Digital Planet:

Tomorrow’s Technology and You

Chapter 4
Software Basics

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 Chapter 4 Objectives
✓ Describe three fundamental categories of software
and their relationships
✓ Explain the relationship of algorithms to software
✓ Compare and contrast PC applications and Web
applications
✓ Describe the role of the operating system in a
modern computer system

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 Objectives (cont.)
✓ Explain how file systems are organized
✓ Outline the evolution of user interfaces from
machine-language programming to futuristic
interfaces
✓ Describe some challenges of applying intellectual
property laws to software

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 Computer System Components
✓Hardware : Equipment associated with system
✓Software : instructions tell the computer what to do
(programs).
✓Users:
oProgrammers.
oEnd-users.

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 Processing with Programs
✓ Software enables people to communicate certain
types of problems to the computer.
✓ Software makes it possible for computers to
communicate solutions back to people.
✓ An algorithm is a set of step-by-step procedures for
accomplishing a task.
✓ Programmer’s job is to turn the algorithm into a
program by adding details, testing procedures, and
debugging or correcting errors.
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 Categories of Software
‫البمجيات‬
‫انواع ر‬
✓ Software applications (‫) تطبيقات برمجية‬
• Serve as productivity tools to help users solve
problems. E.g. MS Word, Google Chrome.
✓ System software (‫)برمجيات النظام‬
• Coordinates hardware operations. E.g. OS.

✓ Compilers and translator programs (‫)الم ربجمات‬

• Enable programmers to create other software.

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 A Fast, Stupid Machine
✓ Typical computer is only capable of:
• Performing basic arithmetic operations(‫)عمليات حسابية‬
• Such as 7 + 3 and 15 – 8
• Performing simple logical comparisons (‫)عمليات منطقية‬
• Is this number less than that number?
• 5 >? 3 230 <? 150

• Are these two values identical? 200 =? 200 60=?70

✓ Computers seem smart because they perform these
operations quickly and accurately.
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 The Language of Computers
✓ Every computer processes instructions in machine
language.
• Numeric codes used to represent basic operations:
• Adding and subtracting numbers (‫)اضافة و طرح‬
• Comparing numbers (‫)مقارنة‬
• Moving numbers and data. (‫)نقل ارقام او بيانات‬
• Repeating instructions (‫)تكرار تعليمات‬
✓ Programmers use high-level languages.
• C++, Java, and Visual Basic
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 Software applications:
1- Consumer Applications
• Thousands of software titles are available:
• Accounting software
• Graphics programs
• Educational titles
• Games
• Personal-information managers
• Publishing programs
• And more

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 Consumer Applications (cont.)
✓ Documentation:
Instructions for installing and using software—may be
printed manuals or digital files
✓ Updating (fix bug)
✓ Upgrading (add new feature) software.
✓ Compatibility: Read system requirements

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 Consumer Applications (cont.)
✓ Disclaimer ‫إخالء المسؤولية‬
—an end-user license agreement (EULA)—protects
companies from errors in programs.

✓ Licensing: Buy software license not program.

✓ Distribution by direct sales or download from Web

• Includes public-domain software and shareware

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 Software applications:
2- Web Applications
✓ Growing trend toward using applications that run on
remote Internet servers instead of local PCs.
‫ دون الحاجة عىل ان تكون‬،‫التوجة اآلن ان تكون التطبيقات موجودة عىل الويب‬
‫عىل اجهزتنا‬
• Google Docs
• Photoshop.com
• Webmail programs: Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail
• Multiplayer games
• Wikis: Wikipedia
• Retail sites: Amazon.com and online auctions, eBay
• Online communities: Facebook
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 Vertical-Market Applications
3-Custom Software
✓ Basic office applications are used in homes, schools,
government offices, and all types of businesses.
✓ Other applications are job specific, e.g.,:
• Medical billing software (‫)نظام الفوترة ف المستشفيات‬
• Library cataloging software (‫)نظام المكتبة‬
• Legal reference software (‫)نظام المكتبة القانونية‬
• Restaurant management software (‫)نظام ادارة لمطعم‬
✓ Tend to cost far more than mass-market applications

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 System Software:
The Hardware-Software Connection

✓ System software (‫)برمجيات النظام‬: Class of software that

includes: 1-operating system 2-utility programs
✓ Handles low-level details and hundreds of other
tasks behind the scenes
✓ User does not need to be concerned about details.

‫وغبها‬
‫ ر‬،HardDisk ‫ نظام اعادة ترتيب ال‬،‫نظام ادارة الملفات‬: ‫مثل‬

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 What the Operating System Does
‫مهمات نظام التشغيل‬

✓ Every computer depends on an operating system to:

• Keep hardware running efficiently
• Make process of communication with hardware easier
• Maintains file system.
• Supports multitasking: concurrent execution of
multiple applications.
• Manages virtual memory
✓ Operating system runs continuously when computer is on
‫البامج من العمل‬ ‫ ادارة الذاكرة والذاكرة ر‬،‫ ادارة الملفات عىل الجهاز‬،‫تشغيل البامج االخرى‬
‫تمكي ر‬
‫ر‬ ،‫االفباضية‬ ‫ر‬
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‫ ر‬،‫بشكل متوازي‬
15
 What the Operating System Does

The User’s View

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 Utility Programs
‫برمجيات مساندة‬

✓ Serve as tools for doing system maintenance (‫)صيانة‬

and repairs (‫ )اصالح‬not handled by operating system
✓ Utilities make it easier for users to:
• Copy files between storage devices (‫)نسخ ملفات‬
• Repair damaged data files (‫)اصالح اعطال‬
• Translate files so different programs can read them
• Guard against viruses and other harmful programs
• Compress files so they take up less space

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 Device Drivers
‫مشغالت‬
✓ Small programs that enable input/output devices to
communicate with the computer, such as:
• Keyboards
• Mice
• Printers
✓ Many device drivers are bundled with peripherals
✓ Others are sold as separate products
‫المشغالت ه برامج تمكن الجهاز من االدارة والتعامل مع االجهزة والملحقات‬
‫غبها‬‫ ر‬، ،‫الكامبا‬
‫ر‬ ،‫ نظام الصوت‬،‫ مثل الطابعة‬،‫المتصلة بالجهاز‬
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 Where the Operating System Lives
‫اين يخزن نظام التشغيل‬

✓ Some computers store operating systems in ROM.

Such as OS for smart phones or game machines.
✓ Handheld devices may store operating system in
flash memory
✓ Most modern PCs hold only a small portion of the
operating system in ROM, rest is hold in Hard disk.
✓ Remainder of operating system is loaded during
booting, when computer is turned on.

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 The Operating System
When you turn on the computer, the CPU automatically begins
executing instructions stored in ROM. The operating system (OS)
loads from the disk into part of the system’s memory.
‫ وتكون‬،(ROM) ‫(بتنفيذ التعليمات المخزنة ب ال‬CPU) ‫ يبدأ المعالج الرئيسي‬،‫عند تشغيل الجهاز‬
‫ ومن ثم يقوم الجهاز بينفيذ‬،‫(الى الذاكرة‬harddisk) ‫هذه التعليمات هي احضار نظام التشغيل من‬
‫تعليمات نظام التشغيل‬

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 The Operating System (cont.)
The OS loads the application program into memory and remains in
memory, so it can provide services to the application program—display
on-screen menus, communicate with the printer,
and perform other common actions.

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 The Operating System (cont.)
To avoid losing your data file when the system is turned off,
save it to the disk. When you reopen the file, the OS locates it on the
disk and copies it into memory.

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 The User Interface:
The Human–Machine Connection
✓ User interface (‫)واجه المستخدم‬: Critically important
component of software
✓ Early users spent tedious hours writing and
debugging machine-language instructions.
✓ Later users programmed using easier languages that
were still challenging.
✓ Now, most users work with preprogrammed
applications.

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 Desktop Operating Systems
✓ MS-DOS: Standard on IBM-compatible computers in
1981
• Used command-line interface that required users to
type commands.
• E.g. cd C:\ , del, cls , etc…
✓ Apple Macintosh introduced windows, icons, and
mouse-driven, drop-down menus in 1984.
✓ Windows and Mac OS started as single-user
operating systems but today support multiple users.
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 UNIX and Linux
✓ UNIX: Command-line, character-based OS
• Internet is populated with computers running UNIX
• Enables timesharing computer to communicate with
several other computers at one time
• OS of choice for workstations and mainframes in
research and academic settings
• Favored by many who require an industrial-strength,
multiuser OS
✓ Linux, a UNIX clone, is distributed and supported free
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 Hardware and Software Platforms
✓ Microsoft Windows 7: Introduced in 2009, Windows
8, Windows 10. Used for PC.
✓ Microsoft Windows Server: Runs on small servers to
the mightiest (‫ )أقوى‬hardware
✓ Windows Embedded CE: Designed for devices such
as robots, voting machines, music players, etc.
✓ Windows Phone 7: New OS for mobile phones,
Window 8, Windows 10 mobile
✓ Mac OS X (10): Standard for the Mac
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Hardware and Software Platforms (cont.)

✓ iOS: Used for iPhone, iPad, and iPod

✓ Linux, Sun Solaris, and other Unix variations
✓ Google Chrome OS: Linux based OS for low-cost PCs,
netbooks, and tablet devices
✓ Google Android: Designed for smart phones
✓ Blackberry OS: Proprietary multitasking OS
✓ Palm WebOS: Proprietary smart phone OS

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 Compatibility Issues
• Operating systems are
designed to run on
particular hardware
platforms.
• Applications are designed
to run on particular
operating systems.
• Most cloud applications
are designed to run on
multiple platforms.

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 Software Piracy and
Intellectual Property Laws
✓ Software piracy (‫)قرصنة‬: Illegal duplication of
copyrighted software—is rampant. ‫متفش‬
✓ Few software companies use physical copy
protection methods and that makes copying easy
✓ Many people unaware of laws
✓ Others simply look the other way

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 The Piracy Problem
✓ Software industry loses billions of dollars every year
to software pirates.
✓ Business Software Alliance (BSA) estimates that
more than one-third of software in use is illegally
copied.
✓ Piracy is particularly hard on small companies.
✓ Piracy rates are highest in developing countries.
✓ Industry organizations work with law enforcement
agencies to crack down on piracy.
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 Intellectual Property and the Law
✓ Intellectual property ( ‫)ملكية فكرية‬: Includes the results
of intellectual activities in the arts, science, and industry
✓ Copyright laws (‫)حقوق ملكية‬: Protects books, plays,
songs, paintings, photographs, and movies
✓ Trademark law (‫)عالمة تجارية‬: Protects symbols, pictures,
sounds, colors, and smells.
‫)براءة ر‬: Protects mechanical inventions
✓ Patent law (‫اخباع‬
✓ Contract law (‫)عقود‬: Covers trade secrets
✓ Under the law, software does not fit in these categories.
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