The University of Melbourne

School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007
Linear Algebra
Semester 2, 2023

STUDENT NAME:

This compilation has been made in accordance with the provisions of Part VB of the copyright act for the
teaching purposes of the University.

This booklet is for the use of students of the University of Melbourne enrolled in the subject MAST10007
Linear Algebra.
MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2

Contents
Course Information ii

Lecture by Lecture Outline ix

Topic 1: Linear Equations 1

Topic 2: Matrices and Determinants 4

Topic 3: Euclidean Vector Spaces 10

Topic 4: General Vector Spaces 13

Topic 5: Linear Transformations 20

Topic 6: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 26

Topic 7: Inner Product Spaces 28

Answers for Topic 1: Linear Equations 34

Answers for Topic 2: Matrices and Determinants 35

Answers for Topic 3: Euclidean Vector Spaces 37

Answers for Topic 4: General Vector Spaces 39

Answers for Topic 5: Linear Transformations 42

Answers for Topic 6: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 45

Answers for Topic 7: Inner Product Spaces 47

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2

MAST10007 Linear Algebra

Semester 2, 2023
Subject Organisation
Subject Coordinator
The subject coordinator is Dr Christine Mangelsdorf. Her office is Room G49, Peter Hall building.
Email: [email protected]
The tutor coordinator is Alegra Dajic. Email: [email protected]

Syllabus
MAST10007 Linear Algebra is a core mathematics subject that prepares students for further studies in
Mathematics and Statistics. Linear Algebra is also a prerequisite for subjects in many other areas, such as
the Physical Sciences, Actuarial Studies and Engineering.
This subject gives a solid grounding in key areas of modern mathematics needed in science and technology.
It develops the concepts of vectors, matrices and the methods of linear algebra. Students should develop
the ability to use the methods of linear algebra and gain an appreciation of mathematical proof. Little of
the material here has been seen at school and the level of understanding required represents an advance on
previous studies.
Topics include: Systems of linear equations, matrices and determinants; vectors in real n-space, cross prod-
uct, scalar triple product, lines and planes; vector spaces, linear independence, basis, dimension; linear
transformations, eigenvalues, eigenvectors; inner products, least squares estimation, symmetric and orthog-
onal matrices.

Intended Learning Outcomes and Generic Skills

Students completing this subject should:

• be able to use matrix techniques to represent and solve a system of simultaneous linear equations;

• understand the use of vectors in describing lines and planes in solid geometry;

• understand the extension of vector concepts to abstract vector spaces of arbitrary finite dimension;

• understand linear transformations, their matrix representations and applications;

• become familiar with the use of a computer package for symbolic and numeric calculation.

In addition to learning specific skills that will assist students in their future careers in science, students will
have the opportunity to develop generic skills that will assist them in any future career path. These include:

• problem-solving skills: the ability to engage with unfamiliar problems and identify relevant solution
strategies;

• analytical skills: the ability to construct and express logical arguments and to work in abstract or
general terms to increase the clarity and efficiency of analysis;

• collaborative skills: the ability to work in a team;

• time-management skills: the ability to meet regular deadlines while balancing competing commitments;

• computer skills: the ability to use mathematical computing packages.

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Pre-requisites
The pre-requisite for MAST10007 Linear Algebra is
• a raw study score of ≥ 27 in VCE Specialist Mathematics 3/4 or equivalent
or one of
• MAST10005 Calculus 1
• MAST10006 Calculus 2
• MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies
• MAST10021 Calculus 2: Advanced

The content of MAST10007 Linear Algebra builds on the content of VCE Specialist Mathematics 3/4 and
MAST10005 Calculus 1. Students who have completed other mathematics qualifications may need to do
some additional reading to make up for any topics which are required knowledge for MAST10007 Linear
Algebra but were not covered in their previous mathematics studies. The additional reading material can
be found on the Linear Algebra website.

Credit Exclusions
Students may only gain credit for one of
• MAST10007 Linear Algebra
• MAST10008 Accelerated Mathematics 1
• MAST10018 Linear Algebra Extension Studies
• MAST10022 Linear Algebra: Advanced

Classes
The subject MAST10007 Linear Algebra has three one hour lectures per week, a one hour practice class
each week and a one hour computer laboratory class each week.
Lectures start on the first day of semester. Practice classes (tutorials) start in the first week of semester.
Computer lab classes start in the second week of semester. Details of your lecture stream, practice class
and computer lab class are given on your personal timetable.

Lecture Streams
There are three lecture streams. Lectures will be given in person. Recordings of the lecture will be made
available on the Lecture Capture page of the website.

• Stream 1:
Monday, Wednesday, Friday at 10am in the JH Michell theatre, Peter Hall building
Lecturer: Dr Yaping Yang
• Stream 2:
Monday and Thursday at 12 noon in the B117 theatre, Glyn Davis building
Friday at 12 noon in the B02 Carrillo Gantner theatre, Sidney Myer Asia Centre
Lecturer: Dr Christine Mangelsdorf
• Stream 3:
Monday, Wednesday, Friday at 2.15pm in the JH Michell theatre, Peter Hall building
Lecturer: Professor Arun Ram

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Subject Resources
Recommended Text
The recommended text for extra reading and problems is

• Elementary Linear Algebra: Applications Version by Anton, Rorres and Kaul, 12th Edition, 2020.

Any earlier edition of the textbook is fine. The printed textbook and E-Text are available from the University
of Melbourne library

Lecture Notes
All students are required to have a copy of the MAST10007 Partial Lecture Notes. The lecture notes are
available from the Linear Algebra subject website. These notes contain the theory, diagrams and statement
of the questions to be covered in lectures. Students are expected to bring these partial lecture notes to all
lectures, and fill in the working of examples in the gaps provided.

Course Guide
All students are required to have a copy of the MAST10007 Course Guide. The Course Guide is available
on the Linear Algebra subject website. It contains the following items:

• Subject Administration Information

• Homework Problem Sheets

Problem Sheets
There are seven problem sheets with answers corresponding to the seven major topics covered in lectures.
These questions are for you to work through at home in your own time. The questions will not be discussed
in lectures, practice classes or computer labs. If you need help with any of these questions, please see one
of the Linear Algebra staff during consultation sessions.
Note the following:

• AR§1.1 – References like this refer to the 11th edition of the recommended textbook by Anton and
Rorres.

•  – Questions marked with this symbol are possibly a bit more difficult.

Answers to the problem booklet questions are provided at the back of this booklet. Fully worked solutions
will not be provided for the problem booklet questions.

Practice Class Sheets

Practice class question sheets will be handed out at the start of practice classes. Students are expected to
work through the questions in groups at the whiteboards. Full solutions to the questions will be provided
at the end of the practice class.

Computer Lab Sheets

Computer lab class question sheets will be handed out at the start of computer lab classes held on campus.
Students are expected to use MATLAB to work through the questions individually during class. Full
solutions to the questions will be provided in the week after the computer lab on the subject website.
Computer Lab Materials
The MATLAB classes introduce a powerful computer package which is widely used in Science, Engineering,
Commerce and the Mathematical Sciences. MATLAB is a commercial software package, designed primarily
for performing matrix operations in an easy manner, without writing detailed code as in Python, C++ etc.

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The main aims for the computer laboratories are to:

• help students further understand some aspects of the Linear Algebra course.
• further develop some concepts beyond the level covered in lectures.
• give some idea of how a computer package can make life easier for the applied scientist.
• give students a starting point for their future use of MATLAB by helping them develop a working
knowledge of some basic commands and the ability to write simple programs.

Website
The subject website is on CANVAS on the University Learning Management System (LMS) at the address:
https://canvas.lms.unimelb.edu.au/
The website will be updated every week. At the appropriate stage of semester, the website will contain the
consultation roster, assignment questions, assignment solutions, practice class materials, computer lab class
materials, past exam papers, past exam answers and announcements.

Subject Expectations
In MAST10007 Linear Algebra you are expected to:
• Attend all lectures, and take notes and participate in class activities during lectures.
• Attend all practice classes, participate in group work in practice classes, and complete all practice
class exercises.
• Attend all computer lab classes and complete all the MATLAB exercises in the computer lab classes.
• Work through the problem booklet outside of class in your own time. You should try to keep up-to-
date with the problem booklet questions, and aim to have attempted all questions from the problem
booklet before the exam.
• Check the announcements on the LMS at least twice per week to make sure you do not miss any
important subject information.
• Complete all assignments on time.
• Seek help when you need it during consultation sessions.
• Explore the subject resources on the LMS and use any that are useful to your learning.
In total, you are expected to dedicate around 170 hours to this subject, including attending classes. This
equates to an average of about 8 hours of additional study, outside of class, per week over 14 weeks.

Assessment
The assessment is composed of three parts:
• A three-hour written examination during the examination period at the end of semester (70%).
• One 45-minute computer laboratory test in the last week of semester (10%).
• Nine assignments (6 written and 3 online) worth a total of 20% due at 12 noon each Monday from
week 3 to week 11 of semester inclusive.
Let your assignment mark be A (out of 100), computer lab test mark be C (out of 100) and your examination
mark be E (out of 100). Your final mark in MAST10007 is computed as follows:

Final Mark = 70%E + 20%A + 10%C

Hurdle Requirement: To pass MAST10007 a mark of at least 40% is required on the written examination.

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Online Assignments

Online assignments will be completed using WebWork.

• An introductory non-assessed online assignment on revision material will be made available at the start
of semester for you to practice using the WebWork system. You should complete this introduction to
WebWork quiz in the first two weeks of semester.

• Online assignments will be made available one week before the due date.

• Any medical certificates or other supporting documentation for the online assignments should be
emailed to Dr Christine Mangelsdorf within 4 working days of the assignment due date.

• You may receive exemption from the online assignment or an extension of up to 10 hours. Exemption
means that you do not need to complete the assignment, and the weightings of your other assignments
are increased to make up for it.

Written Assignments

Assignment Submission Requirements:

• The written assignments will be posted on the website one week before the due date.

• Written assignments must be submitted online in Canvas. Your assignment must be in a single PDF
file with your working clearly readable and the pages in the correct order and orientation. Other file
types cannot be uploaded.

• Assignment submission must be completed before the assignment deadline time.

• Assignments must be neatly handwritten on paper or by writing on an ipad, tablet etc. Do not type
your assignment.

• A neat scan of your handwritten work is acceptable. We recommend you use a free app such as
CamScanner, Google Drive, Adobe Scan or Microsoft Lens [Android, Apple iOS, Windows] to produce
the PDF file. You can simply lay out your pages in order on a table to take photos, and the app will
identify the page boundaries, crop and compile them.

• Please review your PDF before submission to ensure that all pages are readable. Material that cannot
be read will not be marked.

• It is your responsibility to check the file you have uploaded to ensure that you have submitted the
correct file for each assignment. If you submit the wrong file (eg. the question sheet only or solutions
for a different assignment or subject) you will get zero marks for the assignment.

• It is your responsibility to ensure your assignment is submitted on time. Do not leave submission to
the last minute to allow for the possibility of computer issues that may delay you. Technical issues
such as problems with scanners, internet connections, etc are not an excuse for late assignments, and
late penalties will still apply in such cases.

• The written assignments will be marked by your tutor.

• Your mark and feedback from your tutor will appear in the Canvas Gradebook.

Late written assignments:

• If your written assignment is submitted late, a late penalty of 5% of the total mark available will
be deducted for every hour or part thereof that the assignment is late, up to 10 hours. Assignments
cannot be submitted more than 10 hours late.

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Medical Certificates and Extensions for Assignments:

• Written assignments submitted after the deadline will be penalised unless you qualify for special
consideration and a medical certificate or other supporting documentation is provided.

• Any medical certificates or other supporting documentation for the written assignments should be
emailed to Dr Christine Mangelsdorf within 4 working days of the assignment due date.

• You may receive exemption from the written assignment or an extension of up to 10 hours. Exemption
means that you do not need to complete the assignment, and the weightings of your other assignments
are increased to make up for it.

Assignment Marking Criteria:

Clear written communication and careful justification is important in mathematics, as well as accuracy of
your final answers. Written assignments are marked by tutors according to a marking scheme.
In the written assignments, marks are awarded for:

• Correct use of appropriate mathematical techniques

• Accuracy and validity of any calculations or algebraic manipulations

• Clear justification or explanation of techniques and rules used

• Use of correct mathematical notation and terminology

• Overall quality of exposition

MATLAB Test
• The MATLAB test will be held during your allocated computer lab class in the last week of semester.

• The MATLAB test will be conducted using WebWork.

• The only materials allowed to be used during the test are writing materials (i.e., pens, pencils) for
rough working. Students are not permitted to use calculators, phones, dictionaries, lecture notes or
any other written or printed materials during the test.

Special Consideration for the MATLAB test:

• To apply for special consideration for the MATLAB test, medical certificates or other supporting
documentation must be submitted to Dr Christine Mangelsdorf within 4 working days of your allocated
test sitting.

• Do not use the Student Portal to apply for special consideration for the MATLAB test; this online
application is for the final Linear Algebra exam only.

Special Consideration for the Final Exam

If something major goes wrong during semester or you are sick during the examination period, you should
consider applying for Special Consideration through the Student Portal. The subject coordinator does not
handle special consideration for the final exam in MAST10007 Linear Algebra; this process is managed
centrally through STOP1.
You must submit your online special consideration application no later than 4 days after the date of the
final exam in MAST10007 Linear Algebra. You will also need to submit the completed Health Professional
Report (HPR) Form with your online application. The HPR Form can only be completed by the professional
using the form provided.
For more details see the Special Consideration menu item on the website:
http://ask.unimelb.edu.au/app/home

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Calculators, Formula Sheets and Dictionaries

Students are not permitted to use calculators, computer software, phones, dictionaries or mathomats in the
end of semester exam.
Assessment in this subject concentrates on the testing of concepts and the ability to conduct procedures in
simple cases. There is no formal requirement to possess a calculator for this subject. Nonetheless, there are
some questions on the problem sheets for which calculator usage is appropriate. If you have a calculator,
then you will find it useful occasionally.

Getting Help
Linear Algebra staff have consultation hours to help you on an individual basis with questions from the
Linear Algebra lecture notes, problem sheets, computer lab sheets and practice class sheets. Attendance is
on a voluntary basis. Details will be provided on the Linear Algebra web site.

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Below is the approximate lecture outline for MAST10007 Linear Algebra. The content of each lecture may
vary slightly from the given schedule.

Linear Equations

1. Systems of linear equations. Row operations.

2. Reduction of systems to row-echelon form and reduced row-echelon form.
3. Consistent and inconsistent systems.

Matrices and Determinants

4. Matrix operations. Matrix inverses.

5. Matrix inverses. Elementary matrices.
6. Elementary matrices. Rank of a matrix. Linear systems revisited.
7. Determinants using row operations and cofactors.

Euclidean Vector Spaces

8. Vectors in Rn . Dot product. Cross product.

9. Cross product. Scalar triple product. Lines.
10. Lines. Planes.
11. Intersection of lines and planes. General vector spaces.

General Vector Spaces

12. General vector spaces - real, complex, polynomials, matrices, functions.

13. Subspaces - real, complex, polynomials, matrices, functions.
14. Linear combinations and spans.
15. Linear dependence and independence.
16. Bases and dimension.
17. Bases and dimension. Solution space.
18. Solution space, column space and row space.
19. Rank-nullity theorem. Coordinates relative to a basis.

Linear Transformations

20. General linear transformations.

21. Geometric linear transformations from R2 to R2 .
22. Matrix representations for general linear transformations.
23. Image, kernel, rank and nullity.
24. Invertible linear transformations. Change of basis.
25. Change of basis.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

26. Definition of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Finding eigenvalues.

27. Finding eigenvectors.
28. Diagonalisation of matrices over R and C.
29. Diagonalisation of matrices over R and C. Matrix powers.
30. Markov Chain example. Definition of inner products.

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Inner Product Spaces

31. Definition of inner products. Hermitian dot product on Cn .

32. Geometry from inner products.
33. Orthogonal sets and Gram-Schmidt procedure.
34. Least squares curve fitting. Orthogonal matrices.
35. Orthogonal matrices. Symmetric matrices. Single value decomposition.
36. Unitary matrices. Hermitian matrices.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 1 : Linear Equations

Topic 1: Linear Equations

1.1 – Systems of equations and row operations (AR §1.1–1.2)

1. Linear Equations. Which of the following systems of equations are linear?

(a) x1 − 3x2 = x3 − 4 (b) 3x − xy =1
x4 = 1 − x1 x + 2xy − y = 0
x1 + x4 + x3 − 2 = 0
(c) y = x − 1 (d) x2 = y
x=1−y x+y =1

1.2 - 1.3 – Row-echelon form and reduced row-echelon form (AR §1.2)

2. Identifying Matrix Forms. Which of the following matrices are in (i) row-echelon form (ii) reduced
row-echelon form?
 
0 0 0 0    
1 2 3 4 2 4 1 0
 1 0 2 1 
(a)  (b)  0 1 1 1  (c)  0 0 2 1 
     
0 0 1 2

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3
 
0 0 0 1
 
  1 3 0 2 0
1 0 0 " #
1 0 3 1  0 0 2 2 0 
(d)  0 1 1  (e) (f) 
   
0 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 4

3. Linear Systems. Solve the systems of linear equations whose augmented matrices can be reduced to
the following row-echelon forms.
 
1 −3 4 7  
 0 1 −3 7 1 " #
1 2 2   1 2 3 4
(a)  (b)  0 1 4 0  (c)
  
 0 0 1 5  0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0

4. More Linear Systems. Solve the following systems of linear equations by reducing to (i) row-echelon
form (ii) reduced row-echelon form.
(a) x1 − 2x2 = 1 (b) w = x + y + z
−2x1 + 4x2 = −2 w = 2x − 3y + z − 1
w = −x + y − 2z + 2
w = 4x − 3y + 4z
(c) v − 2w + z = 1 (d) 4x1 + 4x2 − x3 =3
2u − v −z =0 x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 = 13
4u + v − 6w + z = 3 2x1 + x2 + x3 =5
3x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 = 17

5. Four Unknowns. Consider the linear system:

2x1 + x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 3
x1 + x2 + x3 − x4 = 6
x1 − x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 = −12
4x1 + x2 + 7x3 + 5x4 = −3

(a) Using Gaussian elimination, find the general solution for the linear system.
(b) Using part (a), determine the general solution of the corresponding homogeneous linear system.
(c) Using part (a), find a particular solution of the linear system.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 1 : Linear Equations

1.4 – Consistent and inconsistent systems (AR §1.2)

6. Consistency. Determine the conditions on a, b, c so that the system has a solution:

(a) x + 2y − 3z = a (b) x + 2y + 4z = a
3x − y + 2z = b 2x + 3y − z = b
x − 5y + 8z = c 3x + y + 2z = c

7. Existence of Solutions. Determine the values of the constant k for which the system has

(i) no solutions,
(ii) a unique solution,
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.

Find the solutions when they exist.

(a) 2x + 3y + z = 11 (b) x1 + x3 = 1
x+ y+ z =6 x2 + x3 = 2
5x − y + 11z = k 2x2 + kx3 = k
(c) x+ y+ 2z = 9
x− y+ z=2
4x + 2y + (k − 22)z = k

8. Solving Linear Systems. Use row reduction to decide whether the system has

(i) no solution,
(ii) a unique solution,
(iii) more than one solution.

Solve the systems where possible.

(a) 3x − 2y + 4z = 3 (b) x + 2y − z = −1
x− y+ z = 7 2x + 7y − z = 3
4x − 3y + 5z = 1 −3x − 12y + z = 0
(c) 3x − 4y + z = 2 (d) 2x − 3y + 5z = 10
−5x + 6y + 10z = 7 4x + 7y − 2z = −5
8x − 10y − 9z = −5 2x − 4y + 25z = 31

Applications (AR §1.9)

9. Interpolation. Determine the values for a, b and c for which the parabola y = ax2 + bx + c passes
through the points:
(a) (0, −3), (1, 0) and (2, 5) (b) (−1, 1), (1, 9) and (2, 16)

10. Moving in Circles. The equation of an arbitrary circle in the x-y plane can be written in the form

x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0

where a, b, c are real constants. Find the equation of the unique circle that passes through the three
points (−2, 7), (−4, 5), (4, −3).

11. The Traveller. A traveller who just returned from Europe spent:
For housing: $30/day in England, $20/day in France, $20/day in Spain
For food: $20/day in England, $30/day in France, $20/day in Spain
For incidental expenses: $10/day in each country.
The traveller’s records of the trip indicate a total of $340 spent for housing, $320 for food, $140 for
incidental expenses while travelling in these countries. Calculate the number of days spent in each
country or show that the records must be incorrect.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 1 : Linear Equations

12. Think. Frank’s, Dave’s and Phil’s ages are not known but are related as follows: The sum of Dave’s
and Phil’s ages is 13 more than Frank’s. Frank’s age plus Phil’s age is 19 more than Dave’s. If the
sum of their ages is 71, how old are Frank, Dave and Phil?

13. Homogeneous versus Non-homogeneous Linear Systems. Consider the following non-homogeneous
system in x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 :
x1 − x3 + x4 = 1
(∗)
x2 − x3 − x4 = 2

(a) Calculate the general solution y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 to the associated homogeneous linear system

y1 − y3 + y4 = 0
y2 − y3 − y4 = 0

(b) Show that x∗1 = 1, x∗2 = 2, x∗3 = 0, x∗4 = 0 is a particular solution to (∗).
(c) Show that x1 = y1 + x∗1 , x2 = y2 + x∗2 , x3 = y3 + x∗3 , x4 = y4 + x∗4 is the general solution to (∗).

14. Traffic Flow. Consider the traffic flow diagram. The number of cars x1 , x2 , x3 and x4 entering an
intersection must equal the number of cars leaving the intersection.
Determine the smallest nonnegative values of x1 , x2 , x3 and x4 .

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

Topic 2: Matrices and Determinants

2.1–2.2 – Matrix notation and operations (AR §1.3–1.4)

15. Matrix Algebra. Evaluate AB, BC, AT C T given that
 
1 2 " #
h i 3
A= 1 3 1 B= 0 1  C=
 
1
3 4

16. Matrix Properties. Consider the following matrices:

     
2 0 1 5 0 0 1 1 −2
A =  3 1 −1  B =  2 3 −1  C= 2 3 5 
     
−1 2 1 −2 3 4 0 1 2
Verify that
(a) A(BC) = (AB)C
(b) (AB)T = B T AT
(c) A(B + C) = AB + AC

17. Two by Two Examples. Use trial and error to find 2 by 2 examples of the following:
(a) a non-zero matrix A with A2 = 0;
(b) a matrix B with real entries and with B 2 = −I;
(c) matrices C and D with no zero entries but with CD = 0;
 (d) matrices E and F with EF = −F E but EF 6= 0.

18. Compatibility of Matrix Products.

(a) Show that if the matrix products AB and BA are both defined, then AB and BA are square
matrices.
(b) Show that if A is an m × n matrix and A(BA) is defined, then B is an n × m matrix.

19. Idempotent Matrix Multiplication. Let A be a square matrix satisfying A2 = A and let B be any
matrix of the same size. Show that
(AB − ABA)2 = 0.

20. Graphs. Consider the graph

(a) Determine the adjacency matrix A of the graph.

(b) How many walks of length three are there from V2 to V4 ? Identify these paths.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

21. Matrices in Manufacturing. A company manufactures three products. Its production expenses are
divided into categories. In each category, an estimate is given for the cost of producing a single item of
each product. An estimate is also made of the amount of each product to be produced each quarter.
These estimates are given in the tables below. At its stockholders meeting the company would like to
present a single table showing the total cost each quarter in each of the three categories: raw material,
labor, and overhead. Using matrices, construct this table.

Table 1: Production costs per item (dollars)

Product
Expenses A B C
Raw materials 0.10 0.30 0.15
Labor 0.30 0.40 0.25
Overhead and misc. 0.10 0.20 0.15

Table 2: Amount produced per quarter

Season
Product Summer Autumn Winter Spring
A 4000 4500 4500 4000
B 2000 2600 2400 2200
C 5800 6200 6000 6000

22. Commuting Matrices. Find all matrices A with real entries that commute with the following matrices
 
" # 1 0 0
1 −1
(a) C = (b) D =  0 2 0 
 
5 −4
0 0 3

that is, find all matrices A satisfying AC = CA and all matrices A satisfying AD = DA.

2.3 – Matrix inverses (AR §1.4-1.5)

23. Matrix Inverse. Find the inverse, if it exists, of the given matrix.
1 2 −1
 
" #
2 0  
(a)
−3 1  0
(b)  1 2 

0 0 1
 
1 0 1 0
1 −1 0
 
 
 0 1 0 1 
   
 −1
(c)  1 1  (d)  
 0 0 1 1 
  
0 −1 1  
1 1 0 0

24. 2 × 2 Inverse. Show that the inverse of the 2 × 2 matrix

" #
a b
c d

is the matrix
d −b
" #
1
ad − bc −c a
provided that ad − bc 6= 0.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

25. A Matrix Equation.

(a) Show that if a square matrix A satisfies

A2 − 4A + 3I = 0

then
1
A−1 = (4I − A).
3
(b) Verify these relations in the case that
" #
2 1
A=
1 2

26. Inverse Property. Let  

1 0 1
A= 2 3 4 
 
−1 0 −2
Show that
1
A−1 = − (A2 − 2A − 4I).
3

2.4 – Elementary matrices (AR §1.5)

27. Non Elementary Matrix. Explain why the following matrix is not an elementary matrix.
 
1 0 0
 0 1 0 
 
3 0 2

28. Elementary Matrices. Consider the matrix:

" #
1 0
−5 2

(a) Find elementary matrices E1 and E2 such that E2 E1 A = I.

(b) Write A−1 as a product of two elementary matrices.
(c) Write A as a product of two elementary matrices.

2.5 – Linear systems revisited (AR §1.6)

29. Another Matrix Inverse.

(a) Find the inverse of the matrix  

2 1 1 1

 2 3 2 2 

4 2 4 3
 
 
6 3 3 5
(b) Check your answer by matrix multiplication.
(c) Use your answer to part (a) to solve the system

2x + y + z + w = 3
2x + 3y + 2z + 2w = 5
4x + 2y + 4z + 3w = 6
6x + 3y + 3z + 5w = 9

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

30. Back to Linear Systems. Write the following systems of linear equations in the form Ax = b. Find
the inverse of A if it exists, and use this to help solve the system.
x − 3y + 4z = 4 x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 1
2x − 3y = 3
(a) (b) 2x + 2y =0 (c) 2x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
3x − 5y = 1
y − 2z = 2 − x2 + 3x3 = 0

31. Encrypting Messages. One way of sending an encrypted message is to assign an integer value to each
letter of the alphabet and put the integers corresponding to each letter down the columns of a matrix.
For example the message
SEND MONEY
might be stored as the 3 × 3 matrix
 
5 21 10
B= 8 7 8 
 
10 2 3

where the S is represented by a 5, the E by an 8, and so on.

We can encrypt the message by premultiplying B by an invertible 3 × 3 matrix A, where the encrypted
message is given by the entries in the columns of AB. The person receiving the encrypted message
can decrypt it by premultiplying the received message by A−1 .
Suppose we use the matrix  
1 2 1
A= 2 5 3 
 
2 3 2
to encrypt the message.

(a) Find A−1 .

(b) Calculate C = AB. Hence, determine the encrypted message.
(c) Decrypt the message by calculating B = A−1 C.

32. Coding Messages. Your friend has coded a meeting spot using the standard code a= 1, b= 2, c= 3 etc.
To make the code more secure (he doesn’t want everyone to know where you are meeting) he disguises
the message using matrix multiplication. Your friend uses the matrix A below to encrypt his message
 
1 2 1
A= 2 5 3 
 
2 3 2

and you receive the message as  

20 62 48
C =  49 163 115 
 
32 105 82
If the message was originally entered down the column of the matrix, where are you meeting your
friend?

33. Rank.

(a) Determine the rank of the matrix:

1 0 1
 
2 −1
" #
1  
(i)  −2 1 1 
(ii)  
3 −6 2
1 1 2

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

(b) Let  
1 1 k
A= 1 k 1 
 
k 1 1
Determine rank A in the cases
(i) k = 1 (ii) k = −2 (iii) k 6= 1 or −2

2.6 – Determinants (AR §2.1–2.3)

34. Elementary Operations. Let

a b c
|A| = d e f = 1.
g h i
Find the following determinants:
a b c a −b c d e f
(a) g h i (b) d −e f (c) 3g 3h 3i
d e f g −h i a b c
2a 2b 2c a b c
(d) 2d 2e 2f (e) d+a e+b f +c
2g 2h 2i g − 2a h − 2b i − 2c

35. More Determinants. Use row operations to evaluate the determinant of the following matrices:
 1 3 2
1 2 3 2 1 1
    
3 5 5
3 1 1
     
 1 3
(a)  7   3 0 −1 
(b)  (c) 
 
  8 2 4 
1 2 1
1 4 13 4 5 2 3 3 2

36. Determinants by Cofactors. Evaluate the determinant of the following matrices using cofactors:
2 1 1
 
" #
h i 2 1  
(a) 3 (b)  3 0 −1 
(c)  
3 −1
4 5 2
 
2 3 4 5
2 4 2
 
  " #
 
 0 3
 4 5 
 a ab
 1
(d)  5 1  (e)  (f)

 0 0 4 5  b a2 + b2
  
3 −7 3  
0 0 0 5

37. Vanishing Determinants. Evaluate the determinants of the following matrices. For what values of the
variables are the matrices invertible?
 
  λ−1 0 0 0
x 2x −3x  2 0 λ+1 0 
(a)  x x − 1 −3  (b) 
   
1 λ−2 0 0

0 0 2x − 1
 
2 3 9 λ+2
 
k k+1 k+2
(c)  k + 3 k + 4 k + 5 
 
k+6 k+7 k+8

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 2 : Matrices and Determinants

" #
a b
38. Properties of Determinants. Verify by direct calculation that if A = then:
c d
1
(a) det(A) = det(AT ) (b) det(A−1 ) =
det(A)

In the second part of this question you should assume that detA 6= 0.

39. Determinant of a Block Matrix. Verify by direct calculation the following formula for the evaluation
of the determinant of a certain block diagonal matrix:

2 1 0 0
4 5 0 0 2 1 3 2
=
0 0 3 2 4 5 −3 2
0 0 −3 2

40. Idempotent Matrices. A matrix P is called idempotent if P 2 = P .

(a) If P is idempotent, show that either det(P ) = 0 or det(P ) = 1.

(b) If P is idempotent and P 6= I show that det(P ) = 0.
(c) Give an example of a matrix (other than the zero matrix) that satisfies part (b).

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 3 : Euclidean Vector Spaces

Topic 3: Euclidean Vector Spaces

3.1–3.2 – Vectors and dot product in Rn (AR §3.1–3.2)

41. Vectors and Scalars. Let u = 3i + j, v = (2, 0, 1), w = (−1, −2, 3). Find
(a) u + v (b) w − v (c) u − 5v + 2w
(d) kwk (e) d(w, v) (f) kw − vk
(g) kwk + kvk (h) k5(w − v)k (i) v · w

42. Angle Between Vectors. Find the angle between the following pairs of vectors:
(a) (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 4) (b) (1, −1, 0), (0, 1, 1) (c) (2, −2, 2), (−1, 0, 2)

43. Angle Between Vectors. Find the angle between the following pairs of vectors:
(a) (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 4) (b) (1, −1, 0), (0, 1, 1) (c) (2, −2, 2), (−1, 0, 2)

44. Cauchy-Schwartz. Verify that the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality holds for the given vectors.

(a) u = (−3, 1, 0), v = (2, −1, 3) (b) u = (−4, 2, 1), v = (8, −4, −2)

 45. Dot Product Formulae. For any vectors u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v1 , v2 ) ∈ R2 , show that the two formulae
for the dot product u · v are equivalent, that is:

u1 v1 + u2 v2 = kukkvk cos(θ)

Hint: Use the law of cosines

kv − uk2 = kuk2 + kvk2 − 2kukkvk cos(θ)

3.3 – Cross product in R3 (AR §3.5)

46. Dot and Cross Products. Let u = (3, −1, 4), v = −i − 3j + k, w = (−1, 1, 2).
Find, if they exist:
(a) u · v (b) (3u) · (−2v) (c) u × v
(d) (v × u) · (−w) (e) v × 2u (f) u × (v · w)
(g) (u × v) · w (h) u · (v · w) (i) u · (v × w)

47. Distributive Laws. If u = (3, −5, 1), v = (0, 8, −1) and w = (1, −3, 2), verify the distributive laws for
dot and cross products:

(a) u · (v + w) = u · v + u · w
(b) u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

 48. Cross Product Properties. For any vectors a, b and c ∈ R3 , and scalars α, β ∈ R, show that:
(a) a × b = −b × a (b) (αa + βb) × c = αa × c + βb × c
(c) a × (αb + βc) = αa × b + βa × c (d) a × a = 0

49. Unit Vectors. Find two unit vectors orthogonal to both vectors:
(a) (1, −1, 1) and (0, 4, 4) (b) i + k and 2i + 3j + 4k

50. Orthogonal and Parallel. Find the values of x such that the following pairs of vectors are (i) orthogonal
and (ii) parallel.
(a) (x, 1 − 2x, 3) and (1, −x, 3x) (b) (x, x, −1) and (1, x, 6)

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 3 : Euclidean Vector Spaces

51. Area.

(a) Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the given vectors:
(i) a = 2i + j + k, b = 2i − j + 2k
(ii) a = (1, 4, −2), b = (1, 1, −1)
(b) Find the area of the triangle which has vertices:
(i) a = 2j + k, b = −4i + j − 2k, c = i + j − 2k
(ii) A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 2, 1), C(2, 3, 2)

52. Triangle Properties. Consider the triangle with the vertices (1, −1, 2), (−2, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3).

(a) Find the area of a triangle.

(b) Find a unit vector orthogonal to the plane of the triangle.

53. Volume. Find the volume of the parallelepiped:

(a) determined by the vectors a = (1, 0, 6), b = (2, 3, −8), c = (8, −5, 6)
−→ −→ − →
(b) with adjacent edges PQ, PR, PS where P (1, 1, 1), Q(2, 0, 3), R(3, 1, 7), S(3, −1, −2)

 54. Proving Vector Identities. For any vectors u, v and w ∈ R3 , show that:

(a) u · (v × w) = w · (u × v) = −v · (u × w)
(b) (u − v) · [(v × w) + (w × u)] = 0
(c) u × (v × w) = (u · w) v − (u · v) w

3.4 – Lines and planes (AR §3.4)

55. Lines.
Write down equations for the following lines in both vector and cartesian form:

(a) the line passing through P (2, 1, −3) and parallel to v = (1, 2, 2)
(b) the line through P (2, −3, 1) and parallel to the x-axis
(c) the line passing through the points P (2, 0, −2) and Q(1, 4, 2)
(d) the line through P (2, 4, 5) and perpendicular to the plane 5x − 5y − 10z = 2

56. More Lines. Determine whether the lines L1 and L2 are parallel, intersecting or skew (not parallel or
intersecting). If they intersect, find the point of intersection. Let the parameters s, t ∈ R.

(a) L1 : x = −6t, y = 1 + 9t, z = −3t and L2 : x = 1 + 2s, y = 4 − 3s, z = s

(b) L1 : x = 1 + t, y = 1 − t, z = 2t and L2 : x = 2 − s, y = s, z = 2
x−4 y+5 z−1 y+1 z
(c) L1 : = = and L2 : x − 2 = =
2 4 −3 3 2

57. Planes. Find equations of the following planes in both cartesian and (vector) parametric form:

(a) the plane through the point (1, 4, 5) and perpendicular to the vector (7, 1, 4)
(b) the plane through the point (6, 5, −2) and parallel to the plane x + y − z + 1 = 0
(c) the plane through the origin and the points (1, 1, 1) and (1, 2, 3)
(d) the plane that passes through the point (1, 6, −4) and contains the line

x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 − 3t, z = 3 − t where t ∈ R

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 3 : Euclidean Vector Spaces

58. Co-What?

(a) Show that three points A, B and C are collinear (i.e. lie on a straight line) if and only if
−→ −→
AB × AC = 0. Are the points A(1, 2, 3), B(3, 1, 0) and C(9, −2, −9) collinear? If yes, find an
equation of the line containing these points.
(b) Show that four points A, B, C and D are coplanar (i.e. lie on a plane) if and only if
−→ −→ −→
AB · (AC × AD) = 0.

Are the points A(1, 1, 1), B(2, 1, 3), C(3, 2, 1) and D(4, 2, 3) coplanar? If yes, find an equation of
the plane containing these points.

59. Intersections.

(a) Find the point of intersection of the line

r(t) = (2, 1, 1) + t(−1, 0, 4); t ∈ R

with the plane x − 3y − z = 1.

(b) Find the point of intersection of the line

x = 1 + t, y = 2t, z = 3t; t ∈ R

with the plane x + y + z = 1.

60. Angles. Find the acute angle between:

(a) the lines x − 3 = 2 − y, z = 1 and x = 7, y − 2 = z − 5

(b) the planes 2x + y + 3z = 0 and 3x − 2y + 4z − 4 = 0
(c) the line x = 2t − 7, y = 4t − 6, z = t − 5; t ∈ R and a vector normal to the plane x + 2y − 4z = 0

61. Equation of Plane. Let the line ` be given by the intersection of the planes 2x−y +z = 0, x+z −1 = 0,
and M be the point (1, 3, −2). Find a Cartesian equation of the plane:

(a) passing through M and `;

(b) passing through M and orthogonal to `.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 4 : General Vector Spaces

Topic 4: General Vector Spaces

4.1– General vector spaces (AR §4.1)
62. Vector Spaces. Determine whether or not the given set is a vector space under the usual operations.
If it is not a vector space, list all properties that fail to hold.
(a) The set of all 2 × 3 matrices whose second column consists of 0’s.
(b) The set of all real polynomials with positive coefficients.
 (c) The set of all real valued continuous functions with the property that the function is 0 at every
integer, for example f (x) = sin(πx).

63. General Vector Space. Let V be the set of positive real numbers, that is,
V = {x ∈ R | x > 0}.
Define the operations of vector addition ⊕ and scalar multiplication as follows:
x ⊕ y = xy for all x, y ∈ V
k
k x=x for all k ∈ R, and x ∈ V
Show that, equipped with these operations, V forms a real vector space. What is the zero vector?
What is the additive inverse of a vector x ∈ V ?
64. Complex Scalar Multiplication. Let V = R2 . Define scalar multiplication of C on V as follows:
(a + ib)(x, y) = (ax − by, bx + ay) for a, b ∈ R and (x, y) ∈ R2 .
Show that the scalar multiplication of C on V is well-defined by checking that the following properties
are satisfied.
(a) For v ∈ V , i(iv) = (−1)v.
(b) For α, β ∈ C and v ∈ V , α(βv) = (αβ)v.
(c) For α ∈ C and u, v ∈ V , α(u + v) = αu + αv.

65. Different Operations on Vector Spaces. Consider the line V = {(t, t + 1) | t ∈ R} in R. Let V be the
real vector space with vector addition ⊕ defined by
(x, x + 1) ⊕ (y, y + 1) = (x + y, x + y + 1) for each (x, x + 1), (y, y + 1) ∈ V
and scalar multiplication defined by
α (x, x + 1) = (αx, αx + 1) for each (x, x + 1) ∈ V and α ∈ R.
(a) Verify the distributive property α (u ⊕ v) = (α u) ⊕ (α v) when
α = 3, u = (−2, −1), v = (3, 4).

(b) Prove the associative property u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w for all u, v, w ∈ V .

(c) Prove that u ⊕ (0, 1) = u for all u ∈ V .
(d) What is the zero vector in V ? What is its additive inverse of a vector u ∈ V ?

4.2 – Subspaces (AR §4.2)

66. Subspaces of R2 . For each of the following subsets of R2 sketch the set, then determine whether it is
(i) closed under addition,
(ii) closed under scalar multiplication,
(iii) a subspace of R2 .

(a) A = {(x, y) | y ≥ 0} (b) B = {(x, y) | x = y}

(c) C = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 1} (d) D = {(x, y) | xy = 0}.

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 4 : General Vector Spaces

67. Subspaces of R3 . Decide which of the following are subspaces of R3 . Explain your answers.

(a) A = {(a, b, 0) ∈ R3 | a, b ∈ R}
(b) B = {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 | 2a − 3b + 5c = 4}
(c) C = {(a, b, c) ∈ R3 | 2a − 3b + 5c = 0}
(d) D = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 | a1 ≥ 0}
(e) E = {(a − b, a + b, 2a) ∈ R3 |a, b ∈ R}

68. Not Subspaces of Rn . Show that the following sets of vectors are not subspaces of Rn .

(a) The set of all vectors whose first component is 2.

(b) The set of all vectors the sum of whose components is 1.

69. Matrix Subspaces. Determine whether or not the given set is a subspace of M2,2 :

(a) The set of all 2 × 2 matrices, the sum of whose entries is zero.
(b) The set of all 2 × 2 matrices whose determinant is zero.

70. More Matrix Subspaces. Determine whether or not the given set is a subspace of Mn,n .

(a) The diagonal matrices of order n.

(b) The matrices of order n with trace equal to 0.

71. Complex Matrix Spaces. Determine whether or not the given set is a subspace of the complex vector
space M2,2 (C).
" #
z z
(a) All complex 2 × 2 matrices 1 2 with z1 and z2 real.
z3 z4
(b) All complex 2 × 2 matrices with z1 + z4 = 0.

72. General Subspaces. Use the subspace theorem to decide which of the following are real vector spaces
with the usual operations.

(a) The set of real polynomials of degree exactly n.

(b) The set of real polynomials {p | p(0) = 0}.
(c) The set of real polynomials {p | p(0) = 1}.
(d) The set of all solutions of the differential equation y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 0.

73. Function Subspaces. Determine if the following sets are subspaces of the vector space F(R, R) of
real-valued functions f : R → R.

(a) The set of all differentiable functions.

(b) The set W of all functions f : R → R such that f (x) = f (1 − x) for all x ∈ R.
(c) The set S of all functions f : R → R such that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R.

 74. Intersections of Subspaces. Let H and K be subspaces of a vector space V . Prove that the intersection
K ∩ H is a subspace of V .

4.3 – Linear combinations and spans (AR §4.2)

75. Linear Combinations. Which of the following vectors are linear combinations of u = (0, −2, 2) and
v = (1, 3, −1)?
(a) (2, 2, 2) (b) (0, 4, 5)

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 4 : General Vector Spaces

76. More Linear Combinations. Let u = (1, 0, −1) and v = (−2, 1, 1).

(a) Write (−1, 2, −1) as a linear combination of u and v.

(b) Show that (−1, 1, 1) cannot be written as a linear combination of u and v.
(c) For what value of c is the vector (1, 1, c) a linear combination of u and v?

77. Matrix Linear Combinations. Consider the following matrices:

" # " # " # " #
4 0 1 −1 0 2 6 −8
A= , B= , C= and M= .
−2 −2 2 3 1 4 −1 −8

Is M a linear combination of A, B and C? If so, express M in terms of A, B and C.

78. Polynomial Linear Combinations. Express the polynomial −9 − 7x − 15x2 as a linear combination of
p1 = 2 + x + 4x2 , p2 = 1 − x + 3x2 , and p3 = 3 + 2x + 5x2 .

79. Spanning Sets. Determine whether the given set spans the given vector space.

(a) {(1, 2), (3, 4)} in R2 .

(b) {(2, 0, 1), (3, 1, 2), (1, 1, 1), (7, 3, 5)} in R3 .

80. Spanning Sets in R3 . Determine which of the following sets span R3 .

(a) {(1, 2, 3), (−1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2)}

(b) {(−1, 1, 2), (3, 3, 1), (1, 2, 2)}

81. Spanning Sets with Parameters. Find spanning sets for the following subspaces of R3 :

(a) {(2a, b, 0) | a, b ∈ R}
(b) {(a + c, c − b, 3c) | a, b, c ∈ R}
(c) {(4a + d, a + 2b, c − b) | a, b, c, d ∈ R}

82. Sets Spanning Vector Spaces. Determine whether or not each set spans the indicated vector space.

(a) {1, 1 + x, 1 + x + x2 } in P2
(b) {1 + x2 , 1 + x + 2x2 , x + x2 } in P2
(" # " # " # " #)
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(c) , , , in M2,2
0 −1 0 −1 1 −1 0 1
   
 2 0 0
 −2 0 0 
(d) 0 −1 0 ,  0 −1 0  in M3,3
   
0 −1 

 0 0 1 
0

83. Spanning Sets. Determine whether the given set of vectors spans the given vector space.

(a) {1 − x, 3 − x2 } in P2 .
( ! ! ! !)
2 1 0 0 3 −1 0 0
(b) , , , in M2,2 .
0 0 2 1 0 0 3 1

4.4 – Linear dependence and linear independence (AR §4.3)

84. Linear Independence. Determine whether or not the following sets of vectors are linearly independent:

(a) {(2, −3, 1, −5), (0, 1, 2, 2), (1, −2, 3, 0)}

(b) {(1, 0, 2, −3), (0, −4, 1, 1), (2, 2, 0, −1), (1, −2, −1, 3)}

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 4 : General Vector Spaces

85. Linear Independence Again. Determine whether the following sets are linearly dependent or linearly
independent.

(a) {(1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 0), (−1, 1)}

(b) {(1, 2), (3, −1)}
(c) {(1, 0, 1), (−1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1))}
(d) {(2, 0, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 3, −2, 0), (1, −2, 4, −3)}

86. Linear Independence of Complex Vectors. Which of the following sets of vectors in C3 are linearly
independent?

(a) {(1 − i, 1, 0), (2, 1 + i, 0), (1 + i, i, 0)}

(b) {(1, 0, −i), (1 + i, 1, 1 − 2i), (0, i, 2)}
(c) {(i, 0, 2 − i), (0, 1, i), (−i, −1 − 4i, 3)}

87. Independent or Dependent? Let S = {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 } be vectors in R3 and let A be the 3 × 5 matrix
with the ith column given by the vector vi . Suppose that the reduced row-echelon form of A is
 
1 2 0 −1 0
0 0 1 3 0
 
0 0 0 0 1

Are the following sets linearly dependent or independent? If linearly dependent, express one vector as
a linear combination of the others.
(a) {v1 , v2 , v3 } (b) {v1 , v3 , v4 } (c) {v1 , v4 , v5 } (d) {v3 , v4 , v5 }

88. Independent or Dependent Sets?

Determine whether or not the sets in question 82 are linearly independent. If the set is linearly
dependent, write one of its vectors as a linear combination of the others.

 89. Linear Independence with Parameters. Show that the vectors (1, a, a2 ), (1, b, b2 ), (1, c, c2 ) are linearly
independent if a, b, c are distinct (i.e., a 6= b, a 6= c and b 6= c).

4.5 – Bases and dimension (AR §4.2–4.5)

90. Linear Independence and Span. In each part explain why the given statement is true “by inspection.”

(a) The set {(1, 0, 3), (−1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 4), (0, −1, −2)} is linearly dependent.
(b) The set {(1, −1, 2), (0, 1, 1)} does not span R3 .
(c) If the set {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } of vectors in R4 is linearly independent, then it spans R4 .
(d) The set {(0, 1, −1, 0), (0, −1, 2, 0)} is linearly independent, and so it spans the subspace of R4 of
all vectors of the form (0, a, b, 0).

91. Bases for R3 . Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for R3 ?

(a) {(1, 0, 0), (2, 2, 0), (3, 3, 3)}

(b) {(2, −3, 1), (4, 1, 1), (0, −7, 1)}
(c) {(−1, 1, 2), (3, 3, 1), (1, 2, 2)}

92. Dimensions and Bases. In each part explain why the given statement is true.

(a) Any four polynomials in P2 are linearly dependent.

(b) Two polynomials cannot span P2 .

93. More Bases. Determine whether or not each set in question 82 is a basis for the indicated vector space.

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94. Polynomial Bases. Which of the following sets are bases for P2 ?
(a) {1 − 3x + 2x2 , 1 + x + 4x2 , 1 − 7x} (b) {1 + x + x2 , x + x2 , x2 }

95. Matrix Bases. Show that the following set is a basis for M2,2 :
(" # " # " # " #)
3 6 0 −1 0 −8 1 0
, , ,
3 −6 −1 0 −12 −4 −1 2

96. Dimension of Vector Space. Find the dimension of the given vector space:

(a) The subspace of M2,2 consisting of all diagonal 2 × 2 matrices.

(b) The subspace of M2,2 consisting of all 2 × 2 matrices whose diagonal entries are zero.
(c) The subspace of P3 consisting of all polynomials of the form p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a3 x3 .

97. Complex Basis. Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for C2 ?

(a) (2i, −i), (4i, 0).

(b) (1 + i, 1), (1 + i, i).
(c) (0, 0), (1 + i, 1 − i).
(d) (2 − 3i, i), (3 + 2i, −1).

98. Complex Vector Space. Determine whether or not the given set is a basis for C3 .
(a) {(i, 0, −1), (1, 1, 1), (0, −i, i)} (b) {(i, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}

99. Basis and Dimension. Find a basis for and the dimension of the subspace of Rn spanned by the
following sets.

(a) {(0, 1, −2), (3, 0, 1), (3, 2, −3)} (n = 3)

(b) {(1, 3), (−1, 2), (7, 6)} (n = 2)
(c) {(−1, 2, 0, 4), (3, 1, −1, 2), (−5, 3, 1, 6), (7, 0, −2, 0)} (n = 4)

100. Basis and Linear Combinations. For each of the following sets choose a subset which is a basis for the
subspace spanned by the set. Then express each vector that is not in the basis as a linear combination
of the basis vectors.

(a) (1, 2, 0, −1), (2, −1, 2, 3), (−1, −11, 6, 13), (4, 3, 2, 1)
(b) (0, −1, −3, 3), (−1, −1, −3, 2), (3, 1, 3, 0), (0, −1, −2, 1)
(c) (1, 2, −1), (0, 3, 4), (2, 1, −6), (0, 0, 2)

101. Bases for Lines and Planes. Find bases for the following subspaces of R3 .

(a) The set of vectors lying in the plane 2x − y − z = 0.

x y z
(b) The set of vectors on the line = = .
2 3 4

102. Basis for Complex Vector Space. Find a basis for the subspace of C3 of all vectors of the form (z1 , z2 , z3 )
satisfying
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0.

 103. Another Basis. Let      


 0 1 4 x x 
3 
W = (x, y, z) ∈ R |  6 1 −8 y  = 3 y 
   
−9 3 15
 
 z z 
Show that W is a two dimensional subspace of R3 , and find a basis for it.

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4.6 – Solution space, column space and row space (AR§4.7)

104. Solution Spaces. In each part find a basis for and the dimension of the indicated subspace.
(a) The solution space of the homogeneous linear system:
x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0
x2 − x3 + x4 = 0
x1 − x2 + x4 = 0
(b) The solution space of
x1 − 3x2 + x3 − x5 = 0
x1 − 2x2 + x3 − x4 = 0
x1 − x2 + x3 − 2x4 + x5 = 0
(c) The subspace of R4 of all vectors of the form (x, −y, x − 2y, 3y).

105. Row Rank and Column Rank. For each of the following matrices, verify that the row rank is equal
to the column rank by explicitly finding the dimensions of the row space and the column space of the
matrix.
 
1 −1 3
     
 
1 2 1   1 0 −1
0 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c) 
 
  
2 1 −1 −1 0 1 1

1 0

 
2 −1 1
106. Column, Row and Solution Spaces. For each matrix of question 105, find a basis for the
(i) column space,
(ii) row space,
(iii) solution space.

107. More Column, Row and Solution Spaces. Let

   
1 1 7 1 1 1 0 4 1 0
 2 0 8 −1 6   0 1 3 0 1 
A= ∼  = B.
   
 2 −3 −1 −2 5   0 0 0 2 −4 
0 2 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

(a) Find a basis B for the column space of A.

(b) Express the columns of A not in B as a linear combination of elements in B.
(c) What is the dimension of the row space of A?
(d) Is (0, 1, −1, 4, 2) in the solution space of A? Justify your answer.

4.7 – Coordinates relative to a basis (AR §4.4)

108. Coordinates.
(a) Show that the set
B = {(−2, 2, 2), (3, −2, 3), (2, −1, 1)}
is a basis for R3 .
(b) Find the vectors x, y ∈ R3 whose coordinates with respect to the ordered basis B are
   
2 1
[x]B = 1 and [y]B =  0 .
   
1 −1
(c) For each of the following vectors find its coordinates with respect to the ordered basis B:
a = (2, −1, 1), b = (1, 0, 5), c = (3, −1, 6).

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109. Coordinate Vectors. Find the coordinate vector of v with respect to the given ordered basis B for the
vector space V .

(a) v = 2 − x + 3x2 , B = {1, x, x2 , x3 }, V = P3 .

" # (" # " # " # " # " # " #)
1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) v = , B= , , , , , ,
−1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
V = M2,3 .

(c) v = 2 − 5x, B = {x + 1, x − 1}, V = P1 .

" # (" # " #)
−2 0 1 0 0 0
(d) v = , B= , , V is the vector space of all diagonal 2 × 2 matrices.
0 3 0 0 0 1

110. Linear Independence via Coordinates. Use coordinate vectors to decide whether or not the given set
is linearly independent. If it is linearly dependent, express one of the vectors as a linear combination
of the others.

(a) {x2 + x − 1, x2 − 2x + 3, x2 + 4x − 3} ∈ P2
(" # " # " #)
1 2 0 −1 1 0
(b) , , in M2,2
−1 0 1 1 1 2

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 5 : Linear Transformations

Topic 5: Linear Transformations

5.1 – General linear transformations (AR §8.1–8.3)

111. Linear Transformation Proof. Show that each of the following maps is a linear transformation:

(a) S : R2 → R2 , S(x, y) = (2x − y, x + y),

" #
y z
(b) T : R3 → M2,2 given by T (x, y, z) = .
−x 0

112. Linear Transformations. Determine whether or not the given map is a linear transformation, and
justify your answer.

(a) F : R3 → R2 , F (x, y, z) = (0, 2x + y)

(b) K : R2 → R3 , K(x, y) = (x, sin y, 2x + y)

113. Possible Linear Transformations. For each of the following functions, determine whether or not the
function is a linear transformation. Either prove that it is a linear transformation or give an explicit
counter example to show that it is not a linear transformation.

(a) T : P1 → P2 where T (a0 + a1 x) = a0 + a1 x + x2 .

" #!
a b
(b) T : M2,2 → R where T = a + d.
c d
" #! " #" #
a b a b 4
(c) T : M2,2 → M2,1 where T = .
c d c d 2

114. Apply Transformation. Let v1 , v2 , and v3 be vectors in a vector space V and T : V → R3 a

linear transformation for which T (v1 ) = (1, −1, 2), T (v2 ) = (0, 3, 2), and T (v3 ) = (−3, 1, 2). Find
T (2v1 − 3v2 + 4v3 ).

5.2 – Geometric linear transformations from R2 to R2 (AR §4.9-4.11)

115. Geometry of Matrices. For the linear transformations of R2 into R2 given by the following matrices:

(i) Sketch the image of the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1).
(ii) Describe the geometric effect of the linear transformation.
     
0 1 0 0 1 1
(a)   (b)   (c)  
1 0 1 0 0 0
     
1 0  b 0 1 3 −4
(d)   (e)   (f) 5  
a 1 0 c 4 3

116. Transformation Matrices in R2 . Find the matrix of the following linear transformations of R2 .
3π π
(a) rotation by 4 anticlockwise around origin (b) rotation by 2 clockwise around origin
(c) reflection in the line y = x (d) reflection in the x−axis

117. Matrices for Rotation. Find the matrix that rotates a point (x, y) about the origin
(a) π4 anticlockwise (b) π

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118. Successive Transformations. In each part, find a single matrix that performs the indicated succession
of operations.
1
(a) Compresses by a factor of 2 in the x-direction, then expands by a factor of 5 in the y-direction.
(b) Reflects about y = x, then rotates about the origin through an angle of π.
(c) Reflects about the y-axis, then expands by a factor of 5 in the x-direction, and then reflects about
y = x.

The following functions are all linear transformations. Use them in questions 119 and 120.
K(x, y, z) = (x, x + y, x + y + z) L(x, y, z) = (2x − y, x + 2y)
S(x, y, z) = (z, y, x) T (x, y) = (2x + y, x + y, x − y, x − 2y)
119. Transformation Matrices in Rn . Find the matrix that represents each of the following linear transfor-
mations with respect to the ordered standard bases of Rn .
(a) K (b) L
(c) S (d) T

120. Combining Linear Transformations. For each part below:

(i) Find the indicated linear transformation if it is defined. If it is not defined, explain why not.
(ii) If the linear transformation is defined, find the matrix representation for the transformation.

(a) LK(= L ◦ K) (b) T L(= T ◦ L) (c) S 2

(d) K + S (e) T 2

 121. Computer Graphics. One of the most important applications of linear transformations is computer
graphics where we wish to view 3-dimensional objects (for example a crystal) on a 2-dimensional
screen. The screen is the xy-plane. The aim is to rotate the crystal and orthogonally project it onto
the xy-plane to obtain different views of it.
We consider 3 possible rotations:
 
1 0 0
• A rotation of θ round the x-axis using the matrix Rx = 0 cos θ − sin θ
 
0 sin θ cos θ
 
cos θ 0 sin θ
• A rotation of θ round the y-axis using the matrix Ry =  0 1 0 
 
− sin θ 0 cos θ
 
cos θ − sin θ 0
• A rotation of θ round the z-axis using the matrix Rz =  sin θ cos θ 0
 
0 0 1

The matrix used to orthogonally project the object onto the computer screen is
" #
1 0 0
P =
0 1 0

A crystal has vertices A : (0, 0, 1), B : (1, 0, 0), C : (0, 1, 0), D : (−1, 0, 0), E : (0, −1, 0), F : (0, 0, −1)
with edges the line segments AB, AC, AD, AE, F B, F C, F D, F E, BC, CD, DE and EB.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 5 : Linear Transformations

A
D

E C y

B
F
x
Projecting onto the xy-plane, we find P (A) = A0 is given by
 
" # 0 " #
1 0 0   0
0 =
0 1 0 0
1

In the same way B 0 = (1, 0), C 0 = (0, 1), D0 = (−1, 0), E 0 = (0, −1) and F 0 = (0, 0).
Connecting up the line segments appropriately we find the view on the computer screen is
y
A’& F’
C’
D’ B’ x

E’
Draw the picture that would appear on the computer screen if:

(a) the crystal is rotated 45◦ around the x-axis before projection,
(b) the crystal is rotated 45◦ around the x-axis and then 30◦ around the z-axis,
(c) the crystal is rotated 45◦ around the x-axis, 30◦ around the z-axis and then −60◦ around the
y-axis.

You might like to think about whether or not orthogonal projection is the best way to project from
3-D to 2-D.

5.3 – Matrix representations for general linear transformations (AR §4.9–4.11)

122. Polynomial Spaces. Let T : P2 → P3 denote the function defined by multiplication by x:

T (p(x)) = xp(x).

In other words,
T (a + bx + cx2 ) = ax + bx2 + cx3 .

(a) Show that T is a linear transformation.

(b) Find the matrix of T with respect to the ordered standard bases {1, x, x2 } for P2 and {1, x, x2 , x3 }
for P3 .

123. Polynomial Transformation. Let T : P2 → P2 be the linear transformation defined by

T (p(x)) = p(2x + 1),

that is,
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = a0 + a1 (2x + 1) + a2 (2x + 1)2 .
Find [T ]B with respect to the ordered basis B = {1, x, x2 }.

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124. Transformations for Different Bases. Find the matrix A that represents the linear transformation T
with respect to the ordered bases B and B 0 .

(a) T : R3 → M2,2 given by " #

y z
T (x, y, z) =
−x 0
where B = {e1 , e2 , e3 } and B 0 is the standard ordered basis for M2,2 .
(b) T : P3 → P3 given by

T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) = (a0 + a2 ) − (a1 + 2a3 )x2

where B = B 0 = {1, x, x2 , x3 }.

125. Integral via Transformation. Let S : P2 → P3 be the linear transformation defined as follows. For
each p(x) = a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 , define
1 1
S(p) = a2 x3 + a1 x2 + a0 x.
3 2
R
Then S gives the integral p(x) dx, with the constant of integration equal to zero.

(a) Find the matrix A that represents S with respect to the ordered bases B = {1, x, x2 } and B 0 =
{1, x, x2 , x3 }
(b) Use A to find the integral of p(x) = 1 − x + 2x2 .

5.4 – Image, kernel, rank and nullity (AR §8.1–8.2, 4.7–4.8)

126. Kernel, Image, Rank and Nullity. Consider the linear transformation T : R4 → R3 given by T (x) = Ax
where  
1 2 −1 1
A = 1 0 1 1 .
 
2 −4 6 2

(a) Determine whether or not v1 = (−2, 0, 0, 2) and v2 = (−2, 2, 2, 0) are in the kernel of T .
(b) Determine whether or not w1 = (1, 3, 1) or w2 = (−1, −1, −2) are in the image of T .
(c) Find the nullity of T and give a basis for the kernel of T . Is the transformation injective?
(d) Find the rank of T and give a basis for the image of T . Is the transformation surjective?

127. Matrix, Kernel and Image. For each of the linear transformations T in parts (a)-(d) find:

(i) its standard matrix

(ii) a basis for the kernel
(iii) a basis for the image

(a) T (x, y) = (x + y, 3y)

(b) T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 − x3 , 2x1 + x2 )
(c) T (x, y) = (x + 2y, −y, x − y)
(d) T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 − x2 − 6x3 , −2x1 + x2 + 5x3 , 3x1 + 3x2 + 6x3 )

128. Kernel and Image. For each linear transformation in question 124.

(i) Compute ker(T ). Which ones are one-to-one?

(ii) Compute Im(T ). Which ones are onto?

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129. Matrix Space and Matrices. Let V be the vector space of all real 2 × 2 matrices. Let T : V → R2 be
the map defined by
" #! " #
a11 a12 h i a
11 a12 h i
T = 2 −1 = 2a11 − a21 2a12 − a22 .
a21 a22 a21 a22

(a) Show that T is a linear transformation.

(b) Find bases for the kernel and image of T . Deduce the rank and nullity of T .
(c) Find the matrix of T with respect to the basis
(" # " # " # " #)
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
, , ,
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

of V and the standard basis of R2 .

5.5 – Invertible linear transformations (AR §8.3)

130. Is Transformation Invertible? Determine whether or not the given linear transformation is invertible.
If it is invertible, compute its inverse.

(a) T : R3 → R3 given by T (x, y, z) = (x + z, x − y + z, y + 2z)

(b) T : R2 → R2 given by T (x, y) = (3x + 2y, −6x − 4y)
(c) T : R2 → R2 an anticlockwise rotation around the origin through an angle of θ.
(d) T : R2 → R2 a reflection in the line through the origin which forms an angle θ with the x-axis.

131. Inversion. Show that the transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by

T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, x + z)

is invertible and find its inverse

132. 3-d Rotations. Consider the matrix

 
cos θ − sin θ 0
A(θ) =  sin θ cos θ 0 .
 
0 0 1

(a) Evaluate det A(θ).

(b) Interpret geometrically the effect of multiplying a vector by A(θ).
(c) Show that A(θ)A(φ) = A(θ + φ) and interpret this result.
(d) Use the previous part to find the inverse of A(θ). How does this compare this with the transpose
A(θ)T ?

5.6 – Change of basis (AR §4.6, 8.5)

133. Transition Matrix. Consider the ordered bases

B = {(1, −2, 1), (0, 3, 2), (1, 0, −1)} and C = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}.

(a) Find the transition matrix P from B to C.

(b) Use P to find [x]B if
(a) x = (3, −2, 5) (b) x = (−2, 7, 4)

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134. Change of Basis Matrix. Verify that the given set B is a basis for Rn . Compute the change of basis
matrix for each of these ordered bases, and use it to find the coordinate vector of v with respect to B.

(a) B = {(1, 2), (1, −2)}, v = (−1, 3), (n = 2)

(b) B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (−1, 1, 0)}, v = (3, −1, 1), (n = 3)

135. Transformations. Let T : Rn → Rn be given by T (x) = Ax where A is the given matrix.

" #
1 1
(a) A =
0 −1

Find the matrix [T ]B that represents T with respect to the ordered basis B of question 134a.
 
2 −1 0
(b) A = −2 1 2
 
−1 −1 3
Find the matrix [T ]B that represents T with respect to the ordered basis B of question 134b.

136. Transformation Matrices 1. Let T : R3 → R3 be given by

T (x, y, z) = (4x + y − 4z, −3x − y + 5z, x).

Find the matrix [T ]B that represents T with respect to the ordered basis B of question 134b.

137. Transformation Matrices 2. Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by

T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 − 2x2 , −x2 ).

Consider the ordered bases S = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} and B 0 = {(2, 1), (−3, 4)}.

(a) Write down the matrix [T ]S of T with respect to S.

(b) Compute the matrix [T ]B of T with respect to B.

138. Transitions. A linear transformation T : R3 → R3 has matrix

 
13 −4 −5
[T ]S = 15 −4 −6
 
18 −6 −7

with respect to the ordered standard basis for R3 .

Find the matrix [T ]B of T with respect to the ordered basis

B = {(1, 2, 1), (0, 1, −1), (2, 3, 2)}.

 139. Lorentz Transformation. The following change of basis arises in special relativity and is known as the
Lorentz transformation:

x0 = γ(x − vt)
−v
t0 = γ( 2 x + t)
c
1
where v is the speed of a moving object, c is the speed of light (a constant) and γ = (1 − ( vc )2 )− 2 .
Find the change of basis matrix A(v) that converts (x0 , t0 )-coordinates to (x, t)-coordinates.

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 6 : Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Topic 6: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

6.1–6.3 – Definitions and computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors (AR §5.1)

 140. Rotations. Show that there is no line in the real plane R2 through the origin which is invariant under
the transformation whose matrix is
" #
cos θ − sin θ
A(θ) = ,
sin θ cos θ

when θ is not an integral multiple of π. Give a geometric interpretation of this problem commenting
on the case when θ = kπ for some k ∈ Z.

141. Eigenobjects. Find the eigenvalues and linearly independent eigenvectors of the following matrices:
   
 7 −2  3 −2
(a)   (b)  
15 −4 17 −7
   
1 −1 0 −1
(c)   (d)  
1 3 1 0

142. Further Eigenobjects. Find the eigenvalues and linearly independent eigenvectors for the following
matrices.
   
2 −3 6 2 1 0
   
(a) 
0 5 −6
 (b) 
0 2 0

   
0 1 0 0 0 −3
   
−5 −8 −12  2 2 2
   
(c) 
−6 −10 −12
 (d) 
−1 −1 −2

   
6 10 13 1 2 3

143. Eigenspaces. For each matrix find all eigenvalues and a basis for each eigenspace.
   
3 1 1 1 1 0
   
(a) 
2 4 2
 (b) 
0 1 0

   
1 1 3 0 0 1
1
144. Eigenvalue Proof. Prove that for an invertible matrix A, λ is an eigenvalue of A if and only if λ is an
eigenvalue of A−1 . What relationship holds between the eigenvectors of A and A−1 ?

145. Invariant Lines. Find 1-dimensional subspaces of R2 invariant under the linear transformations given
by the following matrices:
   
1 0  1 2
(a)   (b)  
2 0 −3 −6

6.4 – Diagonalisation (AR §5.2, 7.1–7.3)

146. Diagonalisation. Decide which of the matrices A in questions 141 above are diagonalisable and, if
possible, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P −1 AP = D.

147. More Diagonalisation. Decide which of the matrices A in questions 142 above are diagonalisable and,
if possible, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P −1 AP = D.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 6 : Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

6.5 – Matrix powers (AR §7.3)

148. Powers. Let A be a matrix such that A = P DP −1 , where D is diagonal. Prove that, for each positive
integer n,
An = P Dn P −1 .

149. Practical Powers. Use the result of the preceding problem to find A5 , where A is
 
  8 1 27 5
" # 9 18 −24
3 −2 0 18 14 −6
(a) (b) 7 20 −24 (c) 81 
   
2 −2 0 2 −18 −6

7 21 −25
0 8 8 −8

[Hint: The matrix has eigenvalues 3, 2, −1 in (b), and 1, 2, −1, −2 in (c).]

150. Application of Matrix Powers. Suppose the nth pass through a manufacturing process is modelled by
the linear equations xn = An x0 , where x0 is the initial state of the system and
" #
1 3 2
A=
5 2 3

Show that "1 1

1 n 12 − 12
# " #
n 2 2
A = 1 1 +( )
2 2
5 − 12 1
2
" #
p
Then, with the initial state x0 = , calculate lim xn .
1−p n→∞

151. Manufacturing Application. Two companies, Lemon and LIME, introduce a new type of computer. At
the start, their shares of the market are 60% and 40%. After a year, Lemon kept 85% of its customers
and gained 25% of LIME’s customers; LIME gained 15% of Lemon’s customers and kept 75% of its
customers. Assume that the total market is constant and that the same fractions shift among the
firms every year.

(a) Write down the market share shift as a system of linear equations.
(b) Express the shift in matrix form and find the transition matrix A.
(c) Find the market shares after 5 and 10 years.
(d) Show that the market eventually reaches a steady state, and give the limit market shares.

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

Topic 7: Inner Product Spaces

7.1 – Definition of inner products (AR §6.1)

152. Inner Product 1. In R2 , for x = (x1 , x2 ) and y = (y1 , y2 ), define

hx, yi = x1 y1 + 3x2 y2 .

Show that hx, yi is an inner product on R2 .

153. Is it an Inner Product? In R2 , for x = (x1 , x2 ) and y = (y1 , y2 ), define

hx, yi = x1 y1 − x2 y2 .

Is this an inner product? If not, why not?

154. A Different Looking Inner Product. Verify that the operation

hx, yi = x1 y1 − x1 y2 − x2 y1 + 3x2 y2

where x = (x1 , x2 ) and y = (y1 , y2 ) is an inner product in R2 .

155. General Inner Products. Decide which of the operations on x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) in R3
define an inner product:

(a) hx, yi = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + x3 y3 (b) hx, yi = x21 y12 + x22 y22 + x23 y32
(c) hx, yi = x1 y1 − x2 y2 + x3 y3 (d) hx, yi = x1 y1 + x2 y2

156. Inner Products on Polynomials. Decide which of the operations hp, qi on real polynomials
p = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 and q = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 define inner products on P2 :

(a) hp, qi = a0 b0 + a1 b1 + a2 b2 (b) hp, qi = a0 b0

 157. Quadratic Forms. Let A be a real invertible n × n matrix. Show that

hx, yi = yT AT Ax = (Ay)T (Ax)

defines an inner product in Rn , where x and y are column vectors in Rn . What happens when A is
not invertible?

158. Complex Inner Products. Let u = (u1 , u2 ) ∈ C2 , v = (v1 , v2 ) ∈ C2 and

hu, vi = u1 v1 + 2u2 v2

where v1 is the complex conjugate of v1 .

Show that hu, vi defines a Hermitian inner product on the complex vector space C2 .

159. Linearity of Hermitian Inner Product. Consider a complex vector space V equipped with an Hermitian
inner product. Let u, v, w ∈ V and α, β ∈ C. Using the properties of a Hermitian inner product, show
that:

(a) Linearity in the first position:

hαu + βv, wi = αhu, wi + βhv, wi

(b) Conjugate linearity in the second position:

hu, αv + βwi = ᾱhu, vi + β̄hu, wi

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

7.2 – Geometry from inner products (AR §6.2)

160. Two Different Inner Products on R3 . For the vectors x = (1, 1, 0), y = (0, 1, 0) in R3 compute the
norms kxk and kyk as well as the angle between x and y using the following inner products.

(a) hx, yi = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 (b) hx, yi = x1 y1 + 3x2 y2 + x3 y3

161. Polynomial Inner Product Calculations. If p = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 and q = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 are any two

polynomials in P2 , then
hp, qi = a0 b0 + a1 b1 + a2 b2
defines an inner product on P2 . If p = −2 + x + 3x2 and q = 4 − 7x2 , compute the following:

(a) hp, qi (b) kpk

(a) distance between p and q
" # " #
u1 u2 v1 v2
162. Matrix Inner Product Calculations. If U = and V = are any two matrices in
u3 u4 v3 v4
M2,2 , then
hU, Vi = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3 + u4 v4
" # " #
2 6 −4 7
defines an inner product on M2,2 . If U = and V = , compute the following:
9 4 1 6

(a) hU, Vi (b) kUk

(a) distance between U and V
√
163. Complex Dot Product. Let u = (1 + i, 3i) and v = (4, 2 − i), where (as usual) i = −1. Use the
Hermitian dot product on C2 to compute:
(i) u · v (ii) v · u (iii) ||u|| (iv) ||v||

164. Complex Inner Product Calculations. Suppose that u = (1 + 3i, −2i) and v = (−2, 2 − i). Using the
inner product in question 158, find the

(a) distance between u and v.

(b) angle between u and v.

7.3 – Orthogonal sets and Gram-Schmidt procedure (AR §6.2–6.3, 5.3)

165. Orthogonal Vectors. In each part determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal with respect to
the Euclidean inner product (i.e., the usual dot product).

(a) u = (−1, 3, 2), v = (4, 2, −1) (b) u = (0, 3, −2, 1), v = (5, 2, −1, 0)

166. Orthogonality of Vectors. Let R4 have the Euclidean inner product, and let u = (−1, 1, 0, 2). Deter-
mine whether the vector u is orthogonal to the following vectors: w1 = (0, 0, 0, 0), w2 = (1, −1, 3, 0),
and w3 = (4, 0, 9, 2).

167. Orthogonal Polynomials. Show that p = 1 − x + 2x2 and q = 2x + x2 are orthogonal with respect to
the inner product in question 161.
" #
2 1
168. Orthogonality of Matrices. Let A = . Which of the following matrices are orthogonal to A
−1 3
with respect to the inner product in question 162?
   
1 1  2 1
(a)   (b)  
0 −1 5 2

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 MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

169. Orthonormal Sets. Consider the following set of vectors in R3 :

{(1, −2, 2), (−2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1)} .

(a) Show that the set is orthogonal with respect to the dot product.
(b) Hence construct an orthonormal set with respect to the dot product in R3 .

 170. Fourier Series. Show that the infinite set

n 1 1 1 o
√ , √ sin(nx), √ cos(nx) | n = 1, 2, . . .
2π π π

is an orthonormal set in the vector space C[0, 2π] of real continuous functions on the interval [0, 2π]
equipped with the inner product Z 2π
hf , gi = f (x)g(x) dx.
0

171. General Orthogonality Property. Show that in every real inner product space: v + w is orthogonal to
v − w if and only if kvk = kwk. Give a geometric interpretation of this result.

172. Complex orthogonality. Let C3 have the Hermitian dot product. If u = (2i, i, 3i) and v = (i, 6i, k),
for which complex values of k are u and v orthogonal?

 173. Complex exponentials. The complex vector space V of all continuous functions f : [0, 2π] → C has a
Hermitian inner product given by Z 2π
hf , gi = f (t)g(t) dt.
0

Show that if n and m are distinct integers, then the complex exponential functions eint and eimt are
orthogonal using this inner product, and find their norms.
R b ikx 1
[Hint: eix = cos x + i sin x satisfies eix eiy = ei(x+y) for all x, y ∈ R and a e dx = ik (eikb − eika ).]

174. Orthonormal Bases. Let hx, yi be an inner product on a real vector space V , and let e1 , e2 , . . . , en be
an orthonormal basis for V . Prove:

(a) hα1 e1 + α2 e2 + · · · + αn en , β1 e1 + β2 e2 + · · · + βn en i = α1 β1 + α2 β2 + · · · + αn βn ;
(b) hx, yi = hx, e1 ihy, e1 i + · · · + hx, en ihy, en i.

175. Linear Combination of Orthonormal Basis. Use the results in question 174 to express the given vector
as a linear combination of the vectors in the following orthonormal basis with respect to the dot
product.
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
     
,− , , − , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

(a) x = (1, 2, 3) (b) y = (−1, 0, 1)

 176. Least Squares Approximation. For the vector space C[0, 2π] equipped with the inner product of
question 170, let Wk denote the subspace given by

Wk = Span{1, sin(x), cos(x), sin(2x), cos(2x), . . . , sin(kx), cos(kx)}

where k ≥ 0 is an integer.
Use the orthonormal basis of question 170 to find the element of

(a) W2 closest to f (x) = 1 + x.

(b) Wk closest to f (x) = 1 + x.

xn sin x dx = −xn cos x + n xn−1 cos x dx and xn cos x dx = xn sin x − n xn−1 sin x dx.
R R R R
Note:

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

177. Orthogonal Projections. Find the orthogonal projection of (x, y, z) onto the subspace of R3 spanned
by the vectors

(a) (1, 2, 2), (−2, 2, −1); (b) (1, 2, −1), (0, −1, 2).

178. Idempotent Transformations. Find the matrices of the transformations T which orthogonally project
a point (x, y, z) onto the following subspaces of R3 . Show that each transformation is idempotent (i.e.,
T ◦ T = T ).

(a) The z-axis.

(b) The straight line x = y = 2z.
(c) The plane x + y + z = 0.

179. Gram-Schmidt. Use the Gram-Schmidt procedure to construct orthonormal bases for the subspaces
of Rn spanned by the following sets of vectors using the dot product:

(a) (1, 0, 1, 0), (2, 1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1, −1)

(b) (2, 2, −1, 0), (2, 3, 1, −2), (3, 4, 5, −2)
(c) (1, −2, 1, 3, −1), (0, 6, −2, −6, 0), (4, −2, 2, 6, −4)

180. Gram-Schmidt for Polynomial Spaces. Let P2 be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most
two with the inner product Z 1
hp, qi = p(x)q(x) dx.
−1

Obtain an orthonormal basis for P2 from the basis {1, x, x2 } using the Gram-Schmidt process.

7.4 – Least squares curve fitting (AR §6.4–6.5)

181. Curve Fitting. Find the least squares line of best fit for the given data points.

(a) {(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 5)}
(b) {(−2, 2), (−1, 1), (0, −1), (1, 0), (2, 3)}

182. Stretching. A maths lecturer was placed on a rack by the students and stretched to lengths L = 1.7, 2.0
and 2.3 metres when forces of F = 1, 2 and 4 tonnes were applied. Assuming Hooke’s law L = a + bF ,
find the lecturer’s normal length a by least squares.

183. Daily Consumer Demand. A firm that manufactures widgets finds the daily consumer demand d(x)
for widgets as a function of their price x is as in the following table:
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
d(x) 200 180 150 100 25
Using least squares, approximate the daily consumer demand by a linear function.

7.5 – Orthogonal matrices and symmetric matrices (AR §7.1–7.2)

184. Orthogonal Matrices. Determine whether or not the given matrix is orthogonal.
 
1 2 2
 
3 0 1 0
3 3 
 
(a)  32 1
− 32 
 
(b) 
1 0 1
  
 3 
   
2
3 − 23 1
3
0 1 0

185. Determinant of Orthogonal Matrix. Let A be an orthogonal matrix. Show that det(A) = ±1.

186. Orthogonal Matrix Proof. Prove that if A, B are orthogonal n × n matrices, then so are A−1 and AB.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

187. Symmetric Matrices. For each symmetric matrix A below find a decomposition A = P DP T , where P
is orthogonal and D is diagonal.
   
7 2 0  −2 0 −36
   
(a) 
2 6 2
 (b) 
 0 −3 0

   
0 2 5 −36 0 −23
   
1 1 0 4 2 2
   
(c) 
1 1 0
 (d) 
2 4 2

   
0 0 0 2 2 4

188. Singular Values. Find the singular values for the following matrices:
 
1 1
   
1 2   1 1 1 
(a)   (b) 
1 1
 (c)  
1 2   1 1 −1
1 −1

189. Singular Value Decomposition. Consider the matrix in question 188(a),

" #
1 2
A= .
1 2

Find a single value decomposition A = U DV T where D is a diagonal matrix and U and V are both
orthogonal matrices.

190. Singular Value Decomposition 2. Consider the matrix in question 188(b),

 
1 1
B = 1 1  .
 
1 −1

Find a singular value decomposition

  B = U SV T where U is an orthogonal 3 × 3 matrix, S is a 3 × 2
σ1 0
matrix of the form S =  0 σ2 , and V is a 2 × 2 orthogonal matrix.
 
0 0

7.6 – Unitary matrices and Hermitian matrices (AR §7.5)

191. Unitary matrices. Show that the following matrices are unitary and write down their inverses.
   

√1
1 i  1
1+i 1+i 
(a) 2
  (b) 2  
i 1 1 − i −1 + i

192. More unitary matrices. Show that the matrix

" #
a + ib c + id
A=
−c + id a − ib

is unitary if a, b, c, d ∈ R and a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1.

193. Hermitian matrices. Which of the following matrices are Hermitian?

 
" # " # 1 i 2 − 3i
3 2 − 3i 0 2i
(a) (b) (c)  −i −3 1+i
 
2 + 3i −1 2i 2
2 + 3i 1 − i 7

194. Hermitian, diagonal and unitary. Describe all 3 × 3 matrices that are simultaneously Hermitian,
diagonal and unitary. How many such matrices are there?

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Topic 7 : Inner Product Spaces

195. Hermitian diagonalisation. For each of the following Hermitian matrices, find a diagonal matrix D
and a unitary matrix U such that U −1 AU = D.
   
 4 1 − i 3 −i
(a) A =   (b) A =  .
1+i 5 i 3

196. Hermitian matrices and dot products. Prove that if H is an n × n Hermitian matrix then

(Hv) · w = v · (Hw) for all v, w ∈ Cn ,

where · is the Hermitian dot product.

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 1

Answers for Topic 1: Linear Equations

1.
(a) Linear (b) Nonlinear
(c) Linear (d) Nonlinear

2.
(i) row-echelon form: b, c, d, e (ii) reduced row-echelon form: d, e

3.
(a) x = −37 , y = −8 , z = 5 (b) No solution
(c) x = 4 − 2s − 3t , y = s , z = t; s, t ∈ R
4.
(a) x1 = 1 + 2t , x2 = t; t ∈ R
(b) No Solution
1
(c) u = + s , v = 1 + 2s − t , w = s , z = t; s, t ∈ R
2
(d) x1 = 3 , x2 = −2 , x3 = 1
5.
(a) (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = α(−2, 1, 1, 0) + β(−2, 3, 0, 1) + (−3, 9, 0, 0), α, β ∈ R
(b) (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = α(−2, 1, 1, 0) + β(−2, 3, 0, 1), α, β ∈ R
(c) (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (−3, 9, 0, 0)
6.
(a) 2a − b + c = 0 (b) a, b and c are arbitrary

7.
(a) For consistency k = 36. Then x = 7 − 2z and y = z − 1 where z ∈ R.
2 k k−4
(b) No solution if k = 2. If k 6= 2 then x1 = , x2 = , x3 = .
k−2 k−2 k−2
11 − 3z 7−z
(c) If k = 29 there are an infinite number of solutions given by x = and y = , where z ∈ R.
2 2
If k 6= 29 there is the unique solution x = 4, y = 3, z = 1.
8. (a) and (b) no solution
31 35
(c) multiple solutions: x = −20 + 23α, y = − + α, z = α, where α ∈ R
2 2

(d) unique solution: x = 1, y = −1, z = 1

9.
(a) a = 1, b = 2 and c = −3 giving y = x2 + 2x − 3
(b) a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4 giving y = x2 + 4x + 4
10. x2 + y 2 = 2x + 4y + 29
11. 6 days in England, 4 days in France and 4 days in Spain
12. Frank is 29, Dave is 26, Phil is 16
13.
(a) y1 = s − t, y2 = s + t, y3 = s, y4 = t, s, t ∈ R
(c) x1 = s − t + 1, x2 = s + t + 2, x3 = s, x4 = t, s, t ∈ R
14. x1 = 330 x2 = 170, x3 = 210, x4 = 0

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 2

Answers for Topic 2: Matrices and Determinants

"
5
# "
3 1
#
  T T
15. AB = 4 9 , BC = 1 , A C = 9 3
13 3 1
16.
−3
"
14 21 7
# "
8 19
#
A(BC) = (AB)C = 19 14 −48 , (AB)T = B T AT = 3 0 9
15 26 55 4 −5 2
"
10 6 2
#
AB + AC = A(B + C) = 24 5 −8
0 15 16
17.    
0 1 0 1
(a) (b)
0 0 −1 0
       
1 1 −1 1 1 0 0 1
(c) C = ,D= (d) E = ,F =
1 1 1 −1 0 −1 1 0

18. Hint: Enforce compatibility of matrix dimensions for matrix multiplication.

19.
20.
(a)  
0 1 0 1 0
 1 0 1 1 0 
A= 0 1 0 0 0
 

 1 1 0 0 1 
0 0 0 1 0
(b) There are 5 walks of length three from V2 to V4 . These are:
V2 → V3 → V2 → V4 , V2 → V1 → V2 → V4 , V2 → V4 → V2 → V4 , V2 → V4 → V5 → V4 , V2 → V4 → V1 → V4
21. Expressing the tables as matrices, say A for production costs and B for production amount, and computing AB gives

Table 3: Costs per quarter of each category

Season
Product Summer Autumn Winter Spring
Raw Material 1870 2160 2070 1960
Labor 3450 3940 3810 3580
Overhead and misc. 1670 1900 1830 1740

22.
a11
"
0 0
  #
a b
(a) Matrices have form (b) Diagonal matrices A = 0 a22 0
−5b 5b + a
0 0 a33

23.
−2

1 5

" #
1/2 0
(a) (b)  0 1 −2 
 
3/2 1
0 0 1
−1

2 1


(c)  1 1 −1  (d) Matrix is singular (has no inverse)

 

1 1 0

24. Hint: multiply the matrices.

25.  
−1 1 1 2 −1
(a) Requires proof (b) A = (4I − A) =
3 3 −1 2
"
2 0 1
#
−1 1 2
26. A = 0 3 3
−1 0 −1

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MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 2

27. It can not be obtained from I3 via a single row operation.

28.
   
1 0 1 0
(a) E1 = , E2 = 1
5 1 0 2

(b) A−1 = E2 E1
(c) A = E1−1 E2−1
19 −4 −2 −1
 
1  6 8 −4 −2 
29. The inverse matrix is  −4
16 0 8 −4 
−24 0 0 8
Hence the solution is x = 1 , y = 1 , z = 0 , w = 0 .
30.
" #
2 −3
   
3 12
(a) A = , b= , x=
3 −5 1 7

−3

1 4

"
4
# "
4
#
(b) A =  2 2 0 , b = 0 , x= −4
 
2 −3
0 1 −2
−1

1 2

"
1
#
(c) A =  2 −1 1  , b = 0 , No solution
 
0
0 −1 3
31.
−1
"
1 1
#
−1
(a) A = 2 0 −1
−4 1 1
(b) Encrypted message is 31, 80, 54, 37, 83, 67, 29, 69, 50
"
5 21 10
#
−1
(c) A C= 8 7 8 . Message is SEND MONEY.
10 2 3
32. B = A−1 C. Meeting at CHADSTONE
33.
(a) (i) 2 (ii) 3 (b) (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3

34.
(a) −1 (b) −1 (c) 3
(d) 8 (e) 1

35.
−1
(a) 2 (b) 15 (c)
720
36.
(a) 3 (b) -5 (c) 15
(d) 0 (e) 120 (f) a3

37.
(a) x(x + 1)(1 − 2x), invertible if x 6= −1, 0, 1/2.
(b) (1 − λ)(λ + 1)(λ − 2)(λ + 2), invertible if λ 6= ±1, ±2.
(c) 0. Not invertible for any value of k.
38.
(a) det(A) = det(AT ) = ad − bc (b) Hint: Calculate A−1

39. 72
40.
(a)
(b) Hint: If det(P ) 6= 0, then P is invertible.
 
1 1
(c)
0 0

The University of Melbourne 36 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 3

Answers for Topic 3: Euclidean Vector Spaces

41.
(a) (5, 1, 1) (b) (−3, −2, 2) (c) (−9, −3, 1)
√ √ √
(d) 14 (e) 17 (f) 17
√ √ √
(g) 14 + 5 (h) 5 17 (i) 1

42.  
π 2π 1
(a) (b) (c) arccos √
2 3 15
43.  
π 2π 1
(a) (b) (c) arccos √
2 3 15
44.
45.
46.
(a) 4 (b) −24 (c) (11, −7, −10)
(d) −38 (e) (−22, 14, 20) (f) Not Defined
(g) −38 (h) Not Defined (i) −38

47.
(a) −21 (b) (−10, −2, 20)

48.
49.
±1 ±1
(a) √ (2, 1, −1) (b) √ (−3i − 2j + 3k)
6 22
50.
(a) Orthogonal when x = 0, − 29 . Parallel when x = 1.
(b) Orthogonal when x = 2, −3. Never parallel.
51.
√ √ 5√ 1√
(a) (i) 29, (ii) 14 (b) (i) 10, (ii) 6
2 2
52.
1√ 1
(a) 115 (b) ± √ (5, 3, −9)
2 115
53.
(a) 226 (b) 14

54.
55. The equations given are not the only ones possible.
y−1 z+3
(a) r = (2, 1, −3) + t(1, 2, 2); t ∈ R or x − 2 = =
2 2
(b) r = (2, −3, 1) + t(1, 0, 0); t ∈ R or in parametric form x = 2 + t, y = −3, z = 1; t ∈ R
−y z+2
(c) r = (2, 0, −2) + t(1, −4, −4); t ∈ R or x − 2 = =
4 −4
5−z
(d) r = (2, 4, 5) + t(1, −1, −2); t ∈ R or x − 2 = 4 − y =
2
56.
(a) Lines are parallel (b) Intersect at (2, 0, 2) (c) Lines are skew

57. The equations given are not the only ones possible.
(a) 7x + y + 4z = 31 or r = (1, 4, 5) + s(4, 0, −7) + t(0, 4, −1); s, t ∈ R
(b) x + y − z = 13 or r = (6, 5, −2) + s(1, 0, 1) + t(0, 1, 1); s, t ∈ R
(c) x − 2y + z = 0 or r = (0, 0, 0) + s(1, 1, 1) + t(1, 2, 3); s, t ∈ R
(d) 25x + 14y + 8z = 77 or r = (1, 6, −4) + s(0, −4, 7) + t(−8, 0, 25); s, t ∈ R
58.
(a) Collinear. Line is L = (1, 2, 3) + t(2, −1, −3); t ∈ R
(b) Coplanar. Plane is 2x − 4y − z = −3
59.

The University of Melbourne 37 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 3

13 7
 
(a) , 1, − (b) (1, 0, 0)
5 5
60.  
π 16
(a) (b) arccos √ √
3 14 29
2
 
(c) arccos
7
61.
(a) x − 2y − z + 3 = 0 (b) x + y − z − 6 = 0

The University of Melbourne 38 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 4

Answers for Topic 4: General Vector Spaces

62.
(a) Vector space
(b) Not a vector space (No zero vector, not closed under scalar multiplication, etc.)
(c) Vector space
63. To show that it is a vector space, you need to show that all the axioms of the definition are satisfied.
The zero vector is 1. The additive inverse of x is x1 .
64.
65.
(a) α (u ⊕ v) = (α u) ⊕ (α v) = (3, 4)
(d) 0 = (0, 1) and −u = (−u, −u + 1)

66. (a) Yes, No, No (b) Yes, Yes, Yes

(c) No, No, No (d) No, Yes, No

67.
(a) Yes (b) No
(c) Yes (d) No
(e) Yes

68. Counter-examples required

69. (a) Subspace (b) Not a subspace

70. (a) Subspace (b) Subspace

71. (a) No (b) Yes

72.
(a) No (b) Yes
(c) No (d) Yes

73.
(a) Yes (b) Yes (c) No

74.
75.
(a) yes (b) no

76. (a) 3u + 2v (b) Proof required (c) c = −2

77. Yes, M = A + 2B − 3C
78. −2p1 + p2 − 2p3
79. (a) Yes (b) No

80. (a) Does not span (b) Does span

81. Spanning sets obtained below are not the only ones possible.
(a) {(2, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)}
(b) {(1, 0, 0), (0, −1, 0), (1, 1, 3)}
(c) {(4, 1, 0), (0, 2, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)}

(a) {1, 1 + x, 1 + x + x2 } in P2
(b) {1 + x2 , 1 + x + 2x2 , x + x2 } in P2
       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(c) , , , in M2,2
0 −1 0 −1 1 −1 0 1
−2
("
2 0 0
# "
0 0
#)
(d) 0 −1 0 , 0 −1 0 in M3,3
0 0 1 0 0 −1

The University of Melbourne 39 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 4

82. (a) Spans (b) Does not span

(c) Spans (d) Does not span

83. (a) No (b) Yes

84. (a) Independent (b) Dependent

85. (a) Dependent (b) Independent

(c) Dependent (d) Independent

86. (a) Dependent (b) Independent (c) Independent

87. (a) Dependent: v2 = 2v1 (b) Dependent: v4 = −v1 + 3v3

(c) Independent (d) Independent

88. (a) Independent (b) 1 + x + 2x2 = (1)(1 + x2 ) + (1)(x + x2 )

(c) Independent (d) Independent

89.
90.
(a) Have 4 vectors in a 3-dimensional space.
(b) Two vectors cannot span a 3−dimensional subspace.
(c) Four independent vectors span a 4−dimensional space.
(d) Have two linearly independent vectors for a 2−dimensional space.

91. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes

92.
(a) Any 4 vectors in a 3-dimensional space are linearly dependent.
(b) No 2 vectors can span a 3-dimensional space.

93. (a) Basis (b) Not a basis

(c) Basis (d) Not a basis

94. (a) No (b) Yes

95.
96.
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3

97. (a) Yes (b) Yes

(c) No (d) No

98. (a) Yes (b) No

99. The bases given are not the only ones possible.
(a) {(3, 0, 1), (0, 1, −2)}, dim(W ) = 2
(b) {(1, 3), (−1, 2)}, dim(W ) = 2
(c) {(1, −2, 0, −4), (0, 7, −1, 14)}, dim(W ) = 2
100.
(a) {(1, 2, 0, −1), (2, −1, 2, 3), (−1, −11, 6, 13)}; (4, 3, 2, 1) = 2(1, 2, 0, −1) + (2, −1, 2, 3)
(b) {(0, −1, −3, 3), (−1, −1, −3, 2), (0, −1, −2, 1)}; (3, 1, 3, 0) = 2(0, −1, −3, 3) − 3(−1, −1, −3, 2)
(c) {(1, 2, −1), (0, 3, 4), (0, 0, 2)}; (2, 1, −6) = 2(1, 2, −1) − (0, 3, 4)

101. (a) {(0, 1, −1), (1, 0, 2)} (b) {(2, 3, 4)}

102. {(−1, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 1)} (Not the only possibility!)

103. A basis is {(1, 3, 0), (4, 0, 3)}

The University of Melbourne 40 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 4

104.
(a) {(1, 1, 1, 0), (−2, −1, 0, 1)}; 2
(b) {(−1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (3, 1, 0, 1, 0), (−2, −1, 0, 0, 1)}; 3
(c) {(1, 0, 1, 0), (0, −1, −2, 3)}; 2
105.
(a) Rank = 2 (b) Rank = 1 (c) Rank = 3

106.

(i) (a) {(1, 2), (2, 1} (b) {(1, −1)}

(c) {(1, 0, 1, 2), (−1, 1, 1, −1), (3, 1, 0, 1)}

(ii) (a) {(1, 2, 1), (0, −3, −3)} (b) {(1, 0, −1)}
(c) {(1, −1, 3), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0)}

(iii) (a) {(1, −1, 1)} (b) {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)}
(c) solution space is {0} (basis is the empty set)

107.
(a) {(1, 2, 2, 0), (1, 0, −3, 2), (1, −1, −2, 0)}
(b) Let ai denote the i-th column of A. Then a3 = 4a1 + 3a2 , a5 = 2a1 + a2 − 2a4 .
(c) 3
 
0
 0 
(d) Yes, since Ax =  .
0 
0
108.
" # " # " #
0 1 1
(a) Proof required (b) (1, 1, 8), (−4, 3, 1) (c) 0 , 1 , 1
1 0 1
 
1
   
2 2
 
  " # " #
− 23
−1  
1 −2
109. (a)   (b)  (c) (d)
  
3 −1 − 72 3
 
   
0 1
 
2
110.
(a) Independent
     
1 2 0 −1 1 0
(b) Dependent; +2 =
−1 0 1 1 1 2

The University of Melbourne 41 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 5

Answers for Topic 5: Linear Transformations

111. (a) (b)

112. (a) Is a linear transformation (b) Is not a linear transformation

113. (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes

114. (−10, −7, 6)
115. The constants a, b, c are assumed nonzero.
(a) Reflection in the line y = x
(b) Orthogonal projection onto the x-axis followed by the reflection in the line y = x
(c) Projection onto the x-axis in the direction of the line y = −x
(d) Shear parallel to the y-axis.
(e) Expansion by factor |b| along the x-axis and by |c| along the y-axis, with a possible change of direction of the axis
(if b < 0 or c < 0)
4
 
(f) Rotation about 0 through θ = arctan
3
" √ √ # " #
2 2
− 2
− 2
0 1
116. (a) √ √ (b)
2
2
− 22 −1 0
" # " #
0 1 1 0
(c) (d)
1 0 0 −1
" # " #
√1 − √12 −1 0
2
117. (a) (b)
√1 √1 0 −1
2 2
" # " # " #
1
2
0 0 −1 0 1
118. (a) (b) (c)
0 5 −1 0 −5 0
 
1 0 0 " #
  2 −1 0
119. (a) 
1 1 0
 (b)
1 2 0
1 1 1
 
  2 1
0 0 1  
1 1 
 
(c)  (d) 
 
0 1 0
 
1 −1
1 0 0  
1 −2

120.
(i) (a) LK(x, y, z) = (x − y, 3x + 2y)
(b) T L(x, y, z) = (5x, 3x + y, x − 3y, −5y)
(c) S 2 (x, y, z) = (x, y, z)
(d) (K + S)(x, y, z) = (x + z, x + 2y, 2x + y + z)
(e) Not defined (domain T 6⊆ range T )
 
5 0 0    
" #   1 0 0 1 0 1
1 −1 0 3 1 0    
(ii) (a) (b)  (c)  (d) 
 

1 −3 0 0 1 0 1 2 0
3 2 0
 
  0 0 1 2 1 1
0 −5 0

121.

The University of Melbourne 42 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 5

(a) A’:(0,!.707) (b) A’:( .354,!.612) (c) A’:( !.436,!.612)

B’:(1,0) B’:( .866, .500) B’:(.433, .500)
C’:(0, .707) C’:(!.354, .612) C’:( !.789, .612)
D’:(!1,0) D’:(!.866,!.500) D’:( !.433,!.500)
E’:(0,!.707) E’:( .354,!.612) E’:(.789,!.612)
F’:(0, .707) F’:(!.354, .612) F’:(.436, .612)
y y y

C’& F’ C’& F’ F’
B’ C’
D’ B’ B’
x x D’
x
!1 1
D’ E’
A’& E’ A’
A’& E’

 
0 0 0
 
1 0 0
122. (a) (b) 
 

0 1 0
 
0 0 1
"
1 1 1
#
123. 0 2 4
0 0 4
   
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
   
0 0 1  0 0 0 0 
124. (a)  (b) 
   
 
−1 0 0  0 −1 0 −2
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0
 
x2 2x3
1 0 0
125. (a)  (b) x − +
 
2 3
1

0 0
 2 
1
0 0 3

126.
(a) Both are in kernel
(b) w1 is not in image; w2 is in image
(c) Nullity 2; basis for ker(T ) is {(−1, 1, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 1)}; not injective
(d) Rank 2; basis for Im(T ) is {(1, 1, 2), (2, 0, −4)}; not surjective
127.
 
1 1
(a) (i)A = (ii) ker(T ) = {0} (iii){(1, 0), (1, 3)} ; Im(T ) = R2
0 3
 
1 1 −1
(b) (i)A = (ii) {(−1, 2, 1)} (iii){(1, 2), (1, 1)} ; Im(T ) = R2
2 1 0
"
1 2
#
(c) (i)A = 0 −1 (ii) ker(T ) = {0} (iii){(1, 0, 1), (2, −1, −1)}
1 −1
−1 −6
"
3
#
(d) (i)A = −2 1 5 (ii) {(1, −3, 1)} (iii){(3, −2, 3), (−1, 1, 3)}
3 3 6
128.
(i) (a) ker(T ) = {0}; one to one (b) ker(T ) = {−a − 2bx + ax2 + bx3 |a, b ∈ R}; not one to one
  
a b
(ii) (a) Im(T ) = | a, b, c ∈ R , not onto (b) Im(T ) = {a + bx2 |a, b ∈ R}, not onto
c 0
129.
(a)

The University of Melbourne 43 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 5

   
1 0 0 1    
(b) The kernel of T has a basis , . The image of T has a basis { 1 0 , 0 1 }.
2 0 0 2
rank(T ) = 2, nullity(T ) = 2
 
2 0 −1 0
(c)
0 2 0 −1
130.
(a) T −1 (x, y, z) = ( 23 x − 21 y − 12 z, x − y, − 12 x + 12 y + 12 z)
(b) Not invertible
 
cos θ sin θ
(c) T −1 =
− sin θ cos θ
(d) T −1 = T
131. T −1 (x, y, z) = 12 (x − y + z, x + y − z, −x + y + z)
132.
(a) 1 (b) Rotation about the z-axis through θ (c)
cos θ sin θ
"
0
#
(d) Inverse of A(θ) = A(−θ) = − sin θ cos θ 0 = A(θ)T
0 0 1
133.
−2
"
1 0 1
# "
3 3
#
−1 1
(a) P = −2 3 0 , P = 2 2 2
10
1 2 −1 7 2 −3
−4
" #
14
" #
1 1
(b) (i) 6 (ii) 9
5 5
1 −6
134.
−1
"
1 1
# "
1
    #
1 2 1 1 1
(a) ; (b) −1 −1 2 ; 0
4 2 −1 4 −5
−1 0 1 −2

135.
"
1 0 0
  #
−1 1 0 −1
(a) P AP = (b) P AP = 0 2 0
2 −1
0 0 3
"
1 1 0
#
−1
136. P AP = 0 0 −1
0 1 2
137.    
1 −2 1 −3 −56
(a) (b)
0 −1 11 −2 3
"
0 1 0
#
138. 1 0 0
0 0 2
 
1 v
139. γ
v/c2 1

The University of Melbourne 44 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 6

Answers for Topic 6: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

140. Rotation through θ.
For θ = kπ, k odd, Aθ = −I and for θ = kπ, k even, Aθ = I. In both cases all lines are invariant.
141.
   
1 2
(a) λ1 = 1, u1 = ; λ2 = 2, u2 =
3 5
   
2 2
(b) λ = −2 + 3i : u1 = , λ = −2 − 3i : u2 =
5 − 3i 5 + 3i
 
1
(c) λ = 2, u =
−1
   
i −i
(d) λ1 = i, u1 = , λ2 = −i, u2 =
1 1
142.
−3
" #
1
" #
0
" #
(a) λ1 = 2, u1 = 0 ; λ2 = 2, u2 = 2 ; λ3 = 3, u3 = 3
0 1 1
" #
1
" #
0
(b) λ1 = 2, u1 = 0 ; λ2 = −3, u2 = 0
0 1
−2
"
1
# " # "
0
#
(c) λ1 = −1, u1 = −2 ; λ2 = 1, u2 = 0 ; λ3 = −2, u3 = 3
1 1 −2
−2 −2
"
1
# " # " #
(d) λ1 = 2, u1 = −1 ; λ2 = 1, u2 = 1 ; λ3 = 1, u3 = 0
1 0 1
143.
−1 −1
(" # " #) (" #)
1
(a) λ1 = λ2 = 2, 1 , 0 ; λ3 = 6, 2
0 1 1
(" # " #)
1 0
(b) λ1 = λ2 = λ3 = 1, 0 , 0
0 1
144.
( " # ) ( " # ) ( " # ) ( " # )
1 0 2 1
145. (a) t , t∈R and t , t∈R (b) t , t∈R and t , t∈R
2 1 −1 −3

146. Note: Other matrices are also possible.

     
1 2 −5 2 1 0
(a) diagonalisable; P = , P −1 = , D=
3 5 3 −1 0 2
     
2 2 5 + 3i −2 −2 + 3i 0
(b) diagonalisable using complex D, P ; P = , P −1 = 1
, D=
5 − 3i 5 + 3i 12i −5 + 3i 2 0 −2 − 3i
(c) not diagonalisable
     
i −i −i 1 i 0
(d) diagonalisable using complex D, P ; P = , P −1 = 1
, D=
1 1 2 i 1 0 −i
147. Note: Other matrices are also possible.
−3 −6
"
1 0
# "
1 3
# "
2 0 0
#
(a) diagonalisable; P = 0 2 3 , P −1 = 0 −1 3 ,D = 0 2 0
0 1 1 0 1 −2 0 0 3
(b) not diagonalisable
−2 −1
"
1 0
# "
3 4 6
# "
0 0
#
(c) diagonalisable; P = −2 0 3 , P −1 = 1 2 3 ,D = 0 1 0
1 1 −2 2 3 4 0 0 −2
−2 −2
"
1
# "
1 2 2
# "
2 0 0
#
(d) diagonalisable; P = −1 1 0 , P −1 = 1 3 2 , D= 0 1 0
1 0 1 −1 −2 −1 0 0 1
148.

The University of Melbourne 45 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 6

149.
−1464
"
1509 198
  #
5 5 −1 43 −22 5 5 −1
(a) A = P D P = (b) A = P D P = 1477 230 −1464
22 −12
1477 231 −1465
 
8 31 357 155
0 258 254 −6 
(c) A5 = P D5 P −1 = 1
8 0 62 −318 −186
0 68 188 52
1
2
150. Hint: First diagonalise the matrix; eigenvalues are 1, 1/5. lim xn = 1
.
n→∞
2
151. Write xi = Lemon’s share and yi = LIME’s share after i years.
(a) xi+1 = 0.85xi + 0.25yi , yi+1 = 0.15xi + 0.75yi with x0 = 0.60 and y0 = 0.40
     
xi x0 .85 .25
(b) = Ai where A =
yi y0 .15 .75
   
0.6231 0.6248
(c) ,
0.3769 0.3752
(d) Lemon 62.5%, LIME 37.5%

The University of Melbourne 46 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 7

Answers for Topic 7: Inner Product Spaces

152.
153. No, e.g. since h(0, 1), (0, 1)i = −1 < 0 and h(1, 1), (1, 1)i = 0
154.
155. (a) Yes (b) No
(c) No (d) No (e.g. h(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1)i = 0)

156. (a) Yes (b) No

157.
158.
159.
√ π √ π
160. (a) kxk = 2, kyk = 1, θ= (b) kxk = 2, kyk = 3, θ=
4 6
√ √
161. (a) −29 (b) 14 (c) 3 2
√ √
162. (a) 67 137 (b) (c) 105
√ √
163. (i) 1 + 10i, (ii) 1 − 10i, (iii) 11, (iv) 21
√ 
1

164. (a) 2 7 (b) arccos √
3 7

165. (a) Yes (b) No

166. yes, no, yes

167. Show hp, qi = 0

168. (a) Yes (b) No

1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
n     o
169. ,− , , − , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
170.
171.
−8i
172. k= 3
√
173. Norms are 2π.
174. (a) (b)

175.
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
           
(a) ,− , +2 − , , +3 , , (b) ,− , + − , , − , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
176.
k
X sin nx
(a) p2 (x) = 1 + π − 2 sin x − sin 2x (b) pk (x) = 1 + π − 2
n
n=1

177.
1 1
(a) (5x − 2y + 4z, −2x + 8y + 2z, 4x + 2y + 5z) (b) (5x + 6y + 3z, 6x + 10y − 2z, 3x + −2y + 13z)
9 14
     
0 0 0 4 4 2 2 −1 −1
  1  1 
178. (a) 
0 0 0 (b) 4 4 2 (c) −1 2 −1
 9  3 
0 0 1 2 2 1 −1 −1 2
Can show idempotent either geometrically or algebraically using these matrices.
179.
1 1 1
(a) √ (1, 0, 1, 0), √ (1, 2, −1, 2), √ (2, −1, −2, −1)
2 10 10
1 1 1
(b) (2, 2, −1, 0), (0, 1, 2, −2), (1, 0, 2, 2)
3 3 3
1 1
(c) (1, −2, 1, 3, −1), √ (1, 1, 0, 0, −1) – the space has dimension 2
4 3

The University of Melbourne 47 School of Mathematics and Statistics

MAST10007 Linear Algebra 2023 Semester 2 Answers for Topic 7

√ √ 
1 3 3 5 1

180. √ , √ x, √ x2 −
2 2 2 2 3
181.
4 13 1
(a) p(x) = − + x (b) p(x) = 1 + x
5 10 10
182. 1.55 metres
183. p(x) = 303 − 86x

184. (a) Orthogonal (b) Not orthogonal

185.
186.
187.
−2
"
2 1
# "
9 0 0
#
1
(a) P = 3
2 1 −2 , D= 0 6 0
1 2 2 0 0 3
"
4 0 3
# "
25 0 0
#
1
(b) P = 5
0 5 0 , D= 0 −3 0
−3 0 4 0 0 −50
 
√1 √1
0 "
2 0 0
#
2 2
(c) P =  √1 − √12 0 , D= 0 0 0
2
0 0 1 0 0 0
− √12 √1 √1
  "
2 0 0
#
6 3
√1 √1 √1
(d) P =  2 6 3
, D= 0 2 0
0 − √26 √1
3
0 0 8
√ √ √
188. (a)10, 0 (b) 2, 2 (c) 2, 2
√  1
− √12 √1 − √25
   
10 0 √
189. D= , U = √12 √1
,V = √2
5
√1
0 0 2 2 5 5

− √12 − √12
 
  0
2 √0
" #
− √12 √1
2
190. V = , S = 0 2 , U = − √12 0 √1
 
− √12 − √12 2 
0 0
0 1 0
   
1 −i 1−i 1+i
191. Inverses are (a) √1 (b) 1
2 −i 1 2 1−i −1 − i
192.
193. (a) Yes, (b) No, (c) Yes
194. All diagonal entries are ±1, so there are 8 possibilities.
−1+i
" 1−i # " −i #
√ √ √ √i
   
6 0 6 3 4 0 2 2
195. (a) D = ,U= (b) D = ,U=
0 3 √2 √1 0 2 √1 √1
6 3 2 2
196.

The University of Melbourne 48 School of Mathematics and Statistics