeria's
independence from France.

Botswana 20 August 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1986 when Mr.
Tayyab Siddiqui, the then Pakistani Ambassador to Zimbabwe, presented his
credentials to President of Botswana Dr. Quett Masire.[204]

Botswana has diplomatic relations with Pakistan which is


covered by the Botswanan Embassy in Beijing, China[257] and an
embassy located in Islamabad within the Republic of
Yemen.[258] Pakistan's embassy in Botswana is located in
Sana'a, Yemen[258] Trade between the 2 nations in 2001/02
accounted for $20 million[258] Mehru Khan of Pakistan and
Botswana was crowned Miss NRI Global 2005 winner at an
international pageant.[259][260]

Central African 2 April 1974


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1974
Republic
when Pakistan's first ambassador to the Central African
Republic, Mr. Sha Ansani presented credentials to President
Jean Bedel Bokassa.[261]

Pakistani troops were deployed by the UN's Multidimensional


Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic
(MINUSCA) to CAR in 2014, as a peacekeeping force.[262][263]

Democratic
Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited to Congo.
Republic of the Congo
Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kinshasa.[264]
Pakistan also has up to 3500 troops in Congo under United
Nations Operation in Congo[265]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Egypt 20 October 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when
the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan
Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé
d'Affaires.[266]

Pakistan and Egypt, both being Muslim countries, share cordial


relations. Both are also members of the OIC (Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation), as well as "the next eleven" and "D8". After
the foundation of Pakistan, it has established diplomatic and
trade relations with Egypt.

Ethiopia 28 December Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957[133]


1957 Ethiopia has an embassy in Islamabad.

Pakistan has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

Kenya 31 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1964 when
Mr. K.K.Panni, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Kenya presented his
credentials.[151]

Relations between Pakistan and Kenya were first historically


established in the 1960s, when Pakistan expressed its support
for Kenya in getting independence from British rule. Ever since
from that time, relations between the two nations have been
warm, with both countries having had discussed previously in
the Pakistan-Kenya Joint Ministerial Commission session which
was hosted in Nairobi in 2004, about boosting bilateral trade
and economic relations.[267]

Lesotho 4 July 1984


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July
1984[203]

Pakistan and Lesotho maintain honorary consulates in each


other's country.

Libya 16 July 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1952.[125]

Pakistan and Libya have maintained a diplomatic relationship


since 1977.[268] The relationship has been mostly cordial and
Libya has provided aid to Pakistan, which in turn renamed the
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Karachi Football Stadium “the Muammar al Qaddafi


Stadium”.[268]

Madagascar
Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Madagascar.[269]

Malawi Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Malawi. The Pakistani embassy


in Zimbabwe is also accredited as High Commission to Malawi.[270]

Mauritius
Pakistan has a High Commission in Port Louis and Mauritius
has a High Commission in Islamabad. The two countries are
progressing the finalisation of a Free Trade Agreement.[271][272]

Morocco 19 August 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1957[130]

Pakistan had a pivotal role in the plea for independence for


Morocco; in 1952, Moroccan delegate Ahmed Bulferg
attempted to address the UN security council and was shut
down by the French. Pakistani Foreign Minister Sir Zafaullah
Khan arranged for Bulferg to receive a Pakistani nationality, and
the latter was then able to address the UN in favor of Morocco's
independence.[273] Currently the two countries maintain a
robust economic and diplomatic relationship, with
collaborations in agriculture, import/export, mining, tourism,
and more.[274][275]

Mozambique 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[187]

Pakistan maintain cordial relations with Mozambique.[276] In


1976, on the eve of independence of Mozambique, technical
support of Pakistani pilots, engineers and maintenance persons
were despatched to Mozambique for making their helicopters
airworthy and training of their pilots/ technicians.[277] Pakistan
also gave nationality to many Muslim Indians in Mozambique
after 1961 Indian annexation of Goa.[278]

Niger 15 October 1965


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October
1965[160]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Pakistan has an embassy in Niamey,[279] although Niger does


not maintain a permanent embassy in Islamabad.[280]

Nigeria 22 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1961[137]

Pakistan has a High Commission in Abuja and Nigeria has a


High Commission in Islamabad, as well as a consulate-general
in Karachi. The two states have maintained a close relationship,
a relationship which is described by the Nigerian Defence
Minister as "friendly" and like a "family tie"[281]

Sao Tome and 12 December Pakistan maintains an export cooperation with São Tomé and Príncipe.[283]
Principe 2006[282]

Somalia 27 June 1962


Pakistan recognizes the Federal Government of Somalia as the
official national government of Somalia.[284] It maintains strong
relations with the Somalian federal authorities, who also have
an embassy in Islamabad.[285]

South Africa 23 April 1994


Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Cape Town, and
South Africa maintains a High Commission in
Islamabad.[286][287] South Africa is also home to more than
2,500 Pakistanis.

South Sudan Pakistan and South Sudan maintain an economic, import-export


relationship.[288] The countries share a cordial relationship as Muslim-
majority countries.[288] Pakistan recognised South Sudan after South Sudan
was added as a candidate in the United Nations General Assembly.[258]

Sudan 24 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.[129]

Sudan maintains a positive relationship with Pakistan on the


basis of religion, as they are both Muslim-majority states. The
relationship relies on shared values of anti-colonialism and
common allies.[288][289] Pakistani troops were also deployed to
Sudan as part of the UN peacekeeping force during the second
Sudanese civil war.[288]

Tanzania Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[290]


Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Tunisia 19 August 1957 Diplomatic relations between the two states were established19 August
1957.[131]

The two countries are members of the OIC, and the


Commonwealth of Nations and share similar regional and
international concerns. There is also a preferential trade
agreement between the two states.[131]

Uganda 1 August 1965


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August
1965[159]

Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala. Pakistan


also provide scholarships to Ugandan students under its
technical assistance programme.[291]

Zambia 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1972[182]

Zambia maintains a General Honorary Consulate in Islamabad,


whereas Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited as
High Commission to Zambia.[270] In February 2008, an 11-
member Pakistan Trade Delegation visited Lusaka for exploring
bilateral trade cooperation.

Zimbabwe November 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1980[137]

Pakistan is represented in Zimbabwe by an embassy in Harare.


The Pakistani government has pledged to always "stand by
Zimbabwe in its challenging times and continue to render
assistance in every way possible in an effort to cement the
already cordial relations between the two countries.[292]
Pakistan has also helped in structuring Zimbabwe's Armed
Forces, The first Head of the Air Force of Zimbabwe was also a
Pakistan Air Force Officer Air Marshal Azim Daudpoto who
served as a Commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe from
July 1983 to January 1986."[292][293]
Americas
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Argentina 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[294] In
2002, the countries signed an agreement to boost their trade relations.[295]

A memorandum of Understanding with the National Academy


of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Argentina and the
Pakistan Academy of Sciences was signed in 2008[296] he two
states signed another memorandum of understanding on
cooperation in sanitary and phyto-sanitary issues in relation to
trade ties between the Ministry of National Food Security and
Research of Pakistan and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
and Fisheries of Argentina.[297]

Belize 21 October 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 2015.[298]

Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Brazil 1948 Diplomatic relationship between Brazil and Pakistan commenced in


1948.[299] Trade Relations between Brazil and Pakistan were established in
1982. Pakistan’s current Commercial Counsellor to Brazil is Dr Muhammad
Babar Chohan.

Brazil was the first nation in South America to recognize


Pakistan, in 1948, and to establish an Embassy in Pakistan's
former capital Karachi [300][299] The two states cooperate in
fields like defense, education, and import/export, despite some
objection from India.[301][302]

Canada May 1949


Pakistan is represented through its High Commission in Ottawa
and consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is
represented through its High Commission in Islamabad and
consulate in Karachi. The value of the bilateral trade
relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694
million (approximately US$701 million) in 2007.[303] There are
also extensive people to people links between Canada and
Pakistan with an estimated 22,000 Pakistanis living in
Canada.[304]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Cuba 28 October 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1955[305]

Relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba


provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005
Kashmir earthquake.[306][307] In 2008, the Pakistani cabinet
authorized negotiations for the establishment of a Joint
Economic Commission, that was finalized in 2009.[308][309] Both
nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially
in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and
science and technology and have also held talks for military
cooperation.[306]

Guyana 10 November
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10
1967
November 1967.[310]

Guyana along with Suriname is one of the only 2 member states


of the OIC in the Americas. Pakistan maintains an honorary
consulate in Guyana.[311] The Muslims of Guyana provided
moral support for the Independence of Pakistan. Many of the
Muslims from British Guiana even took Pakistani citizenship
after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947 and migrated to
Pakistan.[312]

Jamaica 19 January 1963


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January
1963.[313]

Pakistan's ambassador to the USA is accredited as Pakistan's


non-resident High Commissioner to Jamaica.[314]

Mexico 19 January 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1955[315]

Pakistan maintains an embassy in Mexico City,[316] and Mexico


is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Tehran.[317] Both
countries are also working on Mechanism of Bilateral
Consultations on Issues of Mutual Interest for Mexico and
Pakistan.[318]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Paraguay 23 October 1967


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October
1967.[167]

Pakistan maintains an embassy in Argentina which is


accredited to Paraguay and a consulate in Asuncion.[319]
Paraguay maintains an embassy in Egypt accredited to
Pakistan and an honorary consulate in Islamabad.[320]
Government ministers met in 2005 to explore potential trade
opportunities.[321] Bilateral trade in 2010 totaled US$2.4 million
per year and growing yearly.[322] Pakistan exports carpets, and
has one of the most feared militaries in the world also g side
with surgical instruments to Paraguay, whereas Paraguay
exports pharmaceuticals[323]

Suriname 25 April 1977


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April
1977.[324]

Pakistan and Suriname both maintain friendly and cooperative


relations.[325] Many of Suriname Hindustani Muslim speak Urdu,
and maintain cultural link in Pakistan. Surinamese Islamic
Association maintains its umberalla headquarters in Islamabad,
Pakistan[326]

Trinidad and 1963


Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when
Tobago
Mr. S. M. Khan, Pakistan High Commissioner in Canada, had
been cross-appointed concurrently as High Commissioner to
Trinidad and Tobago.[150]

Pakistan maintains a consulate general in North Trinidad.[327]


Trinidad is also home to a sizeable number of South Asian
Muslims who draw links with Pakistan. During the 2010
Pakistan floods, Trinidad Congress of the People party donated
US$33,000 worth of aid to Pakistan flood victims.[328]

United States 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[329]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Uruguay 1964
Pakistan has an honorary consulate in Montevideo.[330] As of
2014 the Pakistani ambassador to Argentina, Imtiaz Ahmad
was accredited to Uruguay.[331][332] In 2006 a commercial
agreement was celebrated between Pakistan and Mercosur (a
trade bloc of which Uruguay is part).[333] There is a Pakistan-
Uruguay Chamber of Commerce.[334]
Asia
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

29 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1948.[335]


Afghanistan

Bahrain 14 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1971.[336]

Islamabad and Manama enjoy close co-operations between the two


in many fields of brotherhood. Joint initiatives between Bahraini
and Pakistani governments have started to further bilateral trades
that reached $250 million in 2007. Pakistan Army also maintains an
Infantry Battalion and a Squadron of Tanks in Bahrain

3 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1975.[188]


Bangladesh
Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the
People's Republic of Bangladesh are influenced by the fact that
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan until 1971, when it achieved
independence after the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1971. As part of Shimla Agreement, India sought
to make sure that Pakistan would take steps to recognize
Bangladesh. Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with
Bangladesh on 18 January 1976, and relations improved in the
following decades. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan are members of
the Commonwealth.

Bhutan 15 December Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988.[337]


1988
Both countries are member of SAARC. Trade and bilateral
relationship between the two countries can be largely regarded as
being insignificant, and the diplomatic relationship as being largely
symbolic.

Brunei 9 February 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1984.[338]

Diplomatic relationship between Pakistan and Brunei are very warm


and friendly, this is primarily because both are Muslim countries
and member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Pakistan
maintains a High Commission in Brunei,[339] and Brunei has a High
Commission in Islamabad, Pakistan. To further foster ties between
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

the 2 countries, Brunei-Pakistan Friendship Association (BPFA) was


created in 2008.[340]

Cambodia 18 January 1957


Pakistan has an embassy in Phnom Penh although Cambodia does
not have an embassy in Pakistan.

China 21 May 1951[341]


Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the People's Republic of
China (PRC) were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the
retreat of the Republic Of China in 1949.[342] While initially
ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its
borders, Pakistan hoped that the PRC would serve as a
counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognised the PRC a
year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer
relations between India and the PRC. However, with escalating
border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the PRC and
Pakistan formed an alliance. One year after the PRCs border war
with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to the PRC in
order to convince the PRC Authorities to be friendly towards
Pakistan.

India 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947 when has
been appointed first Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Mr. Zahid
Hussain.[343]

Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a


number of historical and political issues, and are defined by the
violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and
the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share
historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship
has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since


their independence. There are three major wars that have taken
place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the
unofficial Kargil War and some border skirmishes.
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

Both India and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth


of Nations.

Indonesia 1949[344]
Indonesia has its embassy in Islamabad[345] and a consulate in
Karachi and Pakistan has its embassy in Jakarta[346] and a
consulate in Medan.[347] Bilateral trade between the two countries is
US$800 million but they hope to increase this to US$2 billion.[348]
Both nations are members of the Developing 8 and Next Eleven
countries.

Iran 23 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1947 when
Pakistan and Iran have agreed to exchange diplomatic representatives.[349]

Iraq 1947

Israel No formal
diplomatic
relations

Japan 28 April 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1952[123]

Tokyo and Islamabad have had healthy relations with each other
since the foundation of their diplomacy in 1952. Japan has been
part of funding the country with machines to access ground water,
as well as aid for improving its sewer and drainage systems.[350][351]
Other major projects funded by the Japanese government include
the Indus Highway Project, a number of power projects in various
provinces of Pakistan, Rural Roads Construction Project and the
Children Hospital PIMS Islamabad Project.[352] Presently the Kohat
Tunnel Project and the Ghazi Brotha Dam Project are being
completed with the help of the Japanese private and government
contractors.[353][354]

Jordan 29 December
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December
1947
1947 when Mr. Mohammad Pasha El Shuraiki, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of Transjordan to Pakistan, presented
his credentials.[94]

There are close relations between Jordan and Pakistan. Princess


Sarvath wife of Prince Hassan is originally a Pakistani. At the
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

international level Pakistan and Jordan have similar views such as


the Israel/Palestine issue.

Kazakhstan 24 February 1992


Relations between the two countries began when Pakistan
recognized Kazakhstan on 20 December 1991. On 24 February
1992, diplomatic and consular relations were established during an
official visit by Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev to
Pakistan.[355] Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani
goods.[356]

North 9 November 1972


Korea

South 7 November
Korea 1983[201]

Kuwait 21 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1963 when Kuwait
opens Embassy in Islamabad.[357]

After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991, Pakistani army engineers
were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country.[358]
Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain
villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005,[359] also offering the
largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake, US$100
million.[360]

Kyrgyzstan 10 May 1992


Pakistan extended diplomatic recognition to the Kyrgyz Republic on
20 December 1991. A Protocol for the establishment of diplomatic
relations between Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan was signed on 10 May
1992.

Laos 15 July 1955

Lebanon 15 September Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1948.[101]


1948
Lebanon and Pakistan have good relations. Pakistan has also been
a steadfast supporter of Lebanon particularly when it was invaded
by Israel. Additionally, Pakistan has extended moral, diplomatic and
material support to Lebanon and refuses to recognize Israel
officially, as a legitimate country in solidarity with the Palestinian,
Lebanese and other Middle Eastern countries.
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

Malaysia 1957
Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia
has its High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan has brotherly
relations with Malaysia. Both are members of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations. There is a
trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the
import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale.
Both countries enjoy close relations and links of mutual friendship
and the cooperation has further strengthened.

Maldives 26 July 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1966.[361]

The Maldives and Pakistan are culturally very close in sharing a


Sunni majority. Islamabad supports the Maldivian position in the
territorial dispute over the southern Indian colony of Minicoy Island
in the Lakshadweep, whose population is Muslim by faith. Both the
Maldives and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of
Nations.

Mongolia 6 July 1962


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1962.[362]

Pakistan and Mongolia maintain cordinal diplomatic


relationship.[363]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1947.[364]

Pakistan has an embassy in Yangon,[365] and Burma has an


embassy in Islamabad.[366] In January 2012, President Asif Ali
Myanmar 1 August 1947 Zardari paid a state visit to Yangon, Burma where he met Aung San
Suu Kyi and conferred her the "Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Award for
Democracy" for her long struggle for democracy. Zardari's children
were also present in the ceremony.[367]

Nepal 20 March 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1960[368]

Despite an extensive 1982 trade agreement, the volume of bilateral


trade remains comparatively small at US$4.8 million.[369] Pakistan's
total exports to Nepal are worth US$1.631 million while Nepal's
exports to Pakistan tally US$3.166 million.[370] Both countries have
recently stepped up efforts to promote bilateral trade, especially in
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

textiles, oilseeds, extraction of oil and tourism; Pakistan also


offered a US$5 million line of credit to Nepal.[370][371][372] Nepal and
Pakistan are signatories to the South Asia Free Trade Agreement
(SAFTA) and members of the South Asian Economic Union.

Oman 15 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1971, when
Pakistani Consulate-General in Muscat upgraded to Embassy[373]

The relationship between Muscat and Islamabad is warm, because


it is the nearest Arab country to Pakistan and the fact that some
30% of Omanis are of Balochi origin from Pakistan's Balochistan
province having settled in Oman over a hundred years ago. Until
1958, Gwadar was part of Oman but was transferred to Pakistan in
that year after being sold.

Palestine 18 January 1989 Diplomatic relations established on 18 January 1989[207]

Pakistan fully supports the proposal of the creation of an


independent Palestinian state. Due to Pakistan's pro-Palestinian
stance, bilateral relations between Pakistan and Israel have
continuously wavered over the last few years. Pakistan has also
declined to recognise the state of Israel until the "liberation of
Palestine" will take place.[374]

Philippines 8 September 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 1949.[375]

16 December
Qatar Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1972.[376]
1972

Saudi September 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1947[90]
Arabia
Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational
aid to Pakistan. Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for
immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in
Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million.

Saudi Arabia is the largest source of petroleum for Pakistan.[377] It


also supplies extensive financial aid to Pakistan and remittance
from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major source of
foreign currency.[378]
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

Singapore 17 August
1966[379]

Sri Lanka May 1948


Sri Lanka's ties with Pakistan have always been good, ever since
Pakistan established its small mission in then-Ceylon (later Sri
Lanka) in circa 1948–1949.[380] Since then, these relations have
gradually developed into very close and cordial ties. Pakistan has
been supplying military equipment to the Sri Lanka Armed Forces
since 1999.[380] Pakistan has pledged since 2009 to assist in
military training and intelligence to form a joint terror fighting force
for their two countries.[202] There is a Pakistani High Commission
located in Sri Lanka and a Sri Lankan High Commission sit"Sri
Lanka"uated in Pakistan.[381][382]

Syria 1948
Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational
exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that
introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria. During the Yom
Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in
Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[383]
In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the
fields of science and technology.[384]

Taiwan 14 August 1947 –


4 January 1950

Tajikistan 6 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1992.[385]

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, established diplomatic


relationship with the Republic of Tajikistan in 1992, but cooperation
between these two countries started from 1991. Geographically
Tajikistan is the nearest Central Asian State to Pakistan – fourteen
kilometres between two countries. Many Tajiks have immigrated to
Pakistan, notably in the city of Ishkoman where they have
integrated into the local population.

Thailand 10 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October


1951.[119]Establishing cordial relationships started in 1951, and since has grown
into a close diplomacy as trade value between the two nations has grown over
US$1 billion. Pakistani universities account for 600 students from Thailand.
Formal
Country Notes
relations began
Thailand enjoyed in 2013 over seventy five thousand tourists from Pakistan.
Overall, relations are warm and social and economic exchanges are well
developed and continuing to grow.[386]

Turkey November Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
[387]
1947
Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad[388] and Consulates General in
Karachi[389] and Lahore.[390]

Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic


Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO.

Trade volume between the two countries was US$856 million in 2019
(Pakistan's exports/imports: 306/550 million USD).[391]

Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Karachi and Lahore.

9 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1992.[392]


Turkmenistan
Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize Turkmenistan
as an independent country in December 1991. Exchange of high-
level visits during the last 10 years give credence to the fact that
Pakistan and Turkmenistan have laid foundation of mutually
beneficial relations, friendship and understanding. The two
countries have signed 21 Agreements and Memoranda of
understanding in the fields of oil and gas, transport, energy, trade,
science and culture.

United Arab 13 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1972[178]
Emirates
Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to the
UAE on its achieving independence. Bilateral relations and mutually
beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since. These
relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since
evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has
been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.

Uzbekistan 10 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992.[393]

Relations between the two states were established when the


republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse
of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially
strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border
as they supported different factions Afghan factions.[394]
Formal
Country Notes
relations began

However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both


countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade,
Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and
landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.

Vietnam 8 November 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1972.[179]

Yemen 4 February 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1952[122]
Europe
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Albania 27 July 1965


Pakistan's diplomatic relations with Albania are very cordial
given that Albania is the, and only European country with OIC
membership.[291] In Dec 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister
Mr. Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral
consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also
offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the
field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[395]

Armenia Diplomatic relations have not been established as Pakistan is the only
country in the world which does not recognize Armenia as a country.

Azerbaijan 9 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1992[396]

Pakistan recognized independence of Azerbaijan 1991 (the


second country after Turkey) and the two countries established
full diplomatic relations in 1992. Pakistan was one of the first
countries to open its embassy in Baku.

Austria 13 June 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1953[397]

Belgium 20 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1948.[95]

Bosnia and 16 November Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1994.[398]
Herzegovina 1994
Both nations share close relations on the grounds of religion
and politics. Pakistan was a staunch supporter of Bosnia during
the civil war. Pakistan sent in UN Peacekeeping forces to the
former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars. Pakistan and
Bosnia have a free trade agreement.

Belarus 3 February 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1994.[399]

Belarus' Minsk Tractor Works has played a key role in supplying


tractor to Pakistan[400] and establishing the tractor assembly
plant in Pakistan.[401] Belarus and Pakistan have also signed
agreements on trade-economic cooperation and investments
protection.[402] Pakistan ambassador to Russia is accredited as
a non-residential ambassador to Belarus; however, Belarus
maintains an embassy in Islamabad since 2014. In May 2007,
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Pakistan Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Makhdum Khusro


Bakhtyar made an official visit to Belarus and meet with high-
ranking government officials of Belarus.[403]

Bulgaria 15 June 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1965[157]

Croatia 20 July 1994


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July
1994[404]

Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.[405]

Czech Republic 27 September Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1950[112]
1950

Denmark 13 October 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1949.[107]

Finland 12 January 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1951.[113]

France 2 December Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1947[93]: 87


1947
Pakistan and France have high levels of diplomatic meetings
and are in good terms with one another. However, these good
relations haven't been around very long. Trade between
Pakistan and France is increasing and France has donated large
funds to help Pakistan with its economic problems.

Georgia 12 May 1994 Pakistan ambassador to Azerbaijan is accredited to be the non-residential


ambassador to Georgia.[406]

Germany 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[121]

Germany and Pakistan enjoy closely cordial relations. Germany


has taken large measures to aid the South Asian country in its
economic and governmental hardship. Commercial trade
between Berlin and Islamabad has also been very essential in
recent years seeing as Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest
trade partner. Also, Germany is home to 35,081 Pakistani
immigrants. Overall, the two nations have almost always had a
friendly bond.

Greece
In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was
opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and


working in Greece.

Holy See 6 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1951[407]

Hungary 26 November Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1965[408]


1965
Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in Islamabad and an
honorary consulate in Karachi.[409] Pakistan has an embassy in
Budapest[410]

Iceland 1976
Pakistan maintains cordinal diplomatic relations with
Iceland.[411]

Ireland
Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh
(Saudi Arabia) and an honorary consulate in Karachi. Pakistan
has an embassy in Dublin. Pakistanis continue to support the
idea of unification of Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland
which remains part of the United Kingdom after the Republic of
Ireland left the Commonwealth of Nations.

Italy 7 April 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1948.[412][413]Both
nations have established respective embassies in Pakistan and Italy.[414][415]
Italy has offered assistance in Pakistan's private sector in extending credit
lines to finance technologies in machinery for manufacturing.[416]
Additionally, Italy has given Pakistan the opportunity to be financed the
equivalent of US$100 million to advance over fifty development projects in
the nation, such as assisting acid attack victims in Punjab.[417] Italy has
shown interest in expanding energy and pharmaceutical businesses to the
expansive market in Pakistan. There is even an Italian government desire for
the implementation of an Italian Chamber of Commerce in the Pakistani
economic sphere.[418]

Latvia 29 April 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1996[419]

Latvia maintains an honorary consul in Karachi.[417] Whereas


the Pakistani ambassador to Sweden is accredited as a non-
residential ambassador to Latvia.[420] There is also a growing
number of Pakistanis (mostly university students) living in
Riga.[421]
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Liechtenstein The Pakistani ambassador to Switzerland is accredited as a non-residential


ambassador to Liechtenstein. Pakistan diplomatic relations with
Liechtenstein is important, despite the small size of Liechtenstein, as
Liechtenstein is member of the European Free Trade Association, with which
Pakistan is seeking a free trade agreement.[422]

Lithuania 31 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1994[423]

Pakistan maintains friendly diplomatic relations with


Lithuania.[424]

Luxembourg 22 November Pakistan maintains cordial diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of
1956 Luxembourg.[425] Pakistan also maintains an honorary consulate in
Luxembourg.[426]

Malta January 1966

Moldova 16 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1992.[210]

The Pakistani ambassador to Romania is accredited as a non-


residential ambassador to Moldova.[427]

Netherlands 1948

Norway 18 December Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1948.[428]


1948
Norway and Pakistan have strengthened ties. Norway has an
embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore,
whereas Pakistan has an embassy in Oslo.

Portugal 26 September Relationships between Portugal and Pakistan have turned cordial since
1949 2015. The two nations recognize a potential growth in trade and social
exchanges. In order to start economic relations in the right direction,
investment policy and opportunities for Portuguese companies are now
present.[429]

Romania 15 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1964[430]

Pakistan has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary


consulate in Iaşi.[431] Romania has an embassy in Islamabad
and an honorary consulate in Lahore.[432]

Russia 1 May 1948[98]


Relations between these two countries have been strained in
the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its
support for the Afghan rebels during the invasion by the USSR.
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

However, the relations became cordinal in recent years and the


Russian Army has been training in Pakistan.[433]

San Marino 12 April 2006


Pakistan established diplomatic relations with San Marino on
12 April 2006. The Pakistani ambassador to Italy is accredited
as a non-residential ambassador to San Marino.[234]

Serbia 15 May 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1948.[99]

Since July 2001, Pakistan has an embassy in Belgrade.[434]


Serbia has now closed its embassy in Pakistan after 2001 due
to financial or reciprocal reasons because Pakistan's role in the
desire for Sanjak's merger with their brethren of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and is now represented in Pakistan through its
embassy in Beijing (China).[435] However, there is a bone of
contention between the two, because of the latter's close
relations with, India.[436]

Slovakia 1 January 1993


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January
1993[219]

The Pakistani ambassador to Austria is cross-accredited be the


non-residential ambassador to Slovakia. Relations between
Pakistan and the Slovak Republic are cordial and friendly. The
two countries have agreements on cultural cooperation and
visa abolition (for diplomatic/official passport holders). Some
well known Slovak companies like Matador and Mediprogress
are active in Pakistan through their agents.[437]

Spain 2 September
1951

Switzerland 1 February
1949[438][439]

Sweden 1949

Ukraine 16 March 1992


Pakistan recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991. Pakistan
has an embassy in Kyiv.[440] Ukraine has an embassy in
Formal
Country relations Notes
began

Islamabad.[441] Ukraine and Pakistan have been cooperating


with each other in educational sector as well as cultural
exchanges. Pakistan and Ukraine are also heavily cooperating
with each other in aerospace engineering, aerospace
technologies, bio-medical sciences and science and
technology.

United Kingdom 14 August 1947


Pakistan has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
since independence in 1947. It was not a member of the British
Commonwealth from 1972 until 1989, because of the
Commonwealth's recognition of Bangladesh. It was readmitted
to full membership of the Commonwealth in October 1989. It
was suspended with the overthrow of the democratically
elected government in 1999. Its full membership has been
reinstated with the backing of the United Kingdom, Canada,
Australia and New Zealand for Pakistan's support in the War on
Terrorism. Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with all
Commonwealth countries even though it does not have its own
High Commission in each capital. The U.K. also has the biggest
Pakistani community outside of Pakistan.
Oceania
Formal relations
Country Notes
began

Australia 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[85]

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf visited Australia


in 2005[442] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John
Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as
well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had
immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also
announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to
study in Australia.[443]

Fiji 8 March 1971


Pakistan and Fiji maintain formal diplomatic relationship, they
have diplomatic missions in each other's countries. Pakistan
used to designate their High Commissioner to Australia as a
non-residential High Commissioner to Fiji.[444] Many of Fiji's
large Muslim population maintain family links with
Pakistan.[445]

New Zealand 18 April 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1951.[115]

Pakistan has a High Commission located in Wellington whilst


New Zealand has a consulate-general in Karachi. New Zealand
was party to the Commonwealth Heads of Government
decision to readmit Pakistan to the Councils of the
Commonwealth after the restoration of civilian rule in May
2008.

Palau 22 November 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 2021.[446]

Samoa 7 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1983.[447]

Solomon Islands 19 February 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 2016.[448]

Tonga before 1992


Both countries established diplomatic relations before 1992
when the High Commissioner to Australia was cross-
accredited as High Commissioner of Pakistan to Tonga
(resident in Canberra).[255]

While Pakistan and Tonga maintain diplomatic relationships,


they do not have diplomatic missions in each other's country.
Formal relations
Country Notes
began

Pakistan exports to Tonga in 2007 was T$11,655


(approximately US$7,000).[449] Pakistan also has bilateral visa-
abolition scheme with Tonga, for all passport types of both the
countries.[450]
International organizations
Organization Membership Notes

Arab League Non-member


Pakistan is not a member nor observer of the Arab League but
the two entities share a strong relationship. Many of the Arab
League nations send soldiers to train in Pakistan's prestigious
military academies, and Pakistan frequently is in contact and
collaboration with many of the Arab League nations with
Pakistani pilots having flown in the two Arab-Israeli Wars.[451]
Pakistan has also lobbied for greater representation of the
Arab League within the United Nation Security Council.[452]

ASEAN Member Pakistan is not a member of ASEAN, but frequently serves as a bridge for
the organization to communicate with Asian countries further in the west,
with bilateral agreements between ASEAN and Pakistan.[453] While links
could still be stronger between Pakistan and the nations that compose
ASEAN, both sides have expressed interest in furthering that
relationship.[454]

Commonwealth of Nations - Member - See Pakistan and the


Commonwealth of Nations

European Union Non-member Pakistan and the EU share a strong economic bond that has been
emphasized by both parties while sharing similar foreign policies. The two
are engaged in serious trade, and frequently work together to enhance
each other's economic capability. There have been multiple summits (htt
p://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/114922.pdf) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170303051011/http://www.consilium.euro
pa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/114922.pdf) 3 March 2017 at the Wayback
Machine and strategic dialogues (https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/he
adquarters-homepage_en/11038/3rd%20EU-Pakistan%20Strategic%20Dial
ogue) between Pakistan and the EU to continue to push the relationship.

IMF 1950 Pakistan is a full member of the IMF, and has received monetary
assistance from IMF multiple times, each time resulting in a successful
bailout for Pakistan.[455][456] IMF also maintains a Resident Representative
Office in Pakistan[457]

Economic 1985 Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran founded the ECO in 1985 with plans at economic
Cooperation and political cooperation in the region. Through the work of this
Organization organization, Iran has free trade agreements with Iran, Turkey, and
Afghanistan forthcoming shortly.[458][459]

NATO Non-member Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally, a special designation from the US for
certain non-NATO states, earning the status shortly into the war on
Organization Membership Notes
terrorism by George W. Bush.[460] This designation comes with certain
benefits highlighted by special access to particular military technology or
collaboration. The two have cooperated and continue to cooperate on
projects like eradicating terrorism in Bosnia and Afghanistan, and offer
each other logistic and military support.[461]

OIC 1969 Pakistan has used the Organization for Islamic Cooperation in the past to
strengthen alliances and settle disputes or disagreements. The 2nd
summit of the OIC was in Pakistan, during a time in which Pakistan still did
not recognize Bangladesh. Under pressure from other nations, Pakistan
would invite a delegation from Bangladesh and here at this summit
Pakistan would come to recognize the nation.[462] Pakistan also uses the
OIC to push their position on the controversial region of Kashmir.[463]

SAARC 1985 Pakistan is one of the founding members of SAARC, an organization


focused on the economic activities of South Asia.[464] In 2016, a SAARC
summit in Pakistan was canceled following boycotts by India, Afghanistan,
Bhutan, and Bangladesh, causing some to worry about the future of the
organization.[465]

SCO 2015 Pakistan and India signed on to be full members of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization in 2015, with the process for instatement ending
in 2017. The organization shares many interests with Pakistan, and the
new membership has been supportedwithin Pakistan and the members of
the organization.[466]

United Nations 1947

See also

History of Pakistan
Pakistan portal
Ministry of Foreign Affairs

List of diplomatic missions in Pakistan

List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan

List of foreign politicians of Pakistani origin

Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens

Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations

Pakistan and the United Nations

Public diplomacy of Pakistan


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achieving its unity."

52. Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy (https://books.google.com/books?i
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and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world."

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q=islamistan+hussain+haqqani&pg=PA18) . Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781107052123.
"As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together
into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'."
54. Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic
History of Misunderstanding (https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&q=islamistan+hussai
n+haqqani&pg=PA20) . PublicAffairs. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9781610393171. "Within a few years the
president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all
Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the
new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister
Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his
hope that this severance may not endure. He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan
would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of
Nations."

55. Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of
Misunderstanding (https://books.google.com/books?id=TyIVAgAAQBAJ&q=During+this+time+most+of+t
he+Arab+world+was+going+through+a+nationalist+awakening.+Pan-Islamic+dreams+involving+the+unifi
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56. Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003). The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8


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pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing
Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little
enthusiasm...Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim
states."

57. Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India (https://books.google.com/bo
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leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of
self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah,
supported anti-colonial movements: Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling
for their freedom...If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be
no end to wars. Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–
1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties
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national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over
Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian
republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's
intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish
a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil."

59. Hunter, Shireen (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order
(https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtA_J3VUt4C&q=iran+pakistan+relations+shia&pg=PA144) .
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irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations."

60. Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India (https://books.google.com/bo
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ISBN 9781136818943. "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for
the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in
Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations.
Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-
controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare."

61. Schmetzer, Uli (14 September 1998). "Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry" (http://articles.chicagotribune.co
m/1998-09-14/news/9809140197_1_shiite-taliban-sunni) . Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
"KARACHI, Pakistan — Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused
Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold,
which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country."

62. Constable, Pamela (16 September 1998). "Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry" (https://www.washington
post.com/archive/politics/1998/09/16/afghanistan-arena-for-a-new-rivalry/eeedba2f-03b7-4ed6-ba97-91
e51e633e96/) . The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2017. "Taliban officials accused Iran of
providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force
to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for
what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of
direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious
rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group,
and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a
Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few
international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni."

63. Umair, Jamal (28 September 2021). "Iran and Pakistan: Bilateral Bonding Over the Taliban" (https://thedipl
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g/web/20230501063229/https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/bilateral-bonding-over-the-taliban/) from
the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
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uncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react-whats-really-going-on-with-pakistan-and-iran-exchanging-att
acks/) . Atlantic Council. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

65. Hamid Hussain. "Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations" (https://w
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Further reading

Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided
Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.

Fair, C. Christine. Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War. (Oxford UP, 2014).

Humayun, Fahd. The Punisher's Dilemma: Domestic Opposition and Foreign Policy Crises,
International Studies Quarterly, Volume 68, Issue 1, March 2024, sqae002,
https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae002

Hussain, Nazir. "Pak-Russia Relations: Lost Opportunities and Future Options." Journal of Political
Studies (2012). 19#1 pp 79–89 online (https://web.archive.org/web/20190220030322/http://pdf
s.semanticscholar.org/1ecb/aa8abe36022eaad6d56264b935ae440acd5a.pdf)

Jabeen, Mussarat, and Muhammad Saleem Mazhar. "Security Game: SEATO and CENTO SEATO
and CENTO As Instrument of Economic and Military Assistance to Encircle Pakistan" Pakistan
Economic and Social Review 49#1 (2011), pp. 109–132 online (https://www.researchgate.net/pro
file/Mussarat_Jabeen2/publication/330369168_SECURITY_GAME_SEATO_and_CENTO_as_Instru
ment_of_Economic_and_Military_Assistance_to_Encircle_Pakistan/links/5b515eff45851507a7b2
0b0b/SECURITY-GAME-SEATO-and-CENTO-as-Instrument-of-Economic-and-Military-Assistance-to
-Encircle-Pakistan.pdf)
Khan, Muhammad Taimur Fahad. "Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Russia." Strategic Studies
39.3 (2019): 89–104. online (http://www.academia.edu/download/61306119/Pakistans_Foreign_
Policy_towards_Russia_New_Directions20191122-115131-14apavi.pdf)

Pande, Aparna. Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India (Routledge, 2011).

Sattar, Abdul. Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2013).
online 2nd 2009 edition (https://archive.org/details/PakistansForeignPolicy19472009_201803)

Siddiqi, Shibil. "Afghanistan-Pakistan relations: History and geopolitics in a regional and


international context." Final Report (Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation) 45 (2008). online (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200728054016/http://csspoint.yolasite.com/resources/Afghanista
n%E2%80%90Pakistan%20Relations%20History%20and%20Geopolitics.pdf)

Singh, Besakh. "Pakistan and Russia Relationship: Changing Dynamics in the Post-Cold War Era."
(MA thesis, Central University of Punjab. 2016); bibliography pp 89=98. online (http://knowledgere
pository.cup.edu.in/bitstream/handle/32116/1769/T00403.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)

External links

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan (http://www.mofa.gov.pk)

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