Electrical and Electronic Workshop

SESSION -TWO

Passive Components

Dr. S. Naiman
 Workshop LAB

Operation of Passive Active Circuit

Electronic Components Components Assembly
Equipment • Resistor • Diode • Bread Board
• Voltmeters • Capacitor • Types • Circuit Assembly
• Ohmmeters • Inductor • Datasheets • Vero Board
• Ammeters • Transistor • Soldering
• Power supplies • Types • De-soldering
• function generator • Datasheets • PCB
• Oscilloscope • Layout
Passive Electronics Components
 Objectives
Describes electronics components
Differentiate between passive and active electronics
components
Identify various types of resistors, capacitors and
inductors

Apply color coding to select desirable resistors and

capacitors values

Use passive electronics components in designing

analogue circuits
 Electronics Components
An electronic component is a basic electronic
element usually packaged in a discrete form with two
or more connecting leads or metallic pads.
Components are intended to be connected together,
usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to
create an electronic circuit with a particular function
(for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator
)
Components may be packaged singly (resistor,
capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less
complex groups as integrated circuits (operational
amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc.)
Electronics Components-Examples
 Electronics Components
Passive Vs Active
Passive components are those that do not have
gain or directionality. In network analysis they are
called electrical elements

Active components are those that have gain or

directionality, in contrast to passive components,
which have neither. They include semiconductor
devices and vacuum tubes (valves)
 Electronics Components-Passive
Passive components are those that do not have
gain or directionality. In network analysis they are
called electrical elements

Those devices or components which do not

required external source to their operation is
called Passive Components.

For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor

Electronics Components-Active

▪ Active components are those that have gain

or directionality, in contrast to passive
components, which have neither. They include
semiconductor devices and vacuum tubes
(valves)
▪ Those devices or components which required
external source to their operation

▪ For Example: Diode, Transistors, Silicon-

Controlled Rectifier(SCR)
 Basic Passive Electronics Components
The fundamental two-terminal passive elements
of an electronics circuit are:-
Resistors
The main function is to limit current or reduce the
flow of current
Capacitors
The main function is to store electric charges
Inductors
The main functions is to resists changes in
electric current passing through it.
 Resistors
The main function of a resistor
is to limit current or reduce the
flow of current.
A resistor has three distinctive
properties
Resistance value
Tolerance
Power rating
Resistance value is
designated in units called
ohms ( )
The circuit symbol for resistor
is as shown on the right
 Resistors
The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the
actual rated resistance value.
For example, a ±5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that
is within ±5% of the specified resistance value..
The power rating indicates how much power the resistor can
safely tolerate.
The maximum rated power of the resistor is specified in
Watts (W)

1/8 W

¼ W

½ W
 Resistors
Resistance value
• As for the standard resistance value, the values used can
be divided like a logarithm.
• For example, in the case of E3, the values [1], [2.2], [4.7] and
[10] are used. They divide 10 into three, like a logarithm.
• E6 : [1], [1.5], [2.2], [3.3], [4.7], [6.8], [10].
• E12 : [1], [1.2], [1.5], [1.8], [2.2], [2.7], [3.3], [3.9], [4.7], [5.6],
[6.8], [8.2], [10]
• E24 : [1], [1.1], [1.2], [1.3], [1.5], [1.6], [1.8], [2.0], [2.2], [2.4],
[2.7], [3.0], [3.3], [3.6], [3.9], [4.3], [4.7], [5.1], [5.6], [6.2],
[6.8], [7.5], [8.2], [9.1], [10]
• It is because of this that the resistance value is seen at a
glance to be a discrete value

𝟏Τ𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎
•The resistance value is displayed using the
color code (the colored bars/the colored
stripes), because the average resistor is too
small to have the value printed on it with
numbers.

Color Codes
• All resistors of ½ W or less use the color code to
display the resistance value.
 Resistors
Resistor Value Color Codes
The first band on a resistor is interpreted as the Number Color
FIRST DIGIT of the resistor value (4)
0 black
The second band gives the SECOND DIGIT (7)
1 brown
The third band is called the MULTIPLIER which tells 2 red
you how many noughts you should write after the
digits you already have (10²). 3 orange
The last band is the TOLERANCE band. This 4 yellow
indicates the percentage accuracy of the resistor 5 green
value.
6 blue
7 violet
8 grey
9 white
 Resistors
Tolerance Value Color Codes
Tolerance Color
The TOLERANCE band indicates the
percentage accuracy of the resistor value. ± 0.05 % orange
± 0.10 % violet
Most carbon film resistors have a gold-
colored tolerance band, indicating that the ± 0.25 % blue
actual resistance value is within ± 5% of the ± 0.50 % green
nominal value ±1% brown
±2% red
±5% gold
± 10 % silver
± 20 % none
 Color Code-Resistance
Number Color Tolerance Color
0 black ± 0.05 % orange
1 brown ± 0.10 % violet
2 red
± 0.25 % blue
3 orange
± 0.50 % green
4 yellow
±1% brown
5 green
±2% red
6 blue
±5% gold
7 violet
8 grey ± 10 % silver

9 white ± 20 % none
 Resistors
Power Rating

A resistor's ability to lose heat

depends to a large extent upon its
surface area.
A small resistor with a limited
surface area cannot dissipate heat
quickly and is likely to overheat if
large currents are passed.
Larger resistors dissipate heat more
effectively.
power rating should be considered
when circuits drive output
transducers, such as lamps, LEDs,
and loudspeakers.
 Resistors
Resistor Types
There are four classes of resistors;
Fixed resistors
Variable resistors
Thermistor – thermally sensitive resistor
Photoresistor – light sensitive resistor

A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change.
A variable resistor is one in which the value of its resistance can change.
A thermistor is one in which the value of its resistance changes with
temperature.
A photoresistor is one in which the value of its resistance changes with
light intensity.
 Resistors
Fixed Resistor
They are also classified according to the material from
which they are made.
The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or
metal film.
There are other types as well such as wire wound and
ceramic resistors, but these are the most common.
 Resistors
Fixed Resistor: Carbon Film
This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor.
Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is ±5%.
Power ratings of 1/8 W, ¼ W and ½ W are frequently used.
Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage; they tend to be
electrically noisy
 Resistors
Fixed Resistor: Metal Film
Metal film resistors are used when a higher tolerance (more
accurate value) is needed.
They are much more accurate in value than carbon film
resistors. They have about ±0.05% tolerance.
Ni-Cr (Nichrome) seems to be used for the material of
resistor.
The metal film resistor is used for bridge circuits, filter
circuits, and low-noise analog signal circuits.
 Resistors
Fixed Resistor: Wire-wound
Wire-wound resistors are fixed resistors that are made by
winding a piece of resistive wire around a ceramic core.
These are used when a high power rating is required.
 Resistors
Fixed Resistor: Single-In-Line(SIL) Resistor Network
It is made with many resistors of the same value, all in
one package.
One side of each resistor is connected with one side of
all the other resistors inside.
 Resistors
Variable Resistor
They are also classified
according to the easiness of
changing their resistance
Easy (smooth) variable.
Semi-fixed
Trimmer
 Resistors

Variable resistors can change their value over a

specific range.
▪ A potentiometer is a variable resistor with three terminals.
▪ A rheostat has only two terminals.
 Resistors
Thermistor
There are mainly three types of thermistor.
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient)
Thermistor - With this type, the resistance
value decreases continuously as the
temperature rises.
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
Thermistor - With this type, the resistance
value increases suddenly when the
temperature rises above a specific point.
CTR (Critical Temperature Resister)
Thermistor - With this type, the resistance
value decreases suddenly when the
temperature rises above a specific point
Resistors Types
 Capacitors
The main function of a capacitor is to store
electric charges
 Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric
field created between a pair of conductors on which equal
but opposite electric charges have been placed.
A capacitor has six distinguishing properties
capacitance value
Tolerance
Voltage rating
Polarity
Drift
Dissipation factor
Capacitance value is designated in units called Farad (F)
The circuit symbol for capacitor is as shown above
 Capacitors
Tolerances in capacitance values for discrete
capacitors are usually specified as a percentage of
the nominal value.
Tolerances ranging from 50% (electrolytic types) to
less than 1% are commonly available
The voltage rating indicates how much voltage the
capacitor can safely tolerate.
Drift is the stability of the capacitor with respect to
time and temperature.
The higher the capacitance value, the higher the
voltage rating, the higher the physical size and the
higher the cost.
The dissipation factor can be defined as: the value of
the tendency of dielectric materials to absorb some of
the energy when an AC signal is applied
 Color Coding of Capacitor
To understand about capacitor color code, primarily we
must know various parameters of capacitors such as
capacitor value, tolerance of capacitor, working voltage of
the capacitor, and leakage current of the capacitor.
Capacitor Color Code
 Capacitors
Capacitor Values
Large capacitors and some electrolytic capacitors will have
their capacitance value printed on them
Small capacitors normally will have two or three numbers
printed on them, some with one or two letters added to that
value.

105  10 + 5 zeros  10 + 00000

1,000,000 pF
1000 nF
1 F
 Capacitors
Capacitor Values

If a letter is added to the value, it indicates its tolerance, and in

some cases the second letter is present to indicate temperature
coefficient.

474J  47 + 4 zeros  47 + 0000

 470,000 pF
 470 nF
 0.47 F
 J  5% tolerance

Other capacitor may just have 0.1 or 0.01 printed on them. This implies
that the unit used is micro Farad (F)
 Capacitors
Capacitor Values
The large the plate area and the smaller the area
between plates the large the capacitance value.
The nature of the insulating material will also dictates
the final capacitance value
 Capacitors
Capacitor Types
There are basically two classes of capacitors;
Fixed capacitors
Variable capacitors

Capacitors are often classified according to the material

used as the dielectric.
Dielectric materials are divided into two broad
categories:
bulk insulators and
metal-oxide films (so-called electrolytic capacitors).
 Capacitors
Capacitor Using Bulk Insulator
Air-gap
Glass
Paper
Polyester (Mylar)
Polystyrene
Polypropylene
PTFE (Teflon)
Silvered mica
Ceramic
 Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors
Aluminium electrolytic
Tantalum
Super-capacitor
Ultra-capacitors
 Capacitors
Polyester (Mylar)
Dielectric made of Polyester or DuPont trade name "Mylar".
Good quality, low drift, temperature stable.
Because the electrodes are thin they can be made very
very small.
Good all-round capacitor (from about 1 nF to 1 μF)
Suitable for signal capacitors and integrators.
Also referred to as metalized polyester film
 Capacitors
Capacitor Using Bulk Insulator
Air-gap: An air-gap capacitor is highly resistant to breakdown from
arcing, because any air that becomes ionized is soon replaced by
fresh air. Large-valued tunable capacitors can be made this way.
Good for resonating HF antennas.
Glass - used to form extremely stable, reliable capacitors.
Paper - common in antique radio equipment, paper dielectric and
aluminum foil layers rolled into a cylinder and sealed with wax. Low
values up to a few μF, working voltage up to several hundred volts, oil-
impregnated bathtub types to 5,000 V used for motor starting and
high-voltage power supplies.
Polyester, Mylar: (from about 1 nF to 1 μF) signal capacitors,
integrators.
Polystyrene: (usually in the picofarad range) stable signal capacitors.
Polypropylene: low-loss, high voltage, resistant to breakdown, signal
capacitors.
 Capacitors
Capacitor Using Bulk Insulator
Teflon: higher performing and more expensive than other plastic
dielectrics.
Silvered mica: These are fast and stable for HF and low VHF RF circuits,
but expensive.
PCB: Finally, metal conductive areas in different layers of a multi-layer
printed circuit board can act as a highly stable capacitor. It is common
industry practice to fill unused areas of one PCB layer with the ground
conductor and another layer with the power conductor, forming a large
distributed capacitor between the layers, or to make power traces broader
than signal traces
Ceramic: The main differences between ceramic dielectric types are the
temperature coefficient of capacitance, and the dielectric loss.
C0G and NP0 (negative-positive-zero, i.e. ±0) dielectrics have the
lowest losses, and are used in filters, as timing elements, and for
balancing crystal oscillators.
 Capacitors

Capacitor Using Bulk Insulator

Ceramic capacitors tend to have low inductance because of their
small size.
NP0 refers to the shape of the capacitor's temperature coefficient
graph (how much the capacitance changes with temperature).
NP0 means that the graph is flat and the device is not affected by
temperature changes.
C0G or NP0 - Typically 4.7 pF to 0.047 µF, 5%. High tolerance
and temperature performance. Larger and more expensive.
X7R - Typical 3300 pF to 0.33 µF, 10%. Good for non-critical
coupling, timing applications. Subject to microphonics.
Z5U - Typical 0.01 µF to 2.2 µF, 20%. Good for bypass,
coupling applications. Low price and small size. Subject to
microphonics.
Ceramic chip: 1% accurate, values up to about 1 μF, typically
made from Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) ferroelectric ceramic
 Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors
Aluminium electrolytic:
Compact but lossy, these are available in the range of <1 μF to
1,000,000 μF with working voltages up to several hundred volts dc.
The dielectric is a thin layer of aluminum oxide. They contain
corrosive liquid and can burst if the device is connected
backwards.
Over a long time the liquid can dry out, causing the capacitor to
fail.
Bipolar electrolytics contain two capacitors connected in series
opposition and are used for coupling AC signals.
 Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors
Tantalum:
Compact, low-voltage devices up to about 100 μF,
these have a lower energy density and are more
accurate than aluminum electrolytics.
Compared to aluminum electrolytics, tantalum
capacitors have very stable capacitance and little DC
leakage, and very low impedance at low frequencies.
However, unlike aluminum electrolytics, they are
intolerant of voltage spikes and are destroyed (often
exploding violently) if connected backwards or
exposed to spikes above their voltage rating.
 Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors

Super-capacitor
Also referred to as electrical double layer capacitor
Extreme high capacitance values up to ten farads but
low voltage.
They are based on the huge surface area of pucks of
activated charcoal immersed in electrolyte, with the
voltage of each puck being kept below 1 volt.
Current is carried through the non-metallic but
conductive granular carbon.
 Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors
Ultra-capacitors
Also referred to as aerogel capacitor.
Huge values, up to thousands of farads.
Similar to supercapacitors, but using carbon aerogel
to attain immense electrode surface area.
Variable Capacitors
▪ Variable capacitors are
used in communication
equipment, radios,
televisions and VCRs
▪ They can be adjusted by
consumers by tuning
controls
Variable Capacitors

▪ These variable
capacitors would be
difficult to squeeze into
your mobile phone and
iPod
▪ Current technology
uses semi-conductor
variable capacitors
called varactors
(varicaps)
Measuring and testing

▪ The digital reading

capacitance meter on the
right will allow you to
simply place the capacitor
between the provided clips
with the proper polarity
and the meter will display
the level of capacitance.
Applications
▪ Capacitors find applications in:
▪ Electronic flash lamps for cameras
▪ Line conditioners
▪ Timing circuits
▪ Electronic power supplies, etc.
Inductors
 Inductors
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a
passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing
through it.
It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually
wound into a coil.
Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as
long as current flows.
 Inductors
When the current flowing through an inductor
changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces
a voltage in the conductor, according to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
According to Lenz's law the direction of induced
electromotive force (or "e.m.f.") is always such
that it opposes the change in current that created
it.
As a result, inductors always oppose a change in
current, in the same way that a flywheel opposes
a change in rotational velocity.
Care should be taken not to confuse this with the
resistance provided by a resistor
 Inductors
Inductors store the kinetic energy of moving
electrons in the form of a magnetic field.
Energy storage in an inductor is a function of
the amount of current through it
An inductor has three distinctive properties
Inductance value
Tolerance
Current rating
Inductance value is designated in units called
Henry (H)
 Inductors
Current Rating
The current rating indicates how
much current the inductor can
safely tolerate.
Inductors are constructed of
coiled wire
Any wire will be limited in its
current-carrying capacity by its
resistance and ability to
dissipate heat
Attention must be payed to the
maximum current allowed
through an inductor
 Inductors

▪ As the electric current produces a concentrated

magnetic field around the coil, this field flux equates to a
storage of energy representing the kinetic motion of the
electrons through the coil.
▪ The more current in the coil, the stronger the magnetic
field will be, and the more energy the inductor will store
 Inductors
Inductor Types
There are two classes of inductors;
Fixed inductors
Variable inductors
A fixed inductor is one in which the value of its inductance
cannot change.
A variable inductor is one in which the value of its
inductance can change.
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
They are also classified according to the core
material from which they are made.
Air
Ceramic
Ferrite
Phenolic
Iron
Powdered iron
Nickel-iron
MMP (MolyPermalloy Powder)
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor

Air
The inductor does not have a material core
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Ceramic
Ceramic materials are used in some inductor cores,
and their main purpose is to provide a form for the coil.
In some designs they also provide the structure to hold
the terminals in place.
Ceramics have no magnetic properties, thus there is no
increase in permeability due to the core material.
Ceramics have very low thermal coefficient of
expansion. This allows for relatively high inductance
stability over the operating temperature ranges.
Ceramic core inductors are sometimes referred as "air
core" inductors.
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Ferrite
Ferrite is a magnetic material that consists
of a mixed oxide of iron and other elements
that are made to have a
crystalline molecular structure
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Phenolic.
Phenolic is a common material used for
inductor cores.
Many are made of polyester base that have
high temperature characteristics. It is also
common for phenolic cores to have high
flammability ratings.
Phenolic cores also provide high strength
and are more economical than ceramic
cores
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Iron
The core material is iron
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Powdered Iron
Powdered iron is a magnetic material that
has an inherent distributed air gap.
The distributed air gap allows the core to
store higher levels of magnetic flux.
This characteristic allows a higher DC
current level to flow through the inductor
before the inductor saturates.
Powdered iron cores are made of nearly
100% iron.
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Nickel-Iron.
A combination of iron and nickel
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
MMP (MolyPermalloy Powder).
Molypermalloy powder (MPP) is a magnetic
material that has an inherent distributed air
gap.
The distributed air gap allows the core to store
higher levels of magnetic flux. This
characteristic allows a higher DC current level
to flow through the inductor before the
inductor saturates.
The basic materials of MPP are nickel (80%),
molybdenum (2% to 3%), and iron (17% to
18%).
 Inductors
Fixed Inductor
They are also classified according to the
technology from which they are made.
Solenoidal (standard) core
Toroidal
Robbin core
Wire Wound
Multi-layer
Laminated
 Inductors
Factors Affecting Inductance
Number of turns in the coil.
All other factors being equal, a greater number of
turns of wire in the coil results in greater inductance;
fewer turns of wire in the coil results in less
inductance
More turns of wire means that the coil will generate a
greater amount of magnetic field force (measured in
amp-turns), for a given amount of coil current.
 Inductors
Factors Affecting Inductance
Coil area.
All other factors being equal, greater coil area (as
measured looking lengthwise through the coil, at the
cross-section of the core) results in greater
inductance; less coil area results in less inductance
Greater coil area presents less opposition to the
formation of magnetic field flux, for a given amount of
field force (amp-turns).
 Inductors
Factors Affecting Inductance
Coil length.
All other factors being equal, the longer the coil's
length, the less inductance; the shorter the coil's
length, the greater the inductance.
A longer path for the magnetic field flux to take results
in more opposition to the formation of that flux for any
given amount of field force (amp-turns).
 Inductors
Factors Affecting Inductance
Core material.
All other factors being equal, the greater the magnetic
permeability of the core which the coil is wrapped
around, the greater the inductance; the less the
permeability of the core, the less the inductance.
A core material with greater magnetic permeability
results in greater magnetic field flux for any given
amount of field force (amp-turns).
 Inductors
Factors Affecting Inductance
 Inductors
Practical Considerations

Rated current
Equivalent circuit ( parasitic resistance and stray
capacitance)
Inductor size
Interference