Dr. Mark Anthony E.

Eva, RL
Instructor
 The concept of technology has evolved
throughout the years
 As the rate of human progress continues to
increase, society has adapted in such a way
that technology no longer appeals to
mechanical or electrical systems alone.
 Technology – includes advancements in
communication and how information is
handled, thus enabling governments,
organizations, industries, and ordinary
individuals to improve on their decision
making, business processes, and everyday
living.
 Information & Communications Technology
or ICT – defined as related to technologies
that facilitate the transfer of information and
various types of electronically mediated
communication.
 The definition of ICT was considered too
broad according to Dr. Colrain Zuppo in
which she created an ICT hierarchy to identify
key aspects such as ICT in education,
business, and the economic sector.
 Belongingness Hypothesis – states that
people have a basic psychological need to
feel closely connected to others, and that
caring, affectionate bonds from close
relationships are a major part of human
behavior according to Baumeister and Leary
(1995).
 The need for devices, such as mobile phones,
laptops, and tablets is due to the human need
to “belong”.
 This need can be fulfilled through the
different modes of communication, be it face
to face, online, through voice, or simply a
text message manifested in the number of
people owning these gadgets and the latest
technologies such as “wearable devices”.
 The demand for gadgets used in ICT is much
higher as different sectors, industries, and
organizations now also incorporate ICT in
their daily business processes.
 Figure 1.2 denotes the upward trend of
people needing ICTs, with the estimate that
mobile subscriptions now outnumber world
population.
 ICT or Information and Communications
Technology – is described as using
computers and other digital technologies to
assist individuals or institutions in handling
or using information.
 ICT is technology that supports activities
involving information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting data.
 IT or Information Technology – pertains to
the industry that involves computers,
software, networking, and other IT
infrastructure to help relay or manage
information.
 Simply put, IT is a subset of ICT as the
technology used in the field of IT aids in the
use of ICT.
 Information – refers to the knowledge obtained
from reading, investigation, study, or research.
 Information is regarded as processed data.
 Computers normally process data that are later
understood as information. For example, while
typing on your laptop, you usually punch in
random letters on your keyboard to make up
words and sentences. The typing on the
keyboard is considered as input data while the
words and sentences you see on your computer
monitor is considered as output information.
 Processed information is called knowledge.
 Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks.

 Communication – is an act of transmitting

messages. It is a process in which
information is exchanged between individuals
through verbal and non-verbal means.
 In the prehistoric days, humans
communicated through signs or symbols as
evidenced by cave paintings and drawings,
rock art, stone carvings, and the like.
 Virtual communication is now common and
easy with the use of smartphones and
computers with internet access.
 Technology – has made communication much
easier and faster through telephones, fax
machines, mobile devices, and the internet.
Radio, television, satellites, and the World
Wide Web are powerful tools that can be used
by individuals to gather needed information
to aid them in their office, school or house
work, or in simple day to day activities.
 The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: the human rationale.
 The concept of technology always starts with
the basic tool. For example, in order to build
a house, a hacksaw, hammer, and set of nails
are needed to accomplish the task.
 The concept of a wheel has also made
transportation much easier, and enabled
people to move several objects from one
place to another with ease.
 By combining a set of tools, people have
come up with Machines.
 A single wheel transportation tool has
inspired the creation of a machine capable of
transporting, not just objects, but also
passengers.
 It is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own
memory, that can accept data, manipulate the
data according to specified rules, produce
results, and store the results for future use.
 Most machines, including computers, have
evolved through the process of automation.
 Automation – is defined as the technique of
making an apparatus, a process, or a system
operate automatically.
 Automated systems can reduce the instance
of errors, which are usually caused by human
based decision and comprehension.
 Production companies often use automated
systems as part of their business process as
automation increases productivity and
lessens the time to market.
 However, an automated system is not the
same as an intelligent system. Intelligent
systems are far more complex and are
capable of learning.
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959) – the
first electronic computer was developed in
1946.
 Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania
and financed by the United States Army, the
Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC).
 Characteristics:
 Could store only limited or small amount of
information.
 Could only do arithmetic operations such as
addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits.
 167 square meters in size
 27 tons in weight
 Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)
 Transistor was used as the interior sections
of the computer.
 Transistors were much smaller, faster, and
more dependable than the vacuum tubes of
the first-generation computer.

 Characteristics:
 Generate less heat compare to the previous
 Consumed less electricity
 Expensive compare to the previous
 Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)
 Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC)
that was used instead of transistors as the
interior sections to build the computer.
 A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors that even the full circuit board
of a transistor can be replaced entirely with
one chip.

 Characteristics:
 Can do remote processing, time-sharing, and
multiprogramming operating system
 Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)
 Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits
were used to build computers.
 These circuits have about 5,000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a single chip known as
the microprocessor.

 Characteristics:
 More powerful, dense, reliable, and
inexpensive
 Fifth-generation Computer (1980-onwards)
 The VLSI technology has evolved into what is
called Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology.
 This generation involves computer
intelligence which is associated with Artificial
Intelligence or AI.

 Characteristics:
 Microprocessor chips having 10 million
electronic components
 Hardware – pertains to the computer’s
physical devices.
 It is any part of the computer that can be
seen and touched.
 A computer’s hardware consists of
interrelated electronic devices that are used
to manipulate the computer’s operation,
input devices, and output devices.
 Enter or send data and instructions from the
user or from another computer system on the
internet.
 The following are some of the most common
and important input devices of a computer:

 Keyboard
 Mouse

Wired Wireless
 Trackball
 Touchpad or Trackpad
 Microphone
 Scanner

Flatbed Scanner Portable Scanners

 Digital camera
 PC video camera
 Is any hardware component that transmits
information to one or more people.
 The 3 commonly used output devices are as
follows:
 Daisy Wheel Printer
 Dot Matrix Printer
 Ink Jet Printer
 Thermal Printer
 Laser Printer
 Monitor – displays text, graphics, and videos
on a screen.
 The 3 types of monitor available in the
market are the following:
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube
containing an electron gun at one end and a
fluorescent screen at another end.
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – is a flat panel
display that consists of a layer of color or
monochrome pixels arranged schematically
between a couple of transparent electrodes
and two polarizing filters.
 Light Emitting Diode (LED) – is a flat panel
display that uses light emitting diodes for
backlighting.
 Speaker – allows one to hear music, voice,
and other sounds.
 Is the enclosure composed of the main
elements of a computer that are used to
administer data.
 Motherboard – is the circuitry of the system
unit containing the primary components of a
computer with connectors into which other
circuit boards can be positioned.
 A computer can be utilized with only
processing, memory, input and output
devices.
 A computer needs a place to hold program
files and all related files when they are not in
use.
 The goal of using a storage is to keep data
permanently.
 Types of storage devices include:
 USB flash disk drive
 Hard disk drive
 Compact disc
 Computers are powerful for a variety of
reasons.
 They work with remarkable speed, reliability,
consistency, accuracy, and a powerful tool for
communication.
 User – is anyone who communicates and
interacts with a computer or makes use of the
information it generates.
 Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power.
 The general classifications of computers are
as follows:
 Personal computer – is a small, single user
computer based on a microprocessor.
 Workstation – is a powerful, single user
computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher quality monitor.
 Minicomputer – is a multi user computer
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of
users simultaneously.
 Mainframe – is a powerful multi user
computer capable of supporting hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
 Supercomputer – is an extremely fast
computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second. Next slide is a
picture of NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer
that has 245,536 CPU cores and a total
memory of 935 TB.
 Computers are also categorized into several
types due to the introduction of mobile
devices and the proliferation of internet
capable devices.
 Specialized computers are now classified
according to specific uses.
 The different types of computers are as
follows:
 Desktop Computers
 Laptop Computers
 Tablet Computers
 Smartphones
 Wearables
 Smart TVs
 It is a period in human history characterized
by the shift from traditional industry to
information technology based economy
brought by industrialization during the
Industrial Revolution.
 This period is also characterized by the
digital industry creating a knowledge based
society surrounded by a high tech global
economy that exerts its influence on how the
manufacturing process and the service sector
work in an efficient and convenient way.
 Media normally refers to the means of
communication that uses unique tools to
interconnect among people.
 In the digital age, media is considered as the
message, the medium, and the messenger.
 The Message – is the content itself.
 The forms of content can be User Generated
or Professionally Produced.
 User Generated Content has grown
exponentially with the wide internet coverage
or easy WiFi access, increased social media
participation, and affordable smart devices.
 Example: Web Log or simply called as Blog, &
Video Log or simply called as Vlog
 Bloggers write text based posts, while
Vloggers create videos.
 The Medium – refers to the tool or tools used
in sending a message from the source to the
destination.
 Example:
1. News anchors delivering news on TV and
Radio
2. Using social media in information
dissemination
 The Messenger – is the one who delivers the
message.
 The media has transformed itself based on
two things:
1. How information is presented
2. How the connection is established

Example next slide

 MEDIA BEFORE MEDIA NOWADAYS
Woodcut printing on cloth or on Printing press
paper
Telegraph and telephone Cellphones
Online selling thru classified ads Online marketplace
 Trend – refers to something hip or popular at
a certain point in time. It can be a particular
style in fashion, devices, or entertainment. A
new trend may always come along to replace
the old one.
1. IoT and smart home technology
2. Augmented reality and virtual reality
3. Machine learning
4. Automation
5. Big data
6. Physical digital integrations
7. Everything on demand
Positive Effects
 Improved access to education
 Access to information and communication
 Security

Negative Effects
 Reduced personal interaction and physical
activity
 Job loss or increase in unemployment
 Security
1. Plagiarism – it is an act of theft in which a
person copies another person’s ideas,
words, or writings, etc. and pass them off as
his or her own.
2. Exploitation – it is an action in which one
deals with a person dishonestly, unethically,
and dishonorably.
3. Libel – written or spoken or even through
actions, it may lead to libel if the accusation
is not true and without any piece of
evidence.
 Software Piracy – refers to an act of installing
or copying a software into the computer in
the absence of an end user licensing
agreement and/or producing a copy
disregarding the copyrights.