Theory of Machine (TOM)

CHAPTER- 01
Fundamentals and types of mechanism
Q.1) Define- a) Kinematics b) Dynamics c) Kinetics d) Statics e) Machine f) Structure g)
Mechanism h) Inversion of mechanism i) Kinematic link

Ans:- a) Kinematics- It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the relative motion
between the various parts of the machines

b) Dynamics - It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the forces and their effects,
while acting upon the machine parts in motion.

c) Kinetics - It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the inertia forces which
arise from the combined effect of the mass and motion of the machine parts.

d) Statics- It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the forces and their effects
while the machine parts are at rest. The mass of the parts is assumed to be negligible.

e) Machine- It is defined as combination of number of links having relative motion between them
so as to do some useful work by consuming some energy as input.

f) Structure- It is an assemblage of a number of resistant bodies (known as members) having no

relative motion between them and meant for carrying loads having straining action. A railway
bridge, a roof truss, machine frames etc., are the examples of a structure

g) Mechanism-When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chain is known as
mechanism. It may be used for transmitting or transforming motion e.g. engine indicators,
typewriter etc.

h) Inversion of mechanism - The method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different

links in a kinematic chain, is known as inversion of the mechanism.

i) Kinematic link- Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as
a kinematic link.

j) Kinematic chain - A kinematic chain may be defined as a combination of kinematic pairs,

joined in such a way that each link forms a part of two pairs and the relative motion between the
links or elements is completely or successfully constrained

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Q.2) Differentiate between a) Machine and Structure b) Machine and Mechanism.

Ans:- a) Machine and Structure

Sr. Machine Structure

No.
1 Relative motion exist between its parts No relative motion exists between its
members.

2 Links are meant to transmit motion and Members are meant for carrying loads or
forces which are dynamic ( both static subjected to forces having straining actions
and kinetic)
3 Machines serve to modify and transmit Structure serves to modify and transmit
mechanical work. forces only.
4 Example: shaper, lathe , screw jack etc Examples: roof trusses, bridges, buildings,
machine frames etc.

b) Machine and Mechanism.

Sr.No. Machine Mechanism

1 It transmits or modifies the available It only transmits or modify motion.

energy into some kind of desired work.

2 The machine is constructed or built on the It is a skeleton for any machine which is
skeleton of mechanism considering designed for getting the required motion.
strength requirement for desired
application.
3 The dimensions and shape are very The dimensions of link are not so important
important parameter. parameter while constructing mechanism.
4 e.g. Steam engine, reciprocating pump. e.g. slider crank mechanism, pump
mechanism.

Q.3) List down types of kinematic chain.

i) Four bar chain:- It consist of four turning pair.

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ii) Single slider crank chain :- It consist of three turning and one sliding pair. iii) Double

slider crank chain:- It consist of two turning and two sliding pairs.

Q.4) Define Kinematic pair and its types.

Ans:- Kinematic pair :- The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other,
are said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained
(i.e. in a definite direction), the pair is known as kinematic pair. The kinematic pairs may be
classified according to the following considerations:

1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements. The kinematic pairs ac-
cording to type of relative motion between the elements may be classified as
discussed below:

(a) Sliding pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can
only slide relative to the other, the pair is known as a sliding pair. The piston and cylinder, cross-
head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine, ram and its guides in shaper, tail stock on the lathe
bed etc. are the examples of a sliding pair. A little consideration will show that a sliding pair has a
completely constrained motion.

(b) Turning pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can
only turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as turning pair. A shaft
with collars at both ends fitted into a circular hole, the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine,
lathe spindle supported in head stock, cycle wheels turning over their axles etc. are the examples of
a turning pair. A turning pair also has a completely constrained motion.

(c) Rolling pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one
rollover another fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Ball and roller bearings are examples
of rolling pair.

(d) Screw pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one
element can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. The lead screw
of a lathe with nut, and bolt with a nut are examples of a screw pair.

(e) Spherical pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one
element (with spherical shape) turns or swivels about the other fixed element, the pair formed is
called a spherical pair. The ball and socket joint, attachment of a car mirror, pen stand etc., are the
examples of a spherical pair.

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2. According to the type of contact between the elements. The kinematic pairs according to
the type of contact between the elements may be classified as discussed below:

(a) Lower pair. When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative
motion takes place and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair
formed is known as lower pair. It will be seen that sliding pairs, turning pairs and screw pairs form
lower pairs.

(b) Higher pair. When the two elements of a pair have a line or point contact when relative
motion takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding,
then the pair is known as higher pair. A pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, belt and rope drives,
ball and roller bearings and cam and follower are the examples of higher pairs.

3. According to the type of closure. The kinematic pairs according to the type of closure
between the elements may be classified as discussed below :

(a) Self closed pair. When the two elements of a pair are connected together mechanically
in such a way that only required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known as self closed pair.
The lower pairs are self closed pair.

(b) Force - closed pair. When the two elements of a pair are not connected mechanically
but are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force-closed pair. The
cam and follower is an example of force closed pair, as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted
by spring and gravity.

Q.5) List down types of Inversion of Four bar chain, Single slider crank chain and double
slider crank chain.

Ans:-Types of Inversion of Four bar chain :- i) Coupled wheel of locomotive ii) Pantograph iii)
Beam engine iv) Watt straight line indicator mechanism.

Types of Inversion of Single slider crank chain :- i) Rotary internal combustion engine ii) Whit
worth quick return mechanism iii) Oscillating cylinder engine iv) Crank and slotted lever quick
return mechanism v) Pendulum pump.

Types of Inversion of Double slider crank chain:- i) Scotch yoke mechanism ii) Elliptical
trammel c) Oldham’s coupling.

Q.6) Sketch any two inversion of four bar chain.

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Ans:- 1) Beam engine ( crank and lever mechanism ). 2) Coupling rod of locomotive ( Double crank
mechanism ).

Fig. a) Beam Engine Fig. b) Coupling rod of a locomotive

Q.7) Define constrained motion and its types.

Ans:- In kinematic pair, If one element has got only one definite motion relative to other, then the
motion is called constrained motion.

Following are the three types of constrained motions:

1. Completely constrained motion. When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite
direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely
constrained motion. For example, the piston and cylinder (in a steam engine) form a pair and the
motion of the piston is limited to a definite direction (i.e. it will only reciprocate) relative to the
cylinder irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.

Fig. a) Square bar in a square hole. Fig. b) Shaft with collars in a circular hole.

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The motion of a square bar in a square hole, as shown in Fig. a and the motion of a shaft
with collars at each end in a circular hole, as shown in Fig. b are also examples of completely
constrained motion.

2. Incompletely constrained motion. When the motion between a pair can take place in
more than one direction, then the motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. The change
in the direction of impressed force may alter the direction of relative motion between the pair. A
circular bar or shaft in a circular hole, as shown in Fig. is an example of an incompletely constrained
motion as it may either rotate or slide in a hole. These both motions have no relationship with the
other.

Fig. Shaft in a circular hole.

3. Successfully constrained motion. When the motion between the elements, forming a
pair, is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then
the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Consider a shaft in a foot-step bearing as
shown in Fig. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may move upwards. This is a case of
incompletely con-strained motion. But if the load is placed on the shaft to prevent axial upward
movement of the shaft, then the motion of the pair is said to be successfully constrained motion.
The motion of an I.C. engine valve (these are kept on their seat by a spring) and the piston
reciprocating inside an engine cylinder are also the examples of successfully constrained motion.

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Fig. Shaft in a foot step bearing.

Q.8) Draw and explain working of scotch yoke mechanism.

Ans:-

This mechanism is used for converting rotary motion

into a reciprocating motion. The inversion is obtained by
fixing either the link 1 or link 3. In Fig. link 1 is fixed. In
this mechanism, when the link 2 (which corresponds to
crank) rotates about B as centre, the link 4 (which
corresponds to a frame) reciprocates. The fixed link 1
guides the frame.

Fig. Scotch yoke mechanism

Q.9) Explain with neat sketch working of a crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism.
OR
Draw a labeled sketch of Quick return mechanism of shaper and explain its working.
Ans:- This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary internal
combustion engines. In this mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed,
asshown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The
driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block
attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the
pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and
reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular
to AC produced

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Fig. Crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism

In the extreme positions, AP1 and AP2 are tangential to the circle and the cutting tool is at the end of
the stroke. The forward or cutting stroke occurs when the crank rotates from the position CB1 to CB2
(or through an angle β) in the clockwise direction. The return stroke occurs when the crank rotates

from the position CB2 to CB1 (or through angle α) in the clockwise direction. Since the crank has
uniform angular speed, therefore,

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Q.10) Explain with neat sketch working of a Whitworth’s quick return mechanism.

Ans:- This mechanism is mostly used in shaping and slotting machines. In this mechanism, the link
CD (link 2) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in Fig. The link 2 corresponds to a crank in a
reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank C A (link 3) rotates at a uniform angular speed. The
slider (link 4) attached to the crank pin at A slides along the slotted bar PA (link 1) which oscillates at
a pivoted point D. The connecting rod PR carries the ram at R to which a cutting tool is fixed. The
motion of the tool is constrained along the line RD produced, i.e. along a line passing through D and
perpendicular to CD.

Fig. Whitworth
quick return motion mechanism.

When the driving crank C A moves from the position C A1 to C A2 (or the link DP from the
position DP1 to DP2) through an angle α in the clockwise direction, the tool moves from the left hand
end of its stroke to the right hand end through a distance 2 PD.
Now when the driving crank moves from the position CA2 to CA1 (or the link DP from DP2 to
DP1) through an angle β in the clockwise direction, the tool moves back from right hand end of its
stroke to the left hand end.

A little consideration will show that the time taken during the left to right movement of the ram
(i.e. during forward or cutting stroke) will be equal to the time taken by the driving crank to move from
CA1 to CA2. Similarly, the time taken during the right to left movement of the ram (or during the idle
or return stroke) will be equal to the time taken by the driving crank to move from C A2 to C A1.

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Since the crank link C A rotates at uniform angular velocity therefore time taken during the
cutting stroke (or forward stroke) is more than the time taken during the return stroke. In other words,
the mean speed of the ram during cutting stroke is less than the mean speed during the return stroke.
The ratio between the time taken during the cutting and return strokes is given by

α or
Time of cutting stroke =α =
Time of return stroke

Note. In order to find the length of effective strokeR1R2, markP1R1=P2R2=PR. The length of effective
stroke is also equal to 2 PD.

Q.11) Justify that slider crank mechanism is a modification of the basic four bar mechanism with
neat sketch.

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Fig.

Ans:-

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12) Explain with neat sketch working principle of Oldham’s coupling. State its application.

Ans:- An Oldham’s coupling is used for connecting two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small
distance apart.
The shafts are
coupled in
such a way that
if one shaft
rotates, the
other shaft also
rotates at the
same speed.
This inversion
is obtained by
fixing the link
2, as shown in
Fig. The shafts
to be
connected have
two flanges
Fig.
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(link 1 and link 3) rigidly fastened at their ends by forging. The link 1 and link 3 form turning pairs
with link 2. These flanges have diametrical slots cut in their inner faces, as shown in Fig. The
intermediate piece (link 4) which is a circular disc, have two tongues (i.e. diametrical projections) T1
and T2 on each face at right angles to each other. The tongues on the link 4 closely fit into the slots in
the two flanges (link 1 and link 3). The link 4 can slide or reciprocate in the slots in the flanges.

When the driving shaft A is rotated, the flange C (link 1) causes the intermediate piece
(link 4) to rotate at the same angle through which the flange has rotated, and it further rotates
the flange D (link 3) at the same angle and thus the shaft B rotates. Hence links 1, 3 and 4 have
the same angular velocity at every instant. A little consideration will show that there is a sliding
motion between the link 4 and each of the other links 1 and 3.

Applications:

• An Oldham's coupling is used for connecting two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small
distance apart.

• Used to transmit motion and power.

Q.13) Draw a sketch and explain the working principle of “Ackerman’s steering gear
mechanism”.

Ans:- The steering gear mechanism is used for changing the direction of two or more of the wheel axles with
reference to the chassis, so as to move the automobile in any desired path. Usually the two back wheels have a

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common axis, which is fixed in direction with reference to the chassis and the steering is done by means of the
front wheels.

In automobiles, the front wheels are placed over the front axles, which are pivoted at the points A and B
, as shown in Fig. These points are fixed to the chassis. The back wheels are placed over the back axle, at the two
ends of the differential tube. When the vehicle takes a turn, the front wheels along with the respective axles turn
about the respective pivoted points. The back wheels remain straight and do not turn. Therefore, the steering is
done by means of front wheels
only.

Fig. Steering gear mechanism.

In order to avoid skidding (i.e. slipping of the wheels side-ways), the two front wheels must turn about the same
instantaneous centre I which lies on the axis of the back wheels. If the instantaneous centre of the two front wheels do not
coincide with the in-stantaneous centre of the back wheels, the skidding on the front or back wheels will definitely take
place, which will cause more wear and tear of the tyres.

Thus, the condition for correct steering is that all the four wheels must turn about the same instantaneous centre.
The axis of the inner wheel makes a larger turning angle θ than the angle φ subtended by the axis of outer wheel.

Let a = Wheel track,

b = Wheel base, and
c = Distance between the pivots A and B of the front axle.

Now from triangle IBP,

cot θ BP
IP
and from triangle IAP,

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AB BP AB BP
...(∵IP = b)
cot φ AP c cotθ

∴ cot φ – cot θ =c/b

IP IP IP IP b

This is the fundamental equation for correct steering. If this condition is satisfied, there will be no skidding of the
wheels, when the vehicle takes a turn.
Q.14) Justify with neat sketch elliptical trammel as an inversion of double slider crank chain.
Ans:- It is an instrument used for drawing ellipses. This inversion is obtained by fixing the slotted
plate (link 4), as shown in Fig. 5.34. The fixed plate or link 4 has two straight grooves cut in it,
at right angles to each other. The link 1 and link 3, are known as sliders and form sliding pairs
with link 4. The link A B (link 2) is a bar which forms turning pair with links 1 and 3.

Since slider A forms first sliding pair with its groove( guide) and slider B forms second sliding
pair with its groove ( guide), this mechanism falls under double slider mechanism.

Fig.

Q.15) State any four inversions of single slider crank chain. Describe any one with neat sketch.
Inversions of single slider crank chain:
i) Oscillating cylinder mechanism
ii) Pendulum pump iii) Rotary
engine
iv) Whitworth’s quick return mechanism

Oscillating cylinder engine

The arrangement of oscillating cylinder engine

mechanism, as shown in Fig. is used to convert
reciprocating motion into rotary motion. In this
mechanism, the link 3 forming the turning pair is fixed. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod

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of a reciprocating steam engine mechanism. When the crank (link 2) rotates, the piston attached to
piston rod (link 1) reciprocates and the cylinder (link 4) oscillates about a pin pivoted to the fixed link
at A.

EXERCISE

Q.1) Draw a neat labeled sketch of Rotary I.C. engine.

Q.2) State the application of Quick return mechanism.

Q.3) Explain with neat sketch Geneva mechanism.

Q.4) Identify the Kinematic chain to which following mechanism belong.

i) Withworth quick return mechanism ii) Oldham’s coupling iii) Foot operated air pump

iv) Ackerman’s steering mechanism.

Q.5) Identify the Kinematic chain to which following mechanism belong.

i) Steam engine mechanism ii) Beam engine iii) crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism

iv) Elliptical trammels.

Q.6) Explain Foot operated air pump.

Q.7) Explain with neat sketch free wheel sprocket mechanism of bicycle.

Q.8) List the kinematic pairs in single slider crank chain.

Q.9) Draw a neat sketch of pantograph and explain how a motion is duplicated.

Q.10) Explain pendulum pump.

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CHAPTER- 02
Velocity and Acceleration in mechanism
Q.1) State the formula for calculating i) velocity ii) acceleration of piston and connecting rod
using analytical method.
Ans:- Velocity of piston, Vp= ω r

State all the terms:

ω = angular velocity of the crank, rad/sec

n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank

= l / r (Obliquity of connecting rod)

θ = Angle made by the crank with Inner Dead Centre (IDC) r

= radius of crank,
l = length of connecting rod

Acceleration of piston, Ap= ω2r

Angular velocity of connecting rod

2
Angular acceleration of connecting rod, αcr= -ω

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Q.2) Explain Klein’s construction of determine velocity and acceleration of different links in
single slider crank mechanism.
Ans:- Let OC be the crank and PC the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine, as shown in Fig.
Let the crank makes an angle θ with the line of stroke PO and rotates with uniform angular velocity ω
rad/s in a clockwise direction. The Klein’s velocity and acceleration diagrams are drawn as discussed
below:

Fig.
Klien’s velocity diagram
First of all, draw OM perpendicular to OP; such that it intersects the line PC produced at M. The triangle
OCM is known as Klien’s velocity diagram. In this triangle OCM, OM may be regarded as a line
perpendicular to PO, CM may be regarded as a line parallel to PC, (It is the same line.) CO may be
regarded as a line parallel to CO. The velocity diagram for given configuration is a triangle ocp

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Q.3) In a four bar chain ABCD, AD is fixed and is 150 mm long. The crank AB is 40 mm long
and rotates at 120 r.p.m clockwise, while the link CD = 80 mm oscillates about D. BC and AB are
of equal length. Find the angular velocity of link CD when angle BAD = 60°.

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Ans:-

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Q.4) The crank of a slider crank mechanism rotates clockwise at a constant speed of 300 r.p.m.
The crank is 150 mm and the connecting rod is 600 mm long. Determine linear velocity and
acceleration of the midpoint of the connecting rod at a crank angle of 45° from inner dead center

Ans:-

position.

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In order to find the velocity of the midpoint D of the connecting rod AB, divide the vector ba
at d in the same ratio as D divides AB, in the space diagram. In other words, bd / ba = BD/BA
Note: SinceDis the midpoint ofAB, thereforedis also midpoint of vectorba.
Join od. Now the vector od represents the velocity of the midpoint D of the connecting rod
i.e.vD.
By measurement, we find that
vD= vectorod= 4.1 m/s
In order to find the acceleration of the midpoint D of the connecting rod AB, divide the vector a' b'
at d' in the same ratio as D divides AB. In other words

Note: SinceDis the midpoint ofAB, therefored'is also midpoint of vectorb' a'.
Join o' d'. The vector o' d' represents the acceleration of midpoint D of the connecting rod i.e.
aD.
By measurement, we find that
2
aD= vector o' d' = 117 m/s

Q.5) PQRS is a four bar chain with link PS fixed. The lengths of the links are PQ = 62.5 mm; QR
= 175 mm; RS = 112.5 mm and PS = 200 mm. The crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/sec is clockwise.
Draw the velocity and acceleration diagram when angle QPS = 60° and Q and R lie on the same
side of PS. Find the angular velocity and angular acceleration of links QR and RS.

Ans:- ωpq= 10 rad / sec, ωR= ?

(Note: Following diagrams are not to scale.)

0
Assume angle QPS = 60

VQP = PQ x ωpq = 0.0625 x 10 rad / sec = 0.625 m/s

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Q.6) Define linear velocity, angular velocity, absolute velocity and state the relation between
linear velocity and angular velocity.

Ans:- Linear Velocity It may be defined as the rate of change of linear displacement of a body with
respect to the time. Since velocity is always expressed in a particular direction, therefore it is a vector
quantity. Mathematically, linear velocity, v = ds/dt

Angular Velocity It may be defined as the rate of change of angular displacement with respect
to time. It is usually expressed by a Greek letter ω (omega). Mathematically, angular velocity, ω= θd/dt

Absolute Velocity It is defined as the velocity of any point on a kinematic link with respect to
fixed point.

Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity(ω):-

V = r.ω Where, V = Linear velocity

ω =angular velocity r = radius of rotation

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Q.7) Describe stepwise procedure for determination of velocity and acceleration by Klein’s
construction with suitable data.

Ans:- Klein’s construction is a simpler construction to get velocity and acceleration diagrams.

For example : for reciprocating engine mechanism OPC. draw a circle with PC as diameter as
shown. and obtain velocity diagram OCM ie. produce PC to cut perpendicular to line of stroke
in ‘M’ . Draw another circle with ‘C’ as center and “CM” as radius cutting the first circle in
points K and L. Join “KL” which is the chord common to both the circles. Let it cuts PC and
OP in “Q” and “N” respectively. Then “OCQN” is the required quadrilateral which is similar
to acceleration diagram.

Q.8) Crank OA of a mechanism is hinged at ‘O’ and rotates at an angular velocity of 20 rad/sec.
and angular acceleration of 25 rad/sec2. If crank OA is 50 mm long determine linear velocity,
centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration of a point A.

Ans:- Crank OA of a mechanism is hinged at O.

O
2
Angular velocity ωAO = 20 rad /sec, αAO = 20 rad /s , OA = 50 mm

Linear velocity VAO = ωAO x OA =20 x 50 /1000 = 1 m/s

r 2 2

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Centripetal acceleration = a AO = aB = ω AO x OA = 20 x 20 x 0.05 =20 m/s

t t
Tangential acceleration = α OA = a AO / OA atAO = OA x αtOA = 0.05
x 20 = 1 rad / s2

Q.9) Explain the inter-relation between linear and angular velocity, linear and angular
acceleration with suitable example. A

Ans:- Relation between Linear and Angular velocity

Consider link OA of any mechanism. O

Let V as linear velocity of a point A w.r.t. O , say in cm/sec ,ω as angular velocity of a link OA in
rad/sec, r as length of a link OA in cm then, VAO = r x ω

Relation between Linear and Angular acceleration

Let f as linear acceleration of a point A w.r.t. O , say in cm/sec2, α as angular acceleration of a link
OA in rad/sec2
2 2
then,
fAO = r x ω or V AO / r

αOA = ftAO / r rad /sec2

where ftAO is the tangential component of acceleration of point A w.r.t. O

Q.10) In reciprocating engine the crank is 250 mm long and connecting rod is 1000 mm long. The
crank rotates at 150 rpm. Find velocity and acceleration of piston and angular velocity and
angular acceleration of connecting rod when the crank makes an angle of 30° to IDC. Use
analytical method.

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Ans:-

Q.11) In a four-link mechanism, the crank AB rotates at 36 rad/sec. The lengths of a link
are AB = 200 mm, BC = 400 mm, CD = 450 mm and AD = 600 mm. AD is the fixed link. At
the instant when AB is at right angles to AD determine the velocity of : i) The midpoint of
link BC ii) A point on the link CD, 100 mm from the pin connecting the link CD & AD Ans:-
Given Data: Crank AB = 200 mm, BC = 400 mm, CD = 450 mm, fixed link AD = 600 mm,

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W = 36 rad/sec, Crank angle = 450

P1 = mid point of link BC, P2 = on the link CD 100 mm from pin connecting link AD and CD

Space diagram Velocity diagram

Velocity of crank AB, Vab = w x AB = 36 x 0.2 = 7.2 m/sec

With a certain scale draw ab perpendicular to link AB for Vab = 7.2 m/s.

Draw bc perpendicular to link BC and also draw cd perpendicular to link CD through point a or d as
AD is a fixed link.

From Velocity diagram, Velocity of midpoint p1 of link BC = 2.2 m/s, Velocity of point p2 on the link
CD = 1.4 m/s

Q.12) In a slider crank mechanism, the length of crank OB and connecting rod AB are 125
mm and 500 mm respectively. The centre of gravity G of the connecting rod is 275 mm from
the slider. The crank speed is 600 rpm clockwise. When the crank has turned 45º from the
inner dead centre position, determine
(i) Velocity of slider ‘A’

(ii) Velocity of the point ‘G’ graphically. Draw the configuration diagram also.

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Ans:- Given:-
Crank OB = 125 mm, Conn. Rod AB = 500 mm, Angle of crank from IDC = 450 C.G.
of Conn rod G = 275 mm from slider,

NBO = 600 rpm, WBO =2 π X 600/60 = 62.84 rad/s

Vector ob = VBO = VB = WBO x OB = 62.84 x .125 = 7.855 m/s

Fig. Configuration diagram Fig. Velocity diagram

By measurement,

Velocity of slider Vector oa = Voa = 6.79 m/s

Velocity of conn. Rod Vector ab = VAB = 5.66 m/s

Velocity of point ‘G’ Vector og = Vg = 7.2 m/s

Q.13) In a slider crank mechanism, the crank is 480 mm long and rotates at 20 rad/sec in the
counter – clockwise direction. The length of the connecting rod is 1.6 m when the crank turns 60º
from the inner-dead centre determine by relative velocity method

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(i) Velocity of slider (ii) Velocity of a point E located at a distance 450 mm on the connecting rod
0

extended. (iii) Angular velocity of the connecting rod. Ans:- Given :- OB= 480 mm, ω= 20 rad/sec,
PB= 1.6 m, <BOP = 60

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Q.14) For a single slider crank mechanism, state the formulae to calculate by analytical method
(i) Velocity of slider (ii) Acceleration of slider (iii) Angular velocity of connecting rod
(iv) Angular acceleration of connecting rod. Also, state the meaning of each term.

Ans:-

Fig. single slider crank mechanism

i) Velocity of slider:
Vp = w.r [sin θ + sin2 θ ]
2n
where,
Vp - velocity of slider
w- angular velocity
θ – angle of crank to line of stroke ‘PO’
n- l/r = ratio of length of connecting rod to crank radius.

ii) Acceleration of slider:

fp = w2r cosθ+ cos2θ ]
n
where,
fp – acceleration of slider

iii) Angular velocity of connecting rod.:

wpc = w cosθ
( n2 – sin2 θ)1/2

Where, wpc is angular velocity of connecting rod

iv) Angular acceleration of connecting rod.:

-w2sin θ (n2-1) αpc =

( n2-sin2 θ)3/2
Where, αpc is angular acceleration of connecting rod

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Q.15) In a single slider crank mechanism, crank AB = 20 mm and connecting rod BC = 80 mm.
Crank AB rotates with uniform speed of 1000 rpm in anticlockwise direction. Find (i) angular
velocity of connecting rod BC and (ii) Velocity of slider C when crank AB makes angle of 60°
with the horizontal.
Ans:-
Given: Crank AB = 20 mm = 0.02 m, C. R. BC = 80 mm = 0.08 m

N = 1000 rpm, ω BA = 2πN/60 = 2π x 1000/60 = 104.7 rad/sec

VBA = ωBA x AB = 104.7 x 0.02 = 2.09 m/s

From velocty diagram:

Velocity of C w.r.t. B -

VCB = vector cb = 1.15 m/s

Angular velocity of Connecting rod ‘BC’

ω= VCB/ CB = 1.15/0.08 = 14.375 rad /sec

CB

Velocity of slider ‘C’

VC= vector ac = 2 m/sec

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Q.16) The crank and connecting rod of a reciprocating engine are 200 mm and 700 mm
respectively. The crank is rotating in clockwise direction at 120 rad/s. Draw Klein’s construction
and find (i) Velocity and acceleration of the piston (ii) Angular velocity and angular acceleration
of the connecting rod at the instant when the crank is at 30° to IDC (inner dead centre) Ans:-

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Q.17) Define the terms linear velocity, relative velocity, angular velocity and angular
acceleration.

Ans:-

Velocity: It may be defined as the rate of change of linear displacement of a body with respect to the
time. Since velocity is always expressed in a particular direction, therefore it is a vector quantity.
Mathematically, linear velocity,
v = ds/dt

Relative velocity: relative velocity is the velocity of an object or an observer B in the rest frame of
another object or an observer A.

Consider two bodies A and B moving along parallel lines in the same direction with absolute velocities
vA and vB such that vA> vB , The relative velocity of A with respect to B,

Angular velocity: It may be defined as the rate of change of angular displacement with respect to
time. It is usually expressed by a Greek letter ω (omega). Mathematically, angular velocity, ω=dθ/ dt

Angular acceleration: It may be defined as the rate of change of angular velocity with respect to
time. It is usually expressed by a Greek letter α (alpha). Mathematically, angular acceleration,

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EXCERCISE
Q.1) In a slider crank mechanism, crank AB = 20 mm & connecting rod BC = 80 mm. Crank AB
rotates with uniform speed of 1000 rpm in anticlockwise direction. Find (i) Angular velocity of
connecting rod BC (ii) Velocity of slider C. When crank AB makes an angle of 60 degrees with the
horizontal. Draw the configuration diagram also. Use analytical method.

Q.2) In a slider crank mechanism shown in figure 1.

A

Calculate :
(i) The acceleration of the slider at B

(ii) The acceleration of point E.

(iii) The acceleration of link AB. OA rotates at 20 rad/sec counter – clockwise.

Q.3) The crank and connecting rod of steam engine are 0.5 m and 2 m long respectively. The crank
makes 180 r.p.m. in clockwise direction. When it has turned through 45° from I.D.C. Find the velocity
of piston and angular velocity of connecting rod by relative velocity method.

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CHAPTER- 03
Cams and Follower
Q.1) List the different types of cam.
Ans:- Cam classified as follows:-
1) According to follower motion
a) Dwell-rise dwell cam
b) Dwell-rise return-dwell cam
c) Rise- return rise cam
2) According to shape
a) Wedge cam
b) Radial or disc cam
c) Cylindrical cam
3) According to manner of constraint of follower
a) Pre loaded spring cam
b) Positive drive cam
c) Gravity cam
Q.2) Write the classification of followers and also define types of followers. Ans:-

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Fig. Classification of followers.

Q.3) Why roller follower is preferred over a knife follower ? State two advantages
and application of roller follower.
Ans:- In case of knife edge follower there is sliding motion between the contacting surface of cam
and follower. Because of small contact area, there is excessive wear; therefore it is not frequently
used. Whereas in roller follower there is rolling motion between contacting surfacing and more contact
area, therefore rate of wear is greatly reduced. Advantages: i) Less wear, more life

ii) Less side thrust as compared to knife edge follower.

Application: Used in stationary oil and gas engines

Q.4) Enlist different types of follower motion.

Ans:- 1. Uniform velocity,

2. Simple harmonic motion,

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation

4. Cycloidal motion

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Q.5) A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
i) cam lift = 40 mm during 90° of cam rotation with SHM. ii) Dwell for the next 30°. iii) During
the next 60° of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original position with S.H.M. iv) Dwell
during the remaining 180o. Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower
passes through the axis of the cam shaft. The radius of the base circle of the cam is 40 mm.
Ans:-
Given data:- Knife edge follower , Lift or stroke= 40 mm, Outstroke= 900 with SHM, Dwell=
30 , Return stroke = 600 with SHM, Dwell= 1800, Cam radius= 40 mm
0

Fig. Displacement dig.

Cam Profile

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Q.6) Draw a neat sketch of radial cam with roller follower and show the following on it : (i)
Pitch point (ii) Pressure angle (iii) Prime circle (iv) Trace point v) Base circle vi) pitch circle vii)
pitch curve viii) cam profile Ans:-

Fig. Terms used in radial cams.

Q.7) Define the following terms as applied to cam with a neat sketch:
(i) Base circle (ii) Pitch circle (iii) Pressure angle (iv) Stroke of the follower
Ans:-
i) Base circle: it is smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.

ii) Pitch circle: it is the circle that can be drawn from the center of the cam through the pitch
points.

iii) Pressure angle: it is the angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to the
pitch curve.

iv) Stroke of the follower: it is maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the
topmost position

Q.8) State any four applications of cam and follower.

Ans:- i) Cam and follower are widely used for operating inlet and exhaust valve of I.C.engine.
ii) These are used in wall clock. iii) These are used in feed
mechanism of automatic lathe machine.
iv) These are used in paper cutting machine.

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Q.9) Construct a cam profile with knife edge follower having an offset of 10 mm for the
following data : Outstroke = 60° with SHM, Dwell = 30° , Return = 60° with
uniform velocity and remaining is dwell period. Minimum radius of cam = 50 mm
Lift of follower = 25 mm Consider the rotation of cam in clockwise direction.
Ans:-
Given data :- Knife edge follower, offset= 10 mm, outstroke = 600 with SHM, Dwell = 300,
Return stroke= 600 with uniform velocity, remaining dwell= 2100, minimum radius of cam= 50 mm,
Lift or stroke= 25 mm.

Fig. Cam Profile

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Q.10) Construct the profile of a cam to suit the following specifications:

Cam shaft diameter = 40 mm, least radius of Cam = 25 mm, Diameter of roller = 25 mm,
Angle of lift = 120º, Angle of fall = 150º, lift of the follower = 40 mm, number of pauses are
two of equal interval between motions. During the lift the motions is SHM. During the fall the
motion is uniform acceleration and deceleration. The speed of the cam shaft is uniform. The
line of stroke of the follower is off-set by 12.5 mm from the centre of the cam Ans:-
Given data :-Cam shaft diameter = 40 mm, least radius of Cam = 25 mm, Diameter of roller
= 25 mm, Angle of lift = 120º with SHM, Angle of fall = 150º with uniform acceleration and
deceleration, lift of the follower = 40 mm, Number of pauses are two of equal interval between
motions = 450- 450, offset= 12.5 mm.

Fig. Displacement dig.

Fig. Cam profile

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Q.11) State different types of cam and follower motion.

Ans:- The follower, during its travel, may have one of the following motions.

1. Uniform velocity,

2. Simple harmonic motion,

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation,

4. Cycloidal motion.

In addition follower may have

1. Translatory motion

2. Oscillating motion

Also the cam may have one of the following motions

1. Rotary motion ( as in radial / cylindrical cam)

2. Linear motion ( as in wedge cam)

Q.12) Define the following terms related to cams

Ans:-

(i) Trace point

(ii) Pitch curve

(iii) Prime circle

(iv) Lift or stroke

i) Trace point
It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve.
In case of knife edge follower, the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve
corresponds to the cam profile. In a roller follower, the centre of the roller represents the trace
point.
ii) Pitch curve
It is the curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam. For a knife
edge follower, the pitch curve and the cam profile are same whereas for a roller
follower, they are separated by the radius of the roller.
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iii) Prime circle

It is the smallest circle that can be drawn from the centre of the cam and tangent to the pitch
curve. For a knife edge and a flat face follower, the prime circle and the base circle are
identical. For a roller follower, the prime circle is larger than the base circle by the
radius of the roller. iv)
Lift or stroke.
It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the topmost position.

Q.13) A cam is to give the following motion to a knife edged follower :

(i) Outstroke during 60° of cam rotation.
(ii) Dwell for the next 30° of cam rotation.
(iii) Return stroke during next 60° of cam rotation.
(iv) Dwell for the remaining 210° of cam rotation.
The stroke of the follower is 40 mm and the minimum radius of the cam is 50 mm. The
follower moves with uniform velocity during both the outstroke and return stroke. Draw the
profile of the cam when the axis of the follower passes through the axis of the camshaft.
Ans:-
Given data: - Outstroke= 600, Dwell= 300, Return stroke= 600, Dwell= 2100, Stroke or lift=
40 mm , radius of the cam = 50 mm, condition = The follower moves with uniform velocity during
both the outstroke and return stroke.

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Fig. Cam Profile

Q.14) A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data :

1. Cam lift = 40 mm during 90° of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion.
2. Dwell for the next 30°.

3. During the next 60° of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original position with simple
harmonic motion.
4. Dwell during the remaining 180°.
Draw the profile of the cam when
(a) the line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft, and
(b) The line of stroke is offset 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.
The radius of the base circle of the cam is 40 mm.
Ans:- Given data :- S = 40 mm ,θ O = 90° ,dwell=300, θ R = 60° , dwell= 1800

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Fig. Displacement dig.

(a) Profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the
cam shaft

Fig. Cam profile

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(b) Profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower is offset 20 mm from the axis of
the cam shaft

Fig. Cam profile

EXERCISE

Q.1) Draw the Displacement diagram for the following cases.

1) Uniform velocity 2) Simple harmonic motion (SHM) 3) Uniform acceleration and retardation.

Q.2) A cam with minimum radius of 25mm rotating clockwise direction at uniform speed is to be designed
to give a roller follower at the end of a valve rod, motion described below:-
i) To raise the valve through 50 mm during 120o rotation of the cam. ii) To keep the valve fully
raised through next 300. iii) To lower the valve during next 600. iv) To keep the valve closed during
rest of the revolution i.e. 1500. The diameter of the roller is 20 mm and the diameter of the cam
shaft is 25 mm. Draw the profile of the cam when a) The line of stroke of the valve rod passes
through the axis of the cam shaft, and b) The line of the stroke is offset 15 mm from the axis of the
cam shaft. The displacement of the valve while being raised and lowered is to take place with simple
harmonic motion (SHM).

Q.3) A cam with a minimum radius of 50 mm, rotating clockwise at a uniform speed is required to
give a knife edge follower the motion as described below:-
i) To move outwards through 40 mm during 1000 rotation of the cam ii) To dwell for next 800 iii)
To return to its starting position during next 900 and iv) To dell for the rest period of a revolution
i.e. 900. Draw the profile of the cam a) When the line of stroke of the follower passes through the
centre of the cam and b) When the line of stroke of the follower is off-set by 15 mm. The
displacement of the follower is to take place with uniform acceleration and uniform retardation.

Q.4) A cam with 60 mm as minimum diameter is rotating clockwise and has to give motions to a roller
follower 20 mm diameter as described below:-
i) Follower to complete outstroke of 40 mm during 900 of cam rotation with uniform velocity
motion. ii) Follower to dwell for next 600 of cam rotation. iii) Follower to return to its original
position during next 1200 of cam rotation with SHM . iv) Follower to dwell for rest of the period.
Layout the profile of the cam if the roller follower axis passes through the axis of cam.

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***********
CHAPTER- 04
Power Transmission
Q.1) State one application of each. V-belt drive, flat belt drive, gear drive and chain drive.
Ans:-
• V- Belt drive – air compressor, machine tools (drilling machine)

• Flat belt drive - lathe headstock, floor mill, stone crusher unit

• Gear drive – gear box of vehicles, cement mixing unit, machine tools, I.C.
Engine, differential of automobile, dial indicator
• Chain drive – Bicycle, cranes, Hoists, bikes

Q.2) In a flat belt drive the initial tension is 2000 N. The coefficient of friction between the
belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the angle of lap on the smaller pulley is 150°. The smaller pulley
has a radius of 200 mm and rotates of 500 r.p.m. Find the power in KW transmitted by the
belt.
Ans:- Data: Initial tension, To = 2000 N, coefficient of friction, µ = 0.3,

Angle of lap, θ = 1500 = 1500 x П / 180 = 2.618 rad, Smaller pulley radius, R = 200 mm, hence, D
= 400 mm, Speed of smaller pulley, N = 500 r.p.m.

ПП
We know that the velocity of the belt, v = = = 10.47 m/sec (put formula)

Let T1 = Tension in the belt on the tight side, N

Let T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side, N

We know that, T0 = Hence, 2000

= (T1 + T2) / 2

Thus, (T1 + T2) = 4000 N ....................... (1)

We also know that, = therefore, = or = 2.2 ............. (2)

From equations 1 and 2, T1 = 2750 N and T2 = 1250 N

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Power transmitted by belt, P = [T1 - T2] v

= [2750 - 1250] 10.47

= 15700 watts = 15.7 kW (01 mark)

Q.3) Write the equation relating tension on slack and tight side. Explain in brief the term in
it in case of flat belt. Ans:-

Where T1 = Tension in the belt on the tight side,

T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side, and

Ѳ = Angle of contact or lap in radians i.e angle subtended by the belt arc lapping
over small pulley.

Q.4) Define angle of lap and Slip in belt Drive.

Ans:- Slip of belt: The motion of belts and shafts assuming a firm frictional grip between the belts
and the shafts. But sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some
forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it. This may also cause some forward
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motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt and is
generally expressed as a percentage. It is denoted by S.
Slip of belt= N2/N1 = D1/D2 x ( 1-S/100)
Angle of Lap: The angle of lap is defined as the angle subtended by the portion of the belt which
is in contact at the pulley surface of the pulley. It is denoted by Ø.

For open belt drive Ø= 180-2α

For cross belt drive Ø=180+2α

Q.5) An open belt running over two pulleys 240 mm and 600 mm diameter connects two
parallel shafts 3 meter apart and transmits 4 KW from the smaller pulley that rotates at 300
r.p.m. coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the safe working tension
is 10 N per mm width. Determine: i) minimum width of the belt ii) Initial belt tension and iii)
length of belt required.
Ans:- Given data:- d1= 600 mm, d2= 240 mm, x= 3m, P= 4 KW, N2= 300 r.p.m, µ= 0.3, T1=10 b.

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Q.6) State any two advantages of V belt drive over flat belt drive.
Ans:-Advantages
(a) The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centers of pulleys.
(b) The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove is negligible.
(c) Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the drive is smooth.
(d) It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years.
(e) It can be easily installed and removed.
(f) The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.
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(g) The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started. ( h) The high velocity ratio
(maximum 10) may be obtained.
(i) The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting ratio of tensions.
Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts for the same coefficient of friction,
arc of contact and allowable tension in the belts.
(j) The V-belt may be operated in either direction with tight side of the belt at the top or bottom. The
centre line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

Q.7) State four condition under which the 'V' belt drive is selected.

Ans:- 1) Great amount of Power to be transmitted,

2) Requirement of the high velocity ratio (maximum 10).
3) Small Centre distance between the shafts
4) Positive drive requirement
5) Compact Space

Q.8) The central distance between two shaft is 4 m having two pulleys with diameter having
500 mm and 700 mm respectively. Find length of belt required (i) for open belt drive (ii) for
cross belt drive.

Ans:- Given data:- x= 4 m, d1= 700 mm, d2= 500 mm.

Length of belt,
i) for open belt
2
L = π/2 (d1 + d2) + 2x + (d1 – d2) / 4 x
= 9.8865 m

ii) for cross belt

2
L = π/2 (d1 + d2) + 2x + (d1 + d2) / 4 x

= 9.974 m

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Q.9) Explain the phenomenon of slip and creep in a belt drive. State its effect on velocity
ratio. Ans:-

Slip of the belt:

A firm frictional grip between belt and shaft is essential. But sometimes it becomes insufficient.
This may cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it. This
called as slip of the belt. It is expressed as a percentage. Slip of belt= N2/N1 = D1/D2 x ( 1-S/100)

Slip of belt= N2/N1 = D1/D2 x ( 1-S/100)

Effect on velocity ratio: Result of belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system.

Creep in belt drive:

When the belt passes from slack side to tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends and it
contracts again when the belt passes from tight sight to slack side. Due to these changes in length,
there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is called as
creep.

Effect on velocity ratio: The total effect of creep is to reduce slightly the speed of the driven pulley
or follower.

Q.10) State the type of power transmission chains. Describe any one with its sketch.

Ans:- Types of power transmission

chains: i) Block chain or bush chain
drive ii) Bush roller chain
iii) Inverted tooth or silent chain

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Q.11) A belt is required to transmit 10 kW from a motor running at 600 rpm. The belt is 12
mm thick and has a mass density 0.001 gm/mm3. Safe stress in the belt is not to exceed 2.5
N/mm2, diameter of the driving pulley is 250 mm whereas the speed of the driven pulley is 200
rpm. The two shafts are 1.25 m apart. The coefficient of friction is 0.25, determine (1)

Ans:-

Angle of contact at driving pulley (2) The width of the belt.

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Q.12) What do you mean by crowning of pulleys in flat belt drive ? State its use.
Ans:- Crowning of Pulley: To avoid the slipping of the belt from the flat pulleys, two sides of pulleys are
tapered. This kind of tapering is known as crowning of pulleys.

Q.13) Define initial tension in belt drive & state its effect.
Ans:- Initial tension : When a belt is wound round the two pulleys (i.e. driver and follower), its two
ends are joined together ; so that the belt may continuously move over the pulleys, since the motion
of the belt from the driver and the follower is governed by a firm grip, due to friction between the
belt and the pulleys.
Effects: In order to increase this grip, the belt is tightened up. At this stage, even when the pulleys
are stationary, the belt is subjected to some tension, called initial tension. When the driver starts
rotating, it pulls the belt from one side (increasing tension in the belt on this side) and delivers it to
the other side (decreasing the tension in the belt on that side). The increased tension in one side of
the belt is called tension in tight side and the decreased tension in the other side of the belt is called
tension in the slack side.

Q.14) State four advantages and disadvantages of chain drive over belt drive.
Ans:- Advantages of chain drive:-

v) As no slip takes place, hence, perfect velocity ratio is obtained (Positive drive).
vi) Chain drive gives high transmission efficiency (up to 98 %). vii) Chain drive may be
used when the distance between the shafts is less.

viii) Chain is made up of metal which would occupy less space as compared with belt or rope
drive. ix) Ability to transmit power to several shafts by one chain.
x) Load on the shaft is less and long life.

Disadvantages of chain drive: (any two)

1. Manufacturing cost of chains is relatively high

2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance
3. High velocity fluctuations especially when unduly stretched
4. Chain operations are noisy as compared to belts

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Q.15) A pulley rotating at 50 m/s transmits 40 kW. The safe pull in belt is 400 N/cm width of
belt. The angle of lap is 170º. If coefficient of friction is 0.24, find required width of belt. Ans:-

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Q.16) Compare cross belt drive and open belt drive on the basis of

i) velocity ratio ii) application iii) direction of driven pulley iv)length of belt drive

Sr. Parameter
No. Cross belt drive Open belt drive

1 Velocity High Low

ratio

2 Application Large amount of power to be Less amount of power to be

transmitted transmitted

3 Direction of
Same as driver pulley Opposite to driven pulley
driven pulley

4 Length of
Long short
belt drive

Q.17) Draw neat labelled sketch of spur gear terminology and define any four term related to
spur gear.
Ans:-

1) Addendum.It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.

2) Dedendum.It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
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3) Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the samemotion as
the actual gear.

4) pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle froma point of one tooth
to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pc. Mathematically,
p
Circular pitch, c = π D/T
Diameter of the pitch
Where D = circle, and
Number of teeth on the wheel.
T =
5) Module.It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth.It is usually
denoted by m. Mathematically,

Module, m = D / T

Q.18) Draw the neat sketch of epicyclic gear train and explain how it works. Ans:-

Fig. Epicyclic gear train

In an epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shafts, over which the gears are mounted, may
move relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic gear train is shown in Fig. where a gear A and the
arm C have a common axis at 1 about which they can rotate. The gear B meshes with gear A and
has its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear B canrotate. If the arm is fixed, the gear train is
simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice-versa, but if gearAis fixed and the arm is rotated about
the axis of gearA(i.e.O1),then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and around gear A. Such a motion
is called epicyclic and the gear trains arranged in such a manner that one or more of theirmembers
moves upon and around another member are known as epicyclic gear trains (epi. means upon and
cyclic means around). The epicyclic gear trains may be simple or compound.

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The epicyclic gear trains are useful for transmitting high velocity ratios with gears of
moderate size in a comparatively lesser space. The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear
of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks, wrist watches etc.

Q.19) A casting weighing 9 kN hangs freely from a rope which makes 2.5 turns round a drum
of 300 mm diameter revolving at 20 rpm. The other end of the rope is pulled by a man. Taking
μ = 0.25, determine (i) the force required by the man (ii) the power to raise the casting.
Ans:- Given: W= T1= 9 kN =9000N, d= 0.3 m, N = 20 rpm ,µ= 0.25,

(i) Force reqd. by a man

T2- force reqd. by man

As rope makes 2.5 turns,

Therefore angle of contact , θ =2.5x2π = 5 π rad.

We know that,

2.3 log {T1/T2} = µ θ = 0.25 x 5π =3.9275

log {T1/T2} = 3.9275/2.3 = 1.71 or T1/T2 = 51 T2 = 9000/51 = 176.47 N

(ii) Power to raise casting As velocity of rope, v = πdN/60 = 3.14x0.3x20/60 = 0.3142 m/s

Power to raise casting = (T1-T2) x v = (9000-176.47) x 0.3142 = 2.772 kW.

Q.20) What is centrifugal tension ? State its formula. Explain its effect on power transmitted by a belt
drive.
Ans:- Centrifugal tension:-

Power, P = (T1 - T2) x v Hence there is no any effect on power transmitted by a belt drive.

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Q.21) State the formulae to calculate the length of open belt drive and cross belt drive. State the
meaning of each term by drawing suitable diagrams in both cases.
Ans:-
Formulae to calculate the length of open belt drive

Where,

Formulae to calculate the length of Cross belt drive

Where,

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Q.22) Two parallel shafts whose centre line are 4.8 m apart, are connected by open belt drive.
The diameter of larger pulley is 1.5 m and that of smaller pulley 1 m. The initial tension in
the belt when stationary is 3 kN. The mass of the belt is 1.5 kg/m length. The coefficient of
friction between the belt and pulley is 0.3 Taking centrifugal tension into account, calculate
the power transmitted when the smaller pulley rotates at 400 rpm.

Ans:- Given data:- x= 4.8 m, d1= 1.5m, d2=1m, T0=3kN=3000N, m=1.5 kg/m, µ=0.3, N2=400 r.p.m.

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Q.23) State and explain law of gearing with the help of suitable sketch. Ans:-
Law of gearing:

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Q.24) State types of gear train and explain any one.

Ans:- Following are the different types of gear trains, depending
upon the arrangement of wheels :

1. Simple gear train, 2. Compound gear train, 3.

Reverted gear train, and 4. Epicyclic gear train.

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Q.25) An epicyclic gear train is shown in figure no. 1. The number of teeth on A and B are
80 and 200. Determine the speed of the arm, ‘a’
(i) if A rotates at 100 rpm clockwise and B at 50 rpm counter-clockwise.
(ii) if A rotates at 100 rpm clockwise and B is stationary.

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Ans:-

Q.26) Define ‘Gear Train’. State its purpose and types of gear train.
Ans :- Definition: When two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power
from oneshaft to another. Such a combination is called gear train

Purpose:
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Sir purpose of the train used is Page 63
Theory of Machine (TOM)

1) To obtain correct & required velocity ratio between driver & driven shafts 2)
To decide upon the relative position of the axes of shafts.
3) To decide upon amount of power to be transmitted between shafts

Types: Following are the different types of gear trains, depending upon the arrangement of wheels
:
1. Simple gear train,
2. Compound gear train,
3. Reverted gear train, and 4. Epicyclic gear train.

EXERCISE
1) Comparison of i) Belt drive and chain drive ii) Flat belt and 'V' belt 2)
Enlist types of gears.
3) State the material used for ‘V’ belt.
4) What are the conditions under which chain drive is selected?
5) What are the factors under which belt drive is selected?
6) Draw neat sketch of compound gear train. How to find velocity ratio? Where it is used?
7) Name the materials used in belt.
8) State advantage and limitations of steel ropes.
9) Write any four application of reverted gear train.
10) Why initial tension is provided on belt when it is installed over pulley? State any two methods to
increase initial tension.

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CHAPTER- 05
Flywheel and Governors
Q.1) State the function of Governor and Flywheel.

Ans:- The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it
becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. On the other hand, when the load on the
engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is required. The governor
automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions
and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
A flywheel controls the speed variations caused by the fluctuation of the engine turning moment during
each cycle of operation.
A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the period
when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and releases it during the period when the
requirement of energy is more than the supply.

Q.2) State four applications of flywheel

Ans:-Applications of flywheel: Used in Internal combustion engines, press machines, mills,
punching machines.

Q.3) Explain the concept of fluctuation of energy related with turning moment diagram with
sketch.
Ans:-
Fluctuation of energy: It is the
difference between the
maximum and minimum energy
of Flywheel.

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Consider the turning moment diagram for a single cylinder double acting steam engine as
shown in Fig. on X axis crank angle is taken We see that the mean resisting torque line AF cuts the
turning moment diagram at points B, C, D and E. The variations of energy above and below the
mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy. The areas BbC, CcD, DdE, etc.
represent fluctuations of energy. More fluctuation of energy of energy indicates more variation in
the speed and so, bigger requirement of a flywheel.

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Q.4) Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed and coefficient of fluctuation of energy.

Ans:- coefficient of fluctuation of speed :- The difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds during a cycle is called the maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of
speed.
Let N1and N2= Maximum and minimum speeds in r.p.m. during the cycle, and
N1 N2
N2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed,
N−N 2 N−N

1 2 1 2
C

NN
s N

1 2
Coefficient of fluctuation of energy:-
It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work
done per cycle. Mathematically, coefficient of fluctuation of energy,
Maximum fluctuation of energy
CE Work done per cycle

Q.5) Draw and explain the turning moment diagram of four stroke I.C engine.
Ans:-
A turning moment diagram for a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine is shown
in Fig. We know that in a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine, there is one working
stroke after the crank has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720° (or 4 π radians).

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Fig. Turning moment

diagram for a four
stroke cycle internal
combustion engine.

Since the pressure

inside the engine
cylinder is less than
the atmospheric
pressure during the
suction stroke,
therefore a negative
loop is formed as shown in Fig. . During the compression stroke, the work is done on the gases,
therefore a higher negative loop is obtained. During the expansion or working stroke, the fuel
burns and the gases expand, therefore a large positive loop is obtained. In this stroke, the work
is done by the gases. During exhaust stroke, the work is done on the gases, therefore a negative
loop is formed.

Q.6) Explain with sketch working of hartnell governor.

Ans:-
A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor as shown in Fig. It consists of two bell
crank levers pivoted at the points O,O to the frame. The frame is attached to the governor
spindle and therefore rotates with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm OB
and a roller at the end of the horizontal arm OR. A helical spring in compression provides equal
downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve. The spring force may be
adjusted by screwing a nut up or down on the sleeve.

Let m = Mass of each ball in kg,

M = Mass of sleeve in kg,

r1 = Minimum radius of rotation in
metres,
r2 = Maximum radius of rotation in
metres,
ω 1 = Angular speed of the governor at
minimum radius in rad/s, 2 = Angular
ω

speed of the governor at

maximum radius in rad/s,
S1 = Spring force exerted on the sleeve
at ω1 in newtons,
S2 = Spring force exerted on the sleeve
ω
at 2 in newtons, Fig. 18.18. Hartnell governor. F
= Centrifugal force at ω in newtons = m (ω )2r ,

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C1 ω 1 in newtons = m (ω 1 1)2 r,
F = Centrifugal force at
C2 2 2 2
s = Stiffness of the spring or the force required to compress the spring by one mm,
x = Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever in metres,
y = Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever in metres, and

r = Distance of fulcrum O from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when the governor is
in mid-position, in metres.

Q.7) Define the sensitivity in relation to governor. State its significance.

Ans:-
The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum
andminimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.
N
Let 1 = Minimum equilibrium speed,
N
2 = Maximum equilibrium speed, and

N N2
N = Mean equilibrium speed 1 .
2
Sensitiveness of the governor
N 2− N1 2( N2 – N1 )
N N1 N2
2(ω2 –ω 1 )
. . . (In terms of angular speeds)
ω1 2

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Q.8) Draw the neat labelled sketch of centrifugal governor.

Fig. Centrifugal governor.

Q.9) Define stability, Isochronous and hunting of governor.

Ans:- stability :- A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working
range there is a definite configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the governor
balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed
increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase.
Note : A governor is said to be unstable, if the radius of rotation decreases as the speed
increases.
Isochronous governor :- A governor is said to be isochronous when the equilibrium
speed is constant (i.e. range of speed is zero) for all radii of rotation of the balls within the
working range, neglecting friction. The isochronism is the stage of infinite sensitivity.

Hunting of governor:- A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates
continuously above and below the mean speed.

Q.10) Effort and Power of a Governor

Ans:- The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given percentage
change of speed* (or lift of the sleeve). It may be noted that when the governor is running
steadily, there is no force at the sleeve. But, when the speed changes, there is a resistance at
the sleeve which opposes its motion. It is assumed that this resistance which is equal to the
effort, varies uniformly from a maximum value to zero while the governor moves into its new
position of equilibrium.

The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change
of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the
sleeve moves. Mathematically,

Power = Mean effort × lift of sleeve

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Q.11) Compare Flywheel and Governor.

Ans:-

Q.12) Enlist types of Governors.

Ans:- Governor broadly classified as:- 1) Centrifugal governor and 2) Inertia governor

Centrifugal governor classified as follows:-

EXERCISE

Q.1) Explain working principle of porter governor with neat sketch.

Q.2) Explain working principle of Hartung governor with neat sketch.
Q.3) State application of governor.

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CHAPTER- 06
Brakes and Dynamometers
Q.1)Give the classification of dynamometer. State the function of it.
Ans:- A dynamometer is a brake but in addition it has a device to measure the frictional
resistance. Knowing the frictional resistance, we may obtain the torque transmitted and hence
the power of the engine.
Classification of dynamometer:-
Absorption type dynamometers:
1.Prony brake dynamometer, and 2. Rope brake dynamometer. Transmission
type dynamometers
1.Epicyclic-train dynamometer, 2. Belt transmission dynamometer, and
3.Torsion dynamometer.
Q.2) Compare brakes and dynamometers.
Ans:-
Brakes :

• A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a

moving machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine.

• . Types :
Hydraulic brakes
Electric brakes
Mechanical brakes.

• The brake absorbs either kinetic energy of the moving member or potential energy given
up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc.

• The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in the form of heat.

• This heat is dissipated in the surrounding air (or water which is circulated through the
passages in the brake drum) so that excessive heating of the brake lining does not take
place.

Dynamometers :

• A dynamometer is a brake but in addition it has a device to measure the frictional

resistance.

• Knowing the frictional resistance, we may obtain the torque transmitted and hence the
power of the engine.
• Types : Absorption dynamometers, and Transmission dynamometers

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Q.3) Explain the working of rope brake dynamometer with neat sketch.
Ans:-

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Q.4) Draw a neat labelled sketch of internal expanding brake and explain it.
Ans:- An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S1 and S2 as shown in Fig. The outer
surface of the shoes are lined with some friction material (usually with Ferodo) to increase the
coefficient of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal. Each shoe is pivoted at one end
about a fixed fulcrum O1 and O2 and made to contact a cam at the other end. When the cam
rotates, the shoes are pushed outwards against the rim of the drum. The friction between the
shoes and the drum produces the braking torque and hence reduces the speed of the drum. The
shoes are normally held in off position by a spring as shown in Fig. The drum encloses the entire
mechanism to keep out dust and moisture. This type of
brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks.

Fig. Internal expanding brake.

Q.5) Draw a neat labelled sketch of Eddy current dynamometer and state its
working principle.
Ans:-
Eddy Current Dynamometer : It consists of a stator on which are fitted a number
ofelectromagnets and a rotor disc made of copper or steel and coupled to the output shaft of the
engine. When the rotor rotates , eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux set
up by the passage of field current in the electromagnets. These eddy currents oppose the motion
of the rotor thus loading the engine. The eddy currents are dissipated in producing heat so that
this type of dynamometer also requires some cooling arrangements. The torque is measured
similar to absorption dynamometers i.e. with the help of moment arm. The load is controlled by
regulating the current in the electromagnets.

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Q.6) In a simple band brake, the band acts on the 3/4th of circumference of a drum
of 450 mm diameter which is keyed to the shaft. The band brake provides a
braking torque of 225 N.m. One end of the band is attached to a fulcrum pin
of the lever and the other end to a pin 100 mm from the fulcrum. It the
operating force is applied at 500 mm from the fulcrum and the coefficient of

friction is 0.25, find the operating force when the drum rotates in the
i)anticlockwise direction and ii) clockwise direction. Ans:-

(a) Operating force when drum rotates in anticlockwise direction

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Q.7) Explain working of hydraulic brake dynamometer with sketch.

Ans:- Hydraulic Dynamometer:

Hydraulic dynamometer is also called as water brake absorber. Invented by

British engineer William Froude in 1877 in
response to a request by the Admiralty to
produce a machine capable of
absorbing and measuring
the power of large naval engines, water
brake absorbers are relatively common
today.

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The schematic shows the most common type of

water brake, known as the "variable level" type.
Water is added until the engine is held at a
steady RPM against the load, with the water
then kept at that level and replaced by constant
draining and refilling (which is needed to carry
away the heat created by absorbing the
horsepower). The housing

Q.8) A simple band brake is operated by lever 40 cm long. The brake drum diameter is 40
cm and brake band embrance 5/8 of its circumference. One end of band is attached to a

fulcrum of lever while other end attached to pin 8 cm from fulcrum. The coefficient of
friction 0.25. The effort applied at the end of lever is 500 N. Find braking torque applied if
drum rotates anticlockwise and acts downwards.
Ans:-

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Q.9) State the function of brake and its classification.

Ans:- A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving
machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine.
Classification of brakes:-
1) Block or shoe brake 2) Band brake 3) Band and block brake 4) Internal expanding brake5)
Hydraulic brake 6) Pneumatic brake 7) Vacuum brake.

Q.10) Explain working of Proney brake dynamometer with sketch.

Ans:- A simplest form of an absorption type dynamometer is a prony brake dynamometer, as shown in Fig. 19.31. It
consists of two wooden blocks placed around a pulley fixed to the shaft of an engine whose power is required to be
measured. The blocks are clamped by means of two bolts and nuts, as shown in Fig. 19.31. A helical spring is provided
between the nut and the upper block to adjust the pressure on the pulley to control its speed. The upper block has a long
lever attached to it and carries a weight W at its outer end. A counter weight is placed at the other end of the lever which
balances the brake when unloaded. Two stops S, S are provided to limit the motion of the lever.

Fig. Prony brake dynamometer

When the brake is to be put in operation, the long end of the lever is loaded with suitable weights W and the
nuts are tightened until the engine shaft runs at a constant speed and the lever is in horizontal position. Under these
conditions, the moment due to the weight W must balance the mo-ment of the frictional resistance between the
blocks and the pulley.
Let W = Weight at the outer end of the lever in newtons,
L = Horizontal distance of the weight W from the centre of the
pulley in metres,
F = Frictional resistance between the blocks and the pulley
in newtons,
R = Radius of the pulley in metres, and N = Speed of the shaft
in r.p.m.
We know that the moment of the frictional re-sistance or
torque on the shaft,
T = W.L = F.R N-m
Work done in one revolution
= Torque × Angle turned in radians = T 2π N-m

∴ Work done per minute

= T 2π N N-m

We know that brake power of the engine,

B. P. Work done per min. T 2πN W .L π 2 N watts

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CHAPTER- 07
Clutches and Bearings
Q.1) List out various types of bearings.
Ans:-List of various types bearings used

1. Flat pivot
2. Conical pivot
3. Truncated pivot
4. Single flat collar
5. Multiple flat collar

Q.2) State any four types of friction clutch, along with its application each. Ans:-
Types of clutches:

a) Single plate clutch b) Multi plate clutch c) Cone clutch d) Centrifugal clutch

Applications:

a) Single plate clutch: Heavy vehicles, four-wheeler such as car, truck, bus

b) Multi plate clutch: Two wheelers, mopeds, scooters, bikes

c) Cone clutch: Machine tools, automobiles, press work

d) Centrifugal clutch: mopeds, Luna

Q.3) What is the necessity of clutch ? State its types. Ans:-

Necessity: A clutch is necessary for the transmission of power of shafts and machineswhich
must be started and stopped frequently. Its application is also found in cases in which power
is to be delivered to machines partially or fully loaded.
The force of friction is used to start the driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the
proper speed without excessive slipping of the friction surfaces.
In automobiles, friction clutch is used to connect the engine to the driven shaft. It may be
noted that
1. The contact surfaces should develop a frictional force that may pick up and hold the load
with reasonably low pressure between the contact surfaces.
2. The heat of friction should be rapidly dissipated and tendency to grab should be at a
minimum.

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3. The surfaces should be backed by a material stiff enough to ensure a reasonably uniform
distribution of pressure.

Types :
1.Disc or plate clutches (single disc or multiple disc clutch),
2.Cone clutches, and 3.Centrifugal
clutches.
4.Diaphragam clutc

Q.4) Draw a neat labeled sketch of multiplate clutch and explain it. Ans:-

A multiple disc clutch, as shown in Fig., may be used when a large torque is to be transmitted.
The inside discs (usually of steel) are fastened to the driven shaft to permit axial motion (except
for the last disc). The outside discs (usually of bronze) are held by bolts and are fastened to the
housing which is keyed to the driving shaft. The multiple disc clutches are extensively used in
motor cars, machine tools etc.

Let n1= Number of discs on the driving shaft, and

n2= Number of discs on the driven shaft.

Number of pairs of contact surfaces,

n = n1+ n2–1

and total frictional torque acting on the friction surfaces or on the clutch,

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Q.5) Explain working principle of clutch. State its location in transmission system of an
automobile.
Ans:- A friction clutch has its principal application in the transmission of power of shafts and
machines, which must be started and stopped frequently. The force of friction is used to start the
driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without excessive slipping
of the friction surfaces. In automobiles, friction clutch is used to connect the engine to the driven
shaft. In operating such a clutch, care should be taken so that the friction surfaces engage easily
and gradually brings the driven shaft up to proper speed. Location: Between the engine and gear
box.

Q.6) A single plate clutch with both sides effective, has outer and inner diameter 300 mm
and 200 mm respectively. The maximum intensity of pressure at any point in the contact
surface is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, determine the power
transmitted by a clutch at a speed 2500 r.p.m.
Ans:-

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Q.7) Determine the power lost in a footstep bearing due to friction if a load of 15 kN is
supported and the shaft is rotating at 100 rpm. The diameter of bearing is 15 cm and
coefficient of friction is 0.05. Assume : (i) Uniform wear condition (ii) Uniform pressure
condition.
Ans:- (i) Considering Uniform Pressure Condition

Frictional Torque, T = 2/3 µWR = 2/3 x 0.05 x (15 x 1000) x 7.5

= 3750 N-cm or 37.5 N-m Power lost in friction, P = 2πNT/60 x
1000 kW = 0.393 kW

= 2π x 100 x 37.5/60 x 1000

(ii) Considering Uniform Wear Condition

Frictional Torque, T = 1/2 µWR = 1/2 x 0.05 x (15 x 1000) x 7.5

= 2812 N-cm or 28.12 N-m Power lost in friction, P = 2πNT/60 x 1000
kW

= 2π x 100 x 28.12/60 x 1000

= 0.294 kW

Q.8) A thrust shaft of a ship has 6 collar of 600 mm external diameter and 300 mm
internal diameter. The total thrust from the propeller shaft is 100 kN. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.12 and speed of engine 90 rpm. Find power absorbed in
friction at the thrust block using uniform pressure intensity condition.

Ans:-N =6, d1 =600 mm, r1 =300 mm, d2 =300 mm, r2 =150 mm, W =100 kN =100 x 103 N µ = 0.12,
N = 90 rpm, ω = 2 x π x N /60 = 2 x π x 90/ 60 =9.426 rad / sec

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Q.9) Draw the neat sketch of single plate clutch and explain its working. Ans:-
Working:

Fig. Single plate clutch

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Q.10) A vertical shaft 150 mm in diameter and rotating at 100 rpm rests on a flat end
footstep bearing. The shaft carries vertical load of 20 kN. Assuming uniform pressure
distribution and coefficient of friction equal to 0.05, estimate power lost in friction. Ans:-

Q.11) A single plate clutch with both sides effective has outer and inner diameters 300 mm
and 200 mm respectively. The maximum intensity of pressure at any point in the contact
surface is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, determine the power
transmitted by a clutch at a speed of 2500 rpm. Assume uniform condition. Ans:-

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Q.12) Explain with neat sketch working of a centrifugal clutch.

Ans:-The centrifugal clutches are usually incorporated into the motor pulleys. It consists of a
number of shoes on the inside of a rim of the pulley, as shown in Fig. The outer surface of the
shoes is covered with a friction material. These shoes, which can move radially in guides, are
held against the boss (or spider) on the driving shaft by means of springs. The springs exert a
radially inward force which is assumed constant. The mass of the shoe, when revolving, causes
it to exert a radially outward force (i.e. centrifugal force). The magnitude of this centrifugal force
depends upon the speed at which the shoe is revolving. A little consideration will show that
when the centrifugal force is less than the spring force, the shoe remains in the same position as
when the driving shaft was stationary, but when the centrifugal force is equal to the spring force,
the shoe is just floating. When the centrifugal force exceeds the spring force, the shoe moves
outward and comes into contact with the driven member and presses against it. The force with
which the shoe presses against the driven member is the difference of the centrifugal force and
the spring force. The increase of speed causes the shoe to press harder and enables more torque
to be transmitted.

EXERCISE

Q.1) Explain (i) uniform pressure theory (ii) uniform wear theory in clutches and bearings.

Q.2) A multiplate disc clutch transmits 55 kW of power at 1800 rpm. Coefficient of friction for
the friction surfaces is 0.1. Axial intensity of pressure is not to exceed 160 kN/m2. The internal
radius is 80 mm and is 0.7 times the external radius. Find the number of plates needed to transmit
the required torque.

Q.3) Difference between Single plate and Multiplate clutch.

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CHAPTER- 08
Balancing
Q.1) What is balancing? What are the methods of balancing?
Ans:- The process of providing the second mass in order to counter act the effect of the
centrifugal force of the disturbing mass is called balancing. In order to prevent the bad effect of
centrifugal force of disturbing mass, another mass (balancing) is attached to the opposite side of
the shaft at such a position, so as to balance the effect of centrifugal force of disturbing mass. This
is done in such a way that the centrifugal forces of both the masses are made equal and opposite.

Methods of balancing:

• Balancing of rotating masses

1) Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single rotating mass in the same plane
2) Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different planes
* Disturbing mass lies in a plane between the planes of balancing masses
* Disturbing mass lies in a plane on one end of the planes of balancing masses
3) Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane
4) Balancing of different masses rotating in the different planes

• Balancing of reciprocating masses

Q.2) Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines?
Ans:- The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-days.
Itis therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely
balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up.
These forces not only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members,
but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations. The balancing of unbalanced forces is
caused by rotating masses, in order to minimize pressure on the main bearings when an engine is
running.
Q.3) State the adverse effect of imbalance of rotating elements of machine.
Ans:- Adverse effect of imbalance in rotating elements: i) Vibrations are caused ii) Machine
accuracy gets disturbed iii) Life of machine decreases iv) Friction increases v) Noise level
increases

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Q.4) Explain the method of balancing of different (several) masses revolving in the same
plane.
Ans:-

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Q.5) Four masses A, B, C and D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same
plane. The masses are 12 kg, 10 kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively and their radii of
rotations are 40 mm,50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm. The angular position of the masses
B, C and D are 60°, 135° and 270° from the mass A. Find the magnitude and position
of the balancing mass at a radius of 100 mm.
Ans:-

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

Q.6) Three masses 10 kg, 20 kg and 15 kg are attached at a point at radii of 20 cm,
25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If the angle between successive masses is 60° and 90°.
Determine analytically the balancing mass to be attached at radius of 30 cm. Ans:-

Balancing mass m = ?

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

Q.7) Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg, and 260 kg
respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m
respectively and the angles between successive masses are 45°, 75° and 135°. Find the
position and magnitude of balance mass required, if its radius of rotation is 0.2 m.

Ans:- Position and magnitude of balance mass required:-

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

Q.8) Four masses are 260 kg, 160 kg, 300 kg and 200 kg. The corresponding radii
of rotation 300 mm, 250 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm respectively. The angle between
successive masses are, 0º, 45º, 90º and 135º. Find the position and magnitude of
balancing mass required, if its radius of rotation is 200 mm by using graphical
method. Ans:- m1 = 260 kg, m2 = 160 kg, m3 = 300 kg, m4 = 200 kg,

r1 = 300 mm = 0.3 m, r2 = 250 mm = 0.25 m, r3 = 150 mm = 0.15 m, r4 = 200 mm

= 0.2 m

0 0 0 0
Ɵ1 = 0 Ɵ1 = 45 Ɵ1 = 90 Ɵ1 = 135

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

Q.9) Write the procedure for balancing of a single rotating mass by single masses rotating in
the same plane.
OR
State the procedure of balancing single rotating mass when its balancing mass is rotating
in the same plane as that of disturbing mass.

Ans:-

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

EXERCISE

1. A rotor having the following properties :

m 1 = 4 kg r 1 = 75 mm
1 = 45 m 2= 3 kg r 2 = 85
mm 2 = 135
m 3 = 2.5 kg r 3 = 50 mm 3 = 240

Determine the amount of the countermass at a radial distance of 75 mm required for the static
balance.

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