Digital Planet:

Tomorrow’s Technology
and You
George Beekman • Ben Beekman

Tenth Edition

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

 Digital Planet:
Tomorrow’s Technology and You

Chapter 2
Hardware Basics
Inside the Box

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

 Chapter 2 Objectives
✓ Explain in general terms how computers store and manipulate
information (‫)تخزين البيانات‬
✓ Describe the basic structure and organization of a computer
(‫ البنية الداخلية للحاسوب‬،‫)معمارية الحاسوب الداخلية‬
✓ Discuss the computer system’s main internal components and
the ways they interact (‫)أجزاء الحاسوب‬
✓ Explain why a computer typically has different types of memory
and storage devices (‫)انوع الذاكرة‬

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 What Computers Do
Four basic operations:
✓ Receive input: Accept information (data) from outside
world. ‫استقبال البيانات‬
✓ Process information: Perform arithmetic or logical
operations on information ‫معالجة البيانات عن طريق اجراء‬
‫عمليات حسابية و منطقية‬
✓ Produce output: Communicate information to outside
world ‫اخراج البيانات‬
✓ Store information: Store and retrieve information from
memory and storage devices ‫استجاع المعلومات‬‫تخزين و ر‬
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 Computer System Components
✓Hardware : Equipment associated with system
✓Software : instructions tell the computer what to do.
✓Users

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 Hardware components
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Microprocessor (CPU)
• Memory and storage
devices
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Peripherals

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 Bit Basics
✓ Bit: From Binary digit
• Smallest unit of information computer can process
• Can have one of two values: 0 or 1
✓ Byte
• Collection of 8 bits
• Can represent 256
different messages
(256 = 28)

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 Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords
Byte = 8 bits or one character in ASCII
• Kilobyte (KB, K) 1024 bytes ≈ 1,000 bytes
• Megabyte (meg, MB) 1024KB ≈ 1,000 KB or 1 million bytes
• Gigabyte (gig, GB) ≈ 1,000 MB or 1 billion bytes
• Terabyte (TB) ≈ 1 million MB or 1 trillion bytes
• Petabyte (PB) ≈ 1 quadrillion bytes

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 Bits as Numbers
✓ Denotes all numbers with combinations of 0s and 1s
✓ Decimal numbers automatically converted to binary
✓ Binary number processing hidden from user
Decimal Binary Decimal Binary
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

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 Bits as Codes
‫ر‬
‫التمت‬
• Codes represent each letter, digit,
and special character.
• Coding Schemes:
• ASCII: Most widely used
• Each character is a unique 8-bit code
• 256 unique codes for 26 letters, 10 digits,
special characters
• Unicode:
• Use 16 bit
• Supports more than 100,000 unique
characters

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 The World’s Languages
✓ ASCII character set was originally designed to include
only English-language characters from 0 to 127

✓ Unicode’s international standard character set

allows for more than 100,000 distinct codes to
include Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Arabic
characters
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 The Computer’s Core:
CPU and Memory
✓ A digital computer is a collection of on/off switches
designed to transform information from one form to
another. ‫بوابات المنطقية داخل الحاسوب لتحويل البيانات من شكل الخر‬

✓ The user provides the computer with patterns of bits—

input—and the computer follows instructions to
transform that input into a different pattern of bits—
output—to return to the user.

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 Hardware components
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Microprocessor (CPU)
• Memory and storage
devices
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Peripherals

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 The CPU: The Real Computer
✓ CPU often called “processor” ‫المعالج الدقيق‬
✓ Performs transformations of input into output
✓ Interprets and executes instructions in programs
✓ Performs arithmetic and logical data manipulations
✓ Communicates with other parts of the computer
system indirectly through memory

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 The CPU: The Real Computer (cont.)
✓ Modern Microprocessor
• Complex collection of
electronic circuits
• CPU housed with other
chips on circuit board
• motherboard : Circuit
board containing
computer’s CPU and
other components.

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 The CPU: The Real Computer (cont.)
✓ Choosing a Computer
• Type of CPU is important part of decision
• Two important factors to consider:
• Compatibility (‫)التوافقية‬
• Performance (‫)االداء‬

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 Compatibility (‫)توافقية‬
✓ note that not all software is compatible with every CPU.
✓ Every processor has built-in set of instructions.
✓ CPUs in same family are generally backward compatible.
• Designed to process instructions handled by earlier models
✓ AMD processors made to be compatible with Intel.
✓ Programs written for Linux can’t run on Windows.

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 Performance (‫)االداء‬
‫ما هي سرعة جهازك؟‬
✓ Some processors faster than others
✓ Performance is determined by:
• Speed of internal clock—measured in gigahertz (GHz)
• Architecture of processor
• Number of bits processor can process at one time
• Typically 32 or 64 bits—called word size
✓ Heat generated increases with clock speed

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 Performance (cont.)
✓ Multicore Processors
• Single chip contains
multiple CPUs (cores)
• Run simultaneously
• Divide work
• Most new PCs have
at least two cores.
• Quad core becoming
common

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 Hardware components
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Microprocessor (CPU)
• Memory and storage
devices
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Peripherals

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 The Computer’s Memory
‫الذاكرة‬
• Main Memory • Secondary Storage
•RAM •Hard drive disk
•ROM •USB flash memory
•CD

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 The Computer’s Memory
‫الذاكرة‬
✓ Random access memory (RAM) ‫ذاكرة الوصول العشوائ‬
• Most common type of primary storage
• Stores program instructions and data temporarily
• Memory locations have unique addresses
• Volatile—disappears when power is turned off

‫ تستعمل لتخزين‬،‫ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي هي الذاكرة الرئيسية في الحاسوب‬

‫نفقد كل ما‬. ‫ كل خلية في الذاكرة لها عنوان خاص وفريد‬،‫التعليمات والبيانات‬
‫في الذاكرة عند انقطاع الكهرباء‬
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 The Computer’s Memory (cont.)
✓ Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
• Special low-energy type of RAM.

✓ Read-only memory (ROM) ‫ذاكرة القراءة فقط‬

• Information is etched (‫ )محفورة‬on chip when manufactured
• Stores start-up instructions and other critical information

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 The Computer’s Memory (cont.)
✓ Flash memory ‫ذاكرة وميضية‬
• Can be written and erased repeatedly
• Used for digital cameras, cell phones, handheld computers

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 Memory
1. When starting a computer, the CPU automatically begins
executing operating system instructions stored in ROM.
2. The executing instructions help the system start up and tell
it how to load the operating system—copy it from disk into
RAM.
3. Once instructions for the
operating system are
loaded into RAM, the CPU
is able to execute them.

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 Buses
‫النواقل‬
‫لنقل البيانات بي المعالج والذاكرة واجهزة التخزين‬
✓ Information travels between components on the
motherboard through wires called internal buses or
just buses.
✓ Buses: Bridges between processor and RAM
✓ Buses connect to:
• Storage devices in bays
• Expansion slots
• External buses and ports
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 Ports
‫منافذ‬
✓ Computer has variety of ports to meet diverse needs
• Video port(s) to connect monitors
• Audio ports to connect speakers and/or headphones
• USB ports to connect keyboards, pointing devices,
printers, cameras, disk drives, portable storage
devices, and more
✓ Some ports connected directly to system board
✓ Others connected to expansion cards

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 Peripherals
‫الملحقات‬/‫االجهزة الطرفية‬
✓ Slots and ports make it easy to add peripherals to
computer system.
✓ Some peripherals, such as keyboards and printers,
serve as communication links between people and
computers.
✓ Other peripherals link computer to other machines.
✓ Still others provide long-term storage media.

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 Mother Board

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 Chapter 2 Summary
✓ A computer manipulates patterns of bits
represented by two symbols: 0 and 1.
✓ Bits can be grouped into coded messages that
represent alphabetic characters, pictures, colors,
sounds, and other kinds of information.
✓ The microprocessor follows software instructions to
perform calculations and logical manipulations that
transform input data into output.

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 Summary (cont.)
✓ Not all CPUs are compatible with each other.
✓ Modern CPUs employ multicore or many core
processing systems that speed calculations.
✓ The CPU uses RAM (random access memory) as a
temporary storage area.
✓ ROM (read-only memory) contains unchangeable
information.

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 Summary (cont.)
✓ The CPU and main memory are housed in silicon
chips on the motherboard and other circuit boards
inside the computer.
✓ Buses connect to slots and ports that enable the
computer to communicate with internal devices and
external peripherals.

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