Digital Planet:

Tomorrow’s Technology and You

Chapter 3
Hardware Basics
Peripherals

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 Chapter 3 Objectives
✓ List several examples of input devices and explain
how they can make it easier to get different types of
information into the computer
✓ List several examples of output devices and explain
how they make computers more useful
✓ Explain why a typical computer has different types of
storage devices
✓ Diagram how the components of a computer system
fit together
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 Input: From Person to Processor
✓0s and 1s of information processing
hidden from computer user.
✓User sees only input and output or I/O.

✓Early computer users had to flip

switches or plug wires into
switchboards.
✓Today, users have choice of

many input devices that make

it easy to enter data and commands.
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 The Keyboard
✓ Keyboard: Most familiar input device
✓ QWERTY keyboard dates back to manual typewriters
✓ Typical keyboard sends signals to computer through
cable—usually USB.
✓ Keyboards may be wireless

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 Ergonomic keyboard
✓keyboard designed with ergonomic (‫)مري ح‬
considerations to minimize muscle strain.
✓ ‫تقليل التواء العضالت‬.
✓ Typically such keyboards for two-handed typists
are constructed in a V shape.

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 Pointing Devices
✓ Mouse: Designed to move pointer around screen
✓ Wireless mice: Use Bluetooth or other wireless
frequencies
✓ Touchpad: A flat panel, sensitive to light pressure

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 Pointing Devices
✓ Trackpoint and trackball:
Used to control pointer.

✓ Game controllers, graphics tablets, touch screens:

Used for inputting

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 Multi-Touch Input Devices
✓ Use multi-finger or multi-hand gestures to
accomplish complex tasks quickly
✓ Touch-sensitive screen, touch tablet, or trackpad can
recognize position, pressure, and movement of
more than one finger or hand at a time
✓ Best known example is
Apple’s iPhone
✓ iPad recognizes one- and
two- fingered movements
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 Reading Tools
✓ Devices allow computers to read marks that
represent codes:
• Optical mark readers
• Magnetic ink character readers
• Bar code readers
• Radio frequency identification
(RFID) readers
• Scanners and pen scanners
• Handwriting recognition devices
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 Digitizing Devices and Sensors
✓ Devices for capturing and digitizing
information—converting it into digital form:
• Scanners
• Flatbed scanner
• Film scanners
• Drum scanners
• Digital cameras and
digital video cameras

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 Digitizing Devices and Sensors (cont.)
✓ Voice Input
• PCs contain circuitry to convert
audio signals from microphones or
other sound sources into digital
signals.
• Speech recognition software can
convert voice data into words that
can be edited and printed.

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 Output: From Pulses to People
✓ Output devices convert computer’s internal bit
patterns into a form humans can understand.

✓ Output produced through two main devices:

• Display screens for immediate visual output
• Printers for permanent paper output

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 Screen Output
✓ Display: Also called a monitor
✓ Display size measured as length of diagonal line
across screen. ‫طول قطر الشاشة‬
✓ Images composed of tiny dots called pixels.
✓ Two main factors for monitors:
✓ Resolution: Measured in dots per inch (dpi)
✓ Aspect ratio: Relationship between width and height
✓ Monitors use liquid crystal digital (LCD) technology.
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 Color Display
✓ Image is made up of rows of colored pixels
✓ Pixels are extremely small and can’t be distinguished
✓ Monitor’s image is refreshed many times per second
✓ Each pixel is made up of mixture of red, green, blue
✓ By varying the brightness of
the three colors, a monitor
can display millions of
unique colors

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 Paper Output
✓ Printers come in two basic groups:
✓ Impact printers: Form images by physically
striking paper, ribbon, and print hammer
together
✓ Nonimpact printers: Replaced impact printers
• Laser printers: High-quality pages, quickly.
• Inkjet printers: Spray ink directly onto paper
• Photo printers: Specialized inkjets print photos
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 Paper Output (cont.)
✓ Multifunction Printers
• All-in-one devices:
Take advantage of fact
that different tools can
use similar technology
• Devices can serve as a
printer, scanner, color
photocopy machine,
and fax machine.

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 Color Printing
✓ Most printers, like monitors, form images from
tiny dots.
✓ Most printers mix various amounts of cyan,
magenta, yellow, and black pigments (‫ )أصباغ‬to
create a color.
✓ Matching on-screen color
with printed color is difficult.
✓ Monitors can display more
colors than printers.
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 Output You Can Hear
✓Most PCs have internal speakers.
• Play system sounds and spoken recordings.

✓Sound output for headphones, powered speakers, and other

audio output devices.
✓Headsets are particularly useful for telephone and
teleconferencing applications.

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 Controlling Other Machines
✓ Many machines and systems accept orders from
computers:
• Robot arms
• Telephone switchboards
• Transportation devices
• Automated factory
equipment
• Spacecraft ‫مركبة فضائية‬

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 Storage Devices: Input Meets Output
✓ Some peripherals perform both input and output
functions :
• Storage devices (‫)وسائط تخزين‬: Include tape and disk drives
• Referred to as secondary storage (‫)تخزين ثانوي‬
• Semi-permanently, record information so it can be read
later.

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 Magnetic Tape
‫رشيط ممغنط‬

✓ Tape drives: Common storage devices on most

mainframe computers
• Can store massive amounts of information on magnetic
tape in a small space at a relatively low cost
(‫ رسعة بطيئة وتكلفة قليلة‬،‫)سعة عالية‬
• Tape is sequential-access medium, so retrieving
information is time consuming
(‫بطء ف القراءة ألن التخزين تتابع‬.)
✓ Primarily used to back up data (‫)تستعمل للنسخ االحتياطية‬
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 Magnetic Disks
‫أقراص ممغنطة‬

✓ Magnetically coated surface stores encoded

information
• Provide random access capability
• Retrieve information rapidly
✓ PCs include hard disks as
main storage device
✓ Older diskettes (floppy disks)
and Zip disks have all but disappeared
‫ ر‬،‫استجاع رئيسية‬
. ‫استجاع المعلومات رسي ع الن الوصول عشوائ‬ ‫وسائط ر‬
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 Optical Discs
✓ Optical disc drives: Use laser beams to read and
write data
✓ Transparent plastic disc surface protects from
physical damage
✓ Access speeds are slower than for magnetic disks
✓ Often used to make backup copies

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 Optical Discs (cont.)
✓ CD-ROM (compact disc—read-only memory) discs
✓ CD-RW drive: Read data from CD-ROMs; record data
onto CD-R and CD-RW discs
• CD-R (compact disc-recordable)—write-once, read-many
• CD-RW (compact disc rewritable) erasable
✓ Rewritable DVD drives: Commonplace in PCs today
• Can read and write to CD and DVD media
• Gradually being replaced by Blu-ray drives

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 Disc Capacity
CD-ROM DVD-ROM BD/ROM
(read-only CD-RW (read-only DVD/RW (read-only BD/RW
CD) DVD) Blu-ray)

4.7 GB 4.7 GB 27 GB 27 GB
700 MB 700 MB (single-layer (single-layer (single-layer (single-layer
disc) disc) disc) disc)

9.4 GB 9.4 GB 50 GB 50 GB
(dual-layer (dual-layer (dual-layer (dual-layer
disc) disc) disc) disc)

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 Internal and External Drives
✓ Hard disk drives and optical disk drives can be
external or internal.
• Internal drives: Reside inside casing of
computer
• External drives: Can be connected through
USB or FireWire ports
• Relatively easy to transport between locations
• Can be shared between computers

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 Flash Memory Storage Devices
‫ذاكرة ومضية‬

• Flash memory: Type of erasable

memory (‫)امكانية اعادة الكتابة عليها‬
• Flash memory cards: Used to store images
in digital cameras
• USB flash drives: Store and transport data
• Still more expensive than spinning
drives (‫)ال زالت االكت تكلفة‬

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 The Computer System:
The Sum of Its Parts
✓ Four basic design classes for personal computers:
• Tower systems: Tall narrow boxes that generally
have more expansion slots and bays
• Flat desktop systems: Designed to sit under the
monitor like a platform
• All-in-one systems: Combine the monitor and
system unit into a single housing
• Laptop computers: Include all essential
components in one compact box

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 Ports and Slots Revisited
✓ Legacy ports are too slow for today’s needs:
• Serial ports send and receive data one bit at a time
• Parallel ports send and receive bits in groups
✓ USB (universal serial bus) transmits data faster:
• USB 1.0 data transmitted at approximately 11 Mbps
• USB 2.0 has transfer rates of up to 480 Mbps
• USB 3.0 has data transfer rate of more than 3 Gbps

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 Ports and Slots Revisited (cont.)
✓FireWire: A high-speed connection standard
developed by Apple
✓Can move data between devices at:
•400 Mbps (original version)
•800 Mbps (newer FireWire 800)
✓FireWire allows multiple devices to be connected to
the same port.
✓Also can supply power to peripherals so they don’t
need an external power supply
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 Wireless Peripherals, Network
Peripherals, and the Cloud
✓Wireless technology
•Wireless keyboards, mice, cameras, printers
✓Computer networks
•Peripherals communicate with multiple PCs
✓Internet “cloud”
•Common for computers to use peripherals—
especially storage devices—located somewhere in the
cloud

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