CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

Time management means balancing, controlling, and dividing your time due

to lot of works and activities lined up that you need to do for that certain day or

limited time. Managing time effectively is utmost important for working students to

balance studies and works. Time management skills means focusing time on the

things that are most important to you. It also means spending less time on everything

else. Essential time management skills include prioritizing, goal setting, and

delegation (BakkerElkhuizen, 2023). There are studies and articles that concludes that

a lot of students are having difficulties in managing time because of being used in

procrastination, doesn’t have knowledge about time management and how to apply it

effectively, distractions, and overload responsibilities. Good time management

provides working students to achieve goals and perspective. Also, knowing and being

able to manage your time gives you a lot of benefits like good productivity, focus, and

less stress. Working students are people who are working while studying. The

researchers chose the working senior high school students as their subject for this

study because the researchers want to know if time management does really have a

relationship with the accomplishment of their responsibilities as a worker and as a

student.

Some of the reasons why other students are opted or need to work while

studying are to earn extra money, learn how to effectively manage their own money,

financial support, self-development, enhance and use personal skills. Work is an

important part in life because work allows people to have money as an exchange for
their hard work and physical labor. Since money is important in everyday life, some

students opted to work while studying because it can help with the financial problems

that they are facing. Other working students also chose to work while studying to be

able to know how to stand on their own and to develop skills that will be helpful for

them in the future. Studying in a school isn’t free, there are lots of expenses like

tuition fee, school supplies, etc. and not all students receives financial support from

their parents or relatives and instead of waiting for nothing to come, it is highly

suggested to make things work on your own. But working while studying is

challenging since students need to balance their school and work responsibilities

causing their time to be divided. There are different kinds of work set-up for working

students and ways they were able to land at the job. There are also diverse lived

experiences when it comes to their workloads and wages. The key actors experienced

various challenges at work, in school, and at home. At work, they are most likely to

experience sleep deprivation, pressure to perform well, work-life balance, and

exposure to injuries and health hazards. In school, their academic performance and

interpersonal relationships are challenged. At home, the struggle lies in financial

constraint and quality family time (Regis, 2019). Some students take fewer credits due

to work commitments. Part-time and full-time working students tend to spend less

time studying that can lead to delayed graduation dates (Darolia, 2014).

Time management is one of the said solution to this kind of problem, working

students needs to know how to effectively manage their time since they have a lot of

responsibilities both in work and in school because time management is the ability of

the person to balance things happening in their lives (Astudillo et al., 2019). Students

in general have very busy and stressful lives because they are attending classes,

completing assignments and studying for exams. In additions they have their own
daily routines and lifestyles that are necessary for creating balance between academics

and extracurricular activities. However, finding time to do everything at once can be

challenging and overwhelming. This is where good time management skills come into

practice. This is a skill that students need to learn. They must take the necessary

approaches and apply those strategies in order to be effective and more productive.

Having these skills gives students the ability to plan ahead and prioritize upcoming

assignments and events. This is an important factor in keeping students organized and

avoiding procrastination, and ultimately leads to academic success (Cyril, 2014).

Time management is very important and it may actually affect individual’s

overall performance and achievements (Razali et al., 2018). Some of the ways or tips

on how to manage your time effectively are to set goals, make note of deadlines, start

with small tasks or break up large tasks, create schedule, use checklists and list down

all of the things that you need to do and arrange them into a sequence like what

activity will you do first and what is next until you finished all of them. There are

implications that the working students might get like poor workflow that results from

a failure to plan and keep to goals, wasted time that arises from poor time

management, you will lose control of your professional life if you do not know the

next assignment and this might lead to increased tension and worry, and poor quality

of work that could have been better if you managed your time well.

Effectively managing your time gives you a lot of benefits like reduces your

stress level and increases your confidence. Taking control of your time also reduces

stress and anxiety. Good time management means meeting tight deadlines and

planning your time, one of the most important benefits of time management is a better

work-life balance, greater time freedom, when you have greater time freedom, you
can focus your time on setting and achieving your biggest goals, effective time

management increases your focus and improves your productivity, good time

management skills increase your productivity and help you get more done, less

procrastination, things are becoming simpler and easier, eliminates distractions and

boosts concentration, greater energy and motivation, and effective time management

techniques give you more time to think and plan (BakkerElkhuizen, 2023), you get

your time to rest, it also saves time because everything is sequenced and arranged.

The importance of time management on working students is seen.

Time management can be very useful in a student's hectic schedule. It ensures

that students are well prepared, organized and focused to manage their daily lives and

complete academic assignments on time. It can lead to improve success, however, this

is a skill that students have to learn and practice (Cyril, 2014). Time management

helps working students in many ways, having the knowledge in time managing and

sharing them to others would mean a lot for them, it’s like helping a person to get up

from their struggles and setting them free. Researching about it can also help in some

ways, apply your learnings, and fulfill all your responsibilities without leaving one

behind, consider all your works and activities important. Accomplish one at a time

and take a rest to be able to finish the future responsibilities that will come to your

school and work life. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship of time

management and working senior high school students because it allows the senior

high school students to know about this situation and learn from it.

By examining the relationship between time management and senior high

school working students, this research can provide valuable insights into the ways and

practices in which the relation of time management in the lives of working students
can help them in their life and if time management does really help to balance

academic and work responsibilities of a working senior high school student. This

information can help to inform the economic and education sector and support

working senior high school students in Camarines Sur National High School.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the relationship between time management as the

coping mechanism and working Senior High School Students in Camarines Sur

National High School.

The research sought to answer the following questions:

1.) What is the demographic profile of working student of Senior High School in

Camarines Sur National High School:

a. name

b. age

c. grade level

d. strand

e. section

f. type of employment

g. number of years of being a working student

2.) What are the challenges faced by working Senior High School students of

Camarines Sur National High School?

3.) How effective is time management as a coping mechanism to working Senior High

School students?

4.) Is there a significant relationship between time management and coping

mechanism of working Senior High School students?

Scope and Delimitation

The main purpose of this study is to know if there is a significant relationship

between time management as a coping mechanism and performance of working

students. The target respondents of this study are the 92 working Grade 11 and 12

Senior High School students in Camarines Sur National High School.

This study delimits the academic performance and time management of

Working Senior High School students in Camarines Sur National High School only

and will not focus on the academic performance and time management of Junior High

School and Senior High School that are not a working student and working students in

other school.

Significance of the study

The study made is significant to and can help the following in several ways:

Working Students. The study can directly benefit working students by raising

awareness about the significance of time management in achieving academic success,

with the result of this study they can get insights and knowledge that they can apply to

their everyday life as a working student as this study provides strategies on how to

effectively manage time.

Future Working Students. This study will benefit the future working

students as this study will provide information and strategies of good time

management, and will serve as a tool that can help them on managing their time. This

study will also reveal the problems that are common to working students and it can

benefit them by finding out in this study the ways on how to get through those

problems.
 Teachers. The information and knowledge from this study can help teachers

tailor their teaching methods and strategies to accommodate the unique challenges

faced by these students, ultimately enhancing their learning experience and academic

outcomes.

Parents. The study may help the parent to understand the situation that their

children is going through, hence their child cannot take too much pressure that can

cause a big impact to their academic performance and also to their lives. Gaining

information on this study about the experiences of working students can be an eye

opener to the parents and can be a way to understand their children even more and

treat them better.

Future Researcher. This research may also help the future researchers who

will also study topics that are related to this study. Information in this research might

help them as an additional insight gathered from the respondents and information

from books and internet.

 Notes

(2023). What is Time Management?. Mind Tools Content Team.

https://www.mindtools.com/arb6j5a/what-is-time-management

(2023). The 10 most important benefits of time management. BakkerElkhuizen.

https://www.bakkerelkhuizen.com/knowledge/the-10-most-important-benefits-of-

time-management/?country=I&lang=EN.

(Regis, 2019). Lived experiences of working senior high school students:

challenges and coping mechanism.
https://journal.aloha.academy/index.php/aijea/article/view/313

(Darolia, 2024). Does working during higher education affect students’ academic
progression?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261327636_Does_working_during_higher_
education_affect_students'_academic_progression

(Darolia, 2024). Does working during higher education affect students’ academic
progression?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261327636_Does_working_during_higher_edu
cation_affect_students'_academic_progression

(Austudillo et al., 2019). The Effects of Time Management among Working Students
of Selected Grade 12 General Academic Strand of Senior High School in Bestlink
College of the Philippines
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1254

(Cyril, 2014). Time management and academic achievement of higher secondary

students.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1097402.pdf

(Razali et al., 2018). The Impact of Time Management on Students' Academic

Achievement.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012042
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature

These are some of the literatures that are connected to the topic that were

gathered. Villahermosa et al., (2015) stated that it is typical nowadays for students to

work while studying to pursue their dreams in life. Expenses for college education are

never cheaper as generation passes by. Some families can afford tuition fees however,

most of the families cannot afford to send their children to pursue a college degree.

Hence, one of the best ways to earn a degree and to fulfill dreams is to work while

studying. Some of the working students are employed in the fast food chain as service

crew. Some, especially those with capital, invest in small businesses. Some serve as

student assistants in colleges and universities, and this is a common strategy which

added to the idea of Beer et al., (2019) that says it essential to community colleges'

workforce development strategies is recognizing that today's students often

simultaneously pursue academics and work. Many community college students work,

either full or part-time, while pursuing their degrees and does have many reasons to

work while pursuing degrees which some were stated by Villahermosa et al.

According to Pollard et al., (2013) students who are working while they are

studying frequently presents obstacles or challenges, the main difficulties are

managing time between employment and study, which affects their studies negatively,

they can't concentrate and retain information because of feeling tired and exhaustion,

and they can also affect the student's social lives, which can lead to a breakdown of

relationship. Chaudhuri (2023) also pointed out that with academic demands,
extracurricular activities and personal commitment it can be easy to get overwhelmed

and lose track of priorities. That's where time management skills come into play.

Time management can help student balance their workload, meet deadline, and reduce

stress. Students can use planner or digital calendar to schedule specific time for

studying including breaks and other activities.

Balancing course work and personal life can be challenging for students

pursuing higher studies. Effective time management can help students achieve a

balance between their academic responsibilities and personal life. Hurdhaugeh (2015)

concludes that working while studying is one of the factors why students leaves the

school before getting graduated, it has been found out that employment status does

have an impact on drop out of student who work full time alongside studying, full-

time workers are less likely to complete their programmed than student working short

part-time or not working at all and Lessky et al., (2022) stated that Working while in

school can be advantageous for students, for example in terms of employability, but

excessive labor might have a negative effect on academic progress which agrees to

Hurdhaugeh. Ramsey (2014) revealed that time management is often shown by doing

thing swiftly, contracting time expenditure, compressing action, and potentially power

to manage time can be applied to every working student to balance their time

management over academic performance and daily activities. Moreover, timing issues

embellished risk factors that affect performance of the employees, professionals, and

even a student. Without regard, to it also affect individual performance when a

students or worker manage time erroneously.

Gerald (2016) defined time management as the art of arranging, organizing,

scheduling, and budgeting. It aims to generate a higher effectiveness between work

and productivity that will benefits students and workers to balance and enhance the

time to do their work duties and academic performances. Additional time

management assist working students to achieve their overall goals while balancing

work obligations and school performances. Sayari (2017) & Aduke (2015) further

identified specific time management practices such as prioritization and planning, as

key factors in improving academic performance. These findings underscore the

importance of time management in achieving academic success. In addition to this,

Dixit (2018) mentioned that time is the only wealth which you cannot deposit in the

bank. Passing time is not in your control. It keeps leaking from your hands with each

movement of the hands of a clock. What remains in your hands is only how you

utilize you time. If you utilize it well, the consequences would be equally good but if

you misuse it, the consequences will be bad. It is worth remembering that we have 24

hours in a day.

To relate time management to working students Cabeca (2023) stated in the

book entitled "The power of time management and goal setting for academic stress"

that time management and goal setting is an essential skill that few students ability to

manage. It affects individual’s performance that includes working students. The

purpose people engage in utilizing time are time set clear, less destruction, and

commitment. Responsible students use time management to serve a healthy balance

between academic performance and life’s obligations. Time management provides

peace and enhance you to prioritize task. A student managed ethically, student

consistent create a objectives towards academic goals. This book help students

particularly working students to prioritize and balance time. Furthermore, it benefits

students and workers to diminish student and worker stress.

 Shankar (2022) emphasized that the better you use your time, the more you

will accomplish, and the greater you will succeed in your academics, goal, and life

present & future. Shankar also argued that there may be some good arguments for not

being a working student, like the fact that you might have a hard time managing your

time well, we are of the mindset that being a working student is one of the best things

you can do. There are lots of different reasons why being a working student can help

you in both your university life and later career, some of them including gaining

experience and networking, as well as making some extra money.

Kaushar (2013) observed that the way students perceive and manage their

time, involving the planning of short and long-term goals and their attitudes toward

time, significantly impacts their accomplishments. Students who engage in effective

planning and cultivate positive time attitudes feel more in control of their time. This

sense of control enables them to better allocate their time for daily tasks, making it

easier for them to discern when to decline additional activities. Mehrotra (2021)

argued that students should work only in accordance with time management because

it is very important for them and will help them in achieving success. The necessary

thing to get success in time management is to do work effectively so you don't have to

do it again. Those who waste time the most, complaint about it the most. Successful

people control their time on their own while the time of an unsuccessful people is

controlled by others.

Baxi (2020) emphasizes the importance of effective time management for

college students, especially those transitioning from high school to college life. It

highlights the initial surplus of time available and the significance of maximizing it

for academic success. The challenges faced by college freshmen, including the need
for self-discipline and stress management are discussed. The text offers practical

advice on setting and achieving goals, maintaining a balanced schedule, overcoming

procrastination, and dealing with stress. It stresses the importance of recognizing

individual stress levels and preferences, emphasizing that one size does not fit all.

According to Faisal et al., (2014) and (Abdulla et al., 2014) engaging in

extracurricular activities and taking part in proceedings, while not necessarily a job, is

positively correlated with achieving excellent academic standards. Numerous studies

have demonstrated the many benefits of time management techniques, which go

beyond raising students' performance levels.

Effective time management techniques lead to improved physical and mental

health as well as high academic achievement. "Time Management in the Life of a

Scholar" is a book made by Dandago (2015) that focuses on effective time

management for scholars. The book aims to provide guidance and inspiration for

scholars to become role models in managing their time effectively. By implementing

the principles outlined in this book, scholars can enhance their time management

skills and create a fulfilling and successful academic journey.

Acaso et al., (2019) stated that Working while studying in senior high school

can significantly impact students' academic performance, poor participation in class

activities was the most common effect. However, work skills were related to school

activities, and students learned to balance work and study. Family motivation was also

a common factor, as it served as motivation. Academic achievement could be a

reward for hard work. Solutions to address this situation include collaborating with

parents and teachers to help students stay focused on their studies in addition to this

the book of Collins et al., (2020) "Teaching Students About the World of Work"
explores the importance of preparing students for the workforce. It emphasizes the

role of post-secondary educators, particularly in community colleges in training

students for modern careers. The book argues that colleges should prioritize teaching

students about work, especially those from marginalized communities.

Taylor et al., (2023) stated that despite the fact that work is a fundamental

part of life for nearly half of all undergraduate students with a substantial number of

“traditional” dependent undergraduates in employment and working independent

undergraduates averaging 34.5 hours per week, little attention has been given to how

working influences the integration and engagement experiences of students who

work, especially those who work full-time, or how the benefits and costs of working

differ between traditional age-students and adult students. Sharma (2021) explained in

the published book entitled “Time Management is Life Management” that the word

time management sounds like a simple concept, but it isn’t. Almost 99% of people in

this world struggle to manage their time at its best.

Time is one of the life’s most valuable possessions, as it is something you can

never get back. Subsequently, one of the most essential life skills to master is time

management. After all, time management is really life management. Mastering time

management does more than just increasing productivity. It can yield important health

benefits as well. When time is managed wisely, it minimizes stress and improves the

overall quality of your life, which is one of the most worrisome issues in today’s

world. Khiat (2022) also stated that effective time management is essential for us all,

whether students or anyone else.

There are many factors which affect how well students manage their time and

in what ways. As with everything, some are excellent at managing their time and
others are not. Tracy (2016) professed that any attempt to use the wrong type of time

in the wrong area for it will lead to frustration, failure, and ineffectiveness. The

quality of your life is largely determined by the quality of your time management. But

time management is really personal management, life management. It is management

of yourself. If you don’t control your time properly, it is difficult for you to control

anything else. Miller et al., (2019) draws attention to technological advancements as it

has played a significant role in the lives of working students. Online platforms,

educational apps, and virtual collaborations can enhance flexibility and facilitate

effective time management, leading to improved work-study balance. In today's

digital age, where information is just a click away, technology has become a powerful

tool that working students can leverage to manage their hectic schedules effectively.

However, some of the working student found out that they’re experience some stress

to balance their time to perform their work duties and responsibilities, and some of the

student perform coping mechanism in the different ways.

Algorani & Gupta, (2023) declared that coping refers to the conscious and

voluntary thoughts and behaviors used to manage internal and external stressful

situations. It is different from defense mechanisms, which are subconscious or

unconscious responses to stress. Coping styles are the individual's consistent and

stable traits that determine their behavior in response to stress. Coping can be

reactive, responding to the stressor, or proactive, aiming to prevent future stressors.

Proactive individuals excel in stable environments, while reactive individuals perform

better in more variable environments. In addition, Cayaon (2022) also states that

students rarely faced financial, school, boarding house, or emotional and spiritual

problems. When they did encounter such problems, they utilized positive coping

mechanisms. The study also concluded that there was no significant correlation
between demographic characteristics and stress coping mechanisms. Guevarra &

Cimanes (2017) mention that people encounter stress leads them to rapid bodily

changes such as feelings of emotional unrest causing them to feel body aches. Many

students face stress as they try to mix up busy lives, school and work; while they are

trying also to have time with family and friend. For some students, stress becomes

almost a way of living.

Review of Related Studies

The following information were gathered in the studies conducted by different

authors that supports this study. Paguio (2019) addressed in his study that students in

general have very busy and stressful lives due to attending classes, completing

assignments and studying for exams. In addition, they have their own daily routines

and lifestyles that are necessary for creating balance between academics and

recreational activities. However, finding time to do everything at once can be

challenging. This is where good time management skills come into practice. One can

make use of time effectively and competently by keeping time logs, setting immediate

and long- standing goals, prioritizing responsibilities, constructing to-do lists and

arrangement, and organize one’s workspace. Based on the result of the study, the

respondents strongly agreed when it comes to the extent of student academic

procrastination affecting their time managements. When it comes to the extent of

student prioritization techniques affecting their time management all the student

respondents strongly agreed that they make checklist of the things that they need to do

every day.
 The study of Tetteh et al., (2019) explores how working university students in

Ghana are able to combine work and study, and the effect of this on their academic

performance. It is found that combining schooling with work results in less time for

studies which negatively affects academic performance. Again, difficulty in finding

time for studies due to work requirements ranks the highest, and finally, students

receive slightly better support from their academic institutions than from their

employers. And then Karavana (2013) mentioned that students should minimize their

reliance on loans and instead seek additional income to cover tuition expenses.

Engaging in part-time work not only provides financial benefits but also fosters a

sense of accomplishment, as students challenge themselves to excel in both work

responsibilities and other aspects of life. This approach involves pushing limits,

demonstrating the effective use of time through skillful time management, and

showcasing the correlation between attitude, hard work, and the determination of

individuals in the workforce, Paje (2023) agreed on this and revealed that working

students can gain a lot of various benefits from working while studying. However,

most students feel that having these jobs can distract them from their studies. The

academic performance of the respondents depends on how the working students

handle their time-management. This study concludes that the challenging experiences

encountered by the respondents along time-management are lack of time for working

on activity that they are always late in submitting their prepared activity. In terms of

their academic performance, they are having passing grades but low.

Astudillo et al., (2019) defined time management as the ability of a person to

balance things happening in their lives and it has a significant impact on the lives of

the students especially for those who are working. Sometimes, they lack the

supervision of parents and teachers and they work due to financial reasons. Working
students do not have enough time to study and spend most of their time working. The

study conducted by Accion et al., (2020) investigates students' strategies for

maximizing their time between working and studying, focusing on financial support,

self-development, and internal motivation. Findings indicate that students find

happiness and good time management, and effective ways to overcome problems

include good time management and self-reflection. Strategies to identify the causal

relationship between working and academic performance include student-level fixed

effects to control for permanent, unobserved characteristics that may affect both work

and study intensity, relationships between working and academic performance that

vary over time. In accordance to the study of Accion et al., Mariano et al., (2022)

conducted a study that examined the relationship between time management skills and

academic performance in students. Results showed that most students have good time

management skills, and their academic performance is approaching proficiency level.

The study found a high positive, significant relationship between time management

skills and academic performance. It was found that students’ perceived control of time

was the factor that correlated significantly with cumulative grade point average. The

findings also show that the participants have happy feeling and good time

management.

Rai (2016) conducted a study to determine what is the effect on the

performance of the student if they manage their work according to the time. The

author also stated that some student gets high marks and some gets less marks in the

exam, it does not mean that those who get less marks are less capable than other but

generally it is found that because of the miss management of time they get low marks

in the exam. That is why time management is very important. Time management is

the planning to divide the amount of time for a particular task or activity. The author
found that only few students manage their work according to the time but those who

manage their work according to the time their performance is better than other and the

author concluded that there is a direct positive relation between the time management

and academic performance.

Fulgencio et al., (2020) concludes in the published book titled “Effects of

Time Management on Academic Performance of Selected Grade 12” having positive

time management is a tool, technique that working students can use to manage time

efficiently. It may also affect academic task and work duties. Time management

engage us to avoid overload activities due to lack of time. Alberna et al., (2017)

argued in the study entitled “Relationship between time management skills and

academic achievement of the students in Vocational School of Health Services”

that for students to succeed in the university education process, developing effective

use of time awareness is crucial. Students' ability to manage their time effectively

has an impact on their academic performance. With that, Khal et al., (2020) declared

that a student having good time management skill contains a tendency to achieve

higher academic achievement. This skill aids students to maintain good performance

if students work efficiently, effective, and prioritizing goals. Moreover, diminished

time management skills could upshot a student in a fall off outcomes. Students less

time management will suffer difficulties to holds academic activities and work duties

that results in overloaded activities. And according to Gonzales (2019) time

management is a pivotal improvement of academic performance of students. The

justification of students holding time management accurately enhance, and influence

various factor that engage to balance time precisely. Emphasizing time, aid to enhance

cost-effective educational strategy by the upper hand particularly with the higher

education on the same level off.

 After all the related studies, the study of Kaushar (2013) and Adams et al.,

(2019) concluded that time management plays a vital role in students' academic

performance and lowers the level of anxiety among working students. The researcher

also argued that lack of time management skills act as the barrier to better academic

performance, highlighting the need to promote and teach it to improve academic

performance and well-being. Karim et al., (2015) believes that time management

techniques are related to people's attitudes and awareness of time management, as

well as their sense of control over time. Thus, time attitudes include the belief that one

is in charge of one's own time, the belief that one is effectively managing one's time,

and the belief that one is using one's time constructively. The study underscores the

significance of individuals' attitudes and beliefs in shaping their utilization of time

management strategies, highlighting the interconnectedness between mindset and

effective time utilization. In addition, Agbaria & Mokh (2021) investigated the

relationships between active, problem-focused, and maladaptive coping with stress

during the first wave of coronavirus outbreak among college students. They found

that positive social support may increase students’ ability to cope effectively with the

current situation. However, Kember & Leung (2010). States that this study focused

on part-time students and their coping mechanisms in order to balance the study

commitments with other demands on their time. The researchers developed an

instrument based on previous qualitative work, which identified three coping

mechanisms (sacrifice, support, and negotiation of arrangements) operating in four

domains of the self (work, family, and social lives). The study also developed a

measure for the sense of belonging to college. The findings, based on data from 208

adult part-time students, revealed significant relationships between the employment

of coping mechanisms and the development of a sense of belonging to the college.

Students who negotiated study time with their families, established regular study

routines, reported high levels of social support, and had a strong sense of personal

self-determination were more likely to exhibit a strong sense of belonging. Sacrifice

was also reported, particularly within the self-domain. Also, MAQUILING (2018)

declared that this descriptive survey study finds out the challenges, benefits and

coping mechanisms of working students in the different companies and colleges in

the Kingdom of Bahrain during the Academic Year 2016 – 2017. Included in the study

were 150 working students. Frequency, Rank, & Mean were used to determine the

dominant challenges, benefits, and coping mechanisms of working students. T-test

was used to determine the significant difference on the dominant challenges &

coping mechanisms of the working students for their type of part-time job. The

results revealed that out of the 150 respondents who are working mostly in the

private sector, their main reason why they work part-time is because of additional

money and not so much for experience.

Time management as the coping mechanism of working Senior High School

students in Camarines Sur National High School

 Input Process Output

1. Demographic Profile

a. name

b. age

c. grade level Recommendation of

d. strand practicing and applying

2. Challenges faced by Analysis of data through time management to the

working students the survey questionnaire everyday lives of working

3. Factors affecting the and statistical treatment. Senior High School

performance of working students to balance their

students responsibilities.

4. Coping mechanisms

5. Relationship of time

management and

performance of working

students

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the study

This study used the IPO model(input-process-output) where the researchers

will propose a recommendation at the end of the study. The time management serves
as the independent variable while the academic performance is the dependent

variable.

In this part of conceptual framework, it identified how the respondents used

their time efficiently as a working student and the techniques on how they will

manage their time.

The dependent variable is measured according to the grades and how they

perform in class during discussion, recitation, and performance tasks. It was also

based on how the independent variable affects the dependent variable.

At the end of this study, the researchers made a recommendation to come up

with a solution to the problem of working students regarding time management.

This study focused on determining the relationship of time management and

academic performance of working Senior High School students. Figure 1 presents the

conceptual framework of the study.

Theoretical Framework

Parkinson’s Law Theory (Parkinson, 1995)

-This theory was organized by Parkinson to assist individual to enhance
their time allotted for its completion.

Time management as the coping

mechanism of working Senior
High School students in Camarines
Sur National Highschool

The Eisenhower Matrix How to Pickle jar theory of time

prioritize your to-do list (1954) management (Wright, 2002)
(Covey, 2023)

Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm of the study

 There are three main theoretical constructs that guide this research. This all

theories focus on time management. (Parkinson, 1955). The first theory is Parkinson's

Law theory. Parkinson's law theory introduced that time management is a things

became harder to complete when more time is given to complete. It as the build up to

the task became stressful and daunting. This theory assists workers and students to

complete their task immediately. Deadline cause procrastination (Parkinson, 1995).

There are 5 ways to overcome Parkinson's law. This includes, plan your work

strategically, set self-imposed deadlines, try time boxing, pomodoro technique, and

use task management tools. This characteristic is beneficial and useful on managing

time correctly, and provides working students technique that students can use to

utilize the proper way of headline or managing time effectively.

This theory is similarly to the researcher study, It benefits workers and also a

student. Theory focus on how to manage time effectively, theory also give a tip to

worker and students to handle time crucially. Plan your work strategically, states that

the process of setting goals depend on the actions of the students or worker to achieve

their goals. set self-imposed, declared that doing your task as near at the possible, it

helps students and workers to be more initiatives and provides positive impact on

their performance. Time boxing assist individuals to finish task in time that a person

needed. This will advantage to student to properly manage and balance time.

Pomodoro technique help students and worker to become more limit in time handling.

It benefits a working student to complete their activities swiftly. and lastly task

management tools, it provides a positive outcome to the working students to complete

and prioritize their task efficiently. This technique assists students and worker to

manage their time and avoid cramming. Additionally, the theory benefits individuals,

especially working students to manage their time efficaciously.

 Second is based on the theory of time management (Eisenhower, 1954). It was

namely "The Eisenhower Matrix How to prioritize your to-do list". Eisenhower

(1954) stated that management tool assists a worker to organize and prioritize tasks by

urgency and importance. Eisenhower also provides tips to task prioritization. Making

a to-do list is the first step to finish your work. However, determining with effective

prioritization can increase their productivity and ensure that individual most urgent

tasks get immediate attention. Identifying all the tasks is need or want to do related to

your academic work and sort them into the four quadrants according to their urgency

and importance. There are 4 tips to prioritize individuals tasks including color code

your task, limit your task to 10 percent per quadrant, make to do lists, and eliminate

then prioritize (Eisenhower, 1954). Although time management. It prioritized working

student and student to visualize task in matrix patter that includes the prioritization of

each academic performance and works duties.

This theory is similarly to researcher study, because Eisenhower matrix theory

assist individual especially working students to prioritize of their performance and

activities within the date. This theory also relates on our research because it provides

an information to avoid cramming of an individual and provide also an information

that empower time management to the performance of a person. There are also several

tips that need when an individual prioritizing a task or activities, first is color-code

your task, this tip help individual particular working students to set up a system that

works. it assist a person eventually working student to prioritize their performance in

school and work duties, limit your task to 10 percent per quadrant, the purpose of this

is to help the individual to assess and Identify task need to addressed first and

prioritize accordingly, in this tips students able to know and prioritize his performance
organized. To do list, this tip will benefits individual particularly working student that

managing their time carefully. It helps a worker to prioritize and balance their time, so

it can avoid swiftly rush due to activities. Lastly eliminates and prioritize, this tip help

individual, especially working student to have a good management controlling time

that will benefits working students.

The third theoretical is based on the theory of time. Individual make used

available fixed amount of time on a daily basis. Pickle jar alternatively known as

buckets of rock theory. Jar theory represents important and guides division of tasks

and time. Pickle jar symbolizes "work" and "life". Pickle jar theory states that the

concept of time is non-perishable with limits. Pickle jar play a crucial role in

providing a visual example of what is and not useful.

This theory of pickle of jar are similarly to researcher study, the reason is

pickle jar assist student, and the purpose of this is to prioritize individuals particularly

working student to have a better learn on how a working students manage their time

and use it appropriately in beneficial activities. Furthermore, pickle of jar theory help

individual to set a priorities and plan in their activities that assist an individual to save

time daily rather than having too few hours in the day. working student benefits this

theory, because it helps them to prioritize their activities during their work and even

in academic activities. This theory guides a student and worker to manage their

activities, and this will also benefits student to properly manage their time effectively

that help a student to have a good performance.

Synthesis of the Art

 This section presents similarities and/or differences of the present study to the

past studies cited. These are some previous studies used as related work in this present

research. The study by Tetteh et al., (2019) focuses on exploring how working

university students in Ghana are able to balance their work and study commitments,

and the impact of this on their academic performance. The study of Albena et al.,

(2017) was related to this study since it covers the time management and skill of

working students to maintain good performance in finishing their work or activities.

The skills show that the students have a goal and happy feeling of good time

management, this study is similar to the study of Mariano et al., (2022). The study of

Paguio (2019) talked about the challenges of students, they have very busy and

stressful living, it was challenging for many students because it is necessary to

balance the academic and recreational activities that affects their time management

and it was related to the study of Gonzalez (2019). The study provides valuable

insights into the strategies employed by students to effectively manage their time

between work and studying. It emphasizes the importance of factors such as financial

support, self-development, and internal motivation in achieving a successful work-

study balance. Additionally, the study contributes to our understanding of the

dynamic nature of the relationship between work and academic performance (Accion

et al., 2020). little attention has been given to how working influences the integration

and engagement experiences of students who work, especially those who work full-

time, or how the benefits and costs of working while studying. full-time workers are

less likely to complete their programme than student working short part-time or not

working at all according to studies of Lessky et al., (2022) and Taylor et al., (2023).

Hypothesis of the study

 Is there a significant relationship between time management and academic

performance of working senior high school students?

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between time management and

academic performance of working senior high school students.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between time

management and academic performance of working senior high school students.

Assumptions of the study

On the conduct of this study, the following assumptions were made:

1.Time management does not have a positive impact on the performance of the

working students.

2.Working students are not able to cope up with their busy lives

3.Working students does not have the ability to balance their work and school

responsibilities.

4.Most of the working students does not perform well in school despite of having a

good time management.

Gap-Bridge of the Study

This study aims to determine how time management affects the academic

performance of a working students in Camarines Sur National High School. All

studies have been made for the researchers to have an idea regarding the academic

performance and time management of the working students based on the related

literature and related studies. Most gaps that were identified are on related literature

and related studies. Karavana (2013) mentioned that students should minimize their

reliance on loans and instead seek additional income to cover tuition expenses. This
study only tackled the income and expenses of the students and not time management.

The gap in this study is the time management of the working student.

Definition of Terms

Academic Performance. Defined as the measurement of student achievement

across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure

achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates, and results from

standardized tests.

Challenges. An objection or query as to the truth of something, often with an

implicit demand for proof. Some of the challenges faced by the grade 11 and 12

student are lack of study time, lack of sleep, may affect mental health.

Coping Mechanism. These are the patterns and behaviors people use to deal
with unusually stressful situations.

Correlation. Statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two

variables are linearly related.

Goal. An idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people

envision, plan, and commit to achieve. People endeavor to reach goals within a finite

time by setting deadlines.

Responsibilities. A thing that one is required to do as part of a job, role, or

legal obligation.

Senior high school. The last two years of the K to 12 Basic Education

Program were in grades 11 and 12 of Camarines Sur National High School.

Skills. The abilities that allow an individual to better understand complex

scenarios and develop creative solutions. these skills offer the ability to approach

complicated workplace situations in a variety of different ways.

 Time Management. The process of organizing and planning how to divide

your time between different activities. Get it right, and you'll end up working smarter,

not harder, to get more done in less time – even when time is tight, and pressures are

high.

Working Student. A student who is permitted to work while studying for.

them to pay their own expenses. They are those individuals who find ways to. support

themselves, to help their parents to cope with the constant rise of.
 Notes

Figures used: Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm of the study

Figure 2. Theoretical paradigm of the study

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Correlation-https://www.jmp.com/en_ph/statistics-knowledge-portal/what-is-
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q=responsibilities&oq=responsibilities
%20&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCAgAEEUYOBg5Mg0IARAAGJECGIAEGIoFMg0
IAhAAGJECGIAEGIoFMg0IAxAAGJECGIAEGIoFMg0IBBAAGJECGIAEGIoFM
gcIBRAAGIAEMgcIBhAAGIAEMgcIBxAAGIAEMgcICBAAGIAEMgcICRAAGI
AEMgcIChAAGIAEMgcICxAAGIAEMgcIDBAAGIAEMgcIDRAAGIAEMgcIDhA
AGIAE0gEIOTQyMWoxajmoAgCwAgA&client=ms-android-oppo-
rev1&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8&fbclid=IwAR3E_wbeJoUA5G-
yAapckVApKMeh4FhIjlAIslQPkBu3jvZ_I3ZKbFSE90k
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GCAAQRRg5Mg8IARAAGEMYsQMYgAQYigUyDwgCEAAYQxixAxiABBiKBT
IMCAMQABhDGIAEGIoFMhIIBBAAGEMYgwEYsQMYgAQYigUyDwgFEAAY
QxixAxiABBiKBTIPCAYQABhDGLEDGIAEGIoFMgwIBxAAGEMYgAQYigUy
DwgIEAAYQxixAxiABBiKBTIMCAkQABhDGIAEGIoFMgoIChAAGLEDGIAE
MgwICxAAGEMYgAQYigUyCggMEAAYsQMYgAQyCggNEAAYsQMYgAQyB
wgOEAAYgATSAQgyODU0ajFqOagCALACAA&client=ms-android-oppo-
rev1&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-
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%20title%20at%20stake
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A research design is a strategy for answering research question using

empirical data. According to Prabhat Pandey and Meenu Mishra (2015), research

design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting

relevant data and the technique to be used in the analysis. The design for this research

is descriptive. According to Shona McCombes (2019) descriptive research aims to

accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. In this

research, correlational is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of the

relationship among variables without controlling and manipulating any of them. It is

also the ideal for gathering data quickly from natural setting that helps generalize the

findings. Using the correlational approach, the researchers can know the relationship

between time management as the coping mechanism of the working students to its

academic performance.

Respondents of the Study

This study will be participated by 93 Grade 11 and 12 students of Camarines

Sur National High School of school year 2023-2024. The researchers included 93

students who are currently juggling their academic studies with part-time jobs as

respondents. They were the chosen respondents because the research is about working

students, so that the information that will be collected will be accurate. Which is

shown in the graph below:

Grade Section Number of respondents

11 HUMSS -1 2

11 HUMSS -2 1

11 HUMSS -3 2

11 HUMSS -4 1

11 HUMSS -5 3

11 HUMSS -6 1

11 HUMSS -7

11 PP

11 PROG -1 1

11 PROG -2

11 HORTI 7

11 BBF -1 2

11 BBF -2

11 BBF -3

11 ABM 1

11 ABM 2

11 ABM 3 2

11 ABM 4

11 ABM 5 4

11 EBAS

11 FP 4

11 GA 1 1

11 GA 2

11 GA 3 2

11 GA 4 2
11 GA 5

11 GA 6 1

11 BHW -1 1

11 BHW -2

11 EPAS 1

11 FHC 1

11 FHC 2 1

11 LTEM

11 SMAW 3

11 EIM 1 1

11 AUTO 1 6

11 ST 1 4

11 ADT 1 3

12 AUTO 1 4

12 SMAW 1 2

12 BBF 1

12 BBF 2

12 BBF 3

12 ST 1 1

12 BHW 1

12 PROG 1

12 PROG 2 1

12 HORTI 2

12 STEM 1

12 STEM 2
12 STEM 3

12 STEM 4

12 PP

12 ABM 1 4

12 ABM 2 5

12 ABM 3 3

12 ABM 4 2

12 ABM 5 4

12 GA 1

12 GA 2 1

12 GA 3

12 GA 4

12 GA 5 2

12 GA 6

12 ADT 1

12 AI 1

12 EIM 1 1

12 CSS

12 HUMSS 1

12 HUMSS 2

12 HUMSS 3

12 HUMSS 4

12 HUMSS 5

12 HUMSS 6

12 HUMSS 7
 12 DT 1

12 EPAS

12 FP 1

12 BHW 2

12 FHC 1

12 FHC 2

TOTAL 93

Instrument of the Study

The researchers used a questionnaire to gather information from the

respondents, for the reason that it gathers data quickly than any other method. The

researchers of this study used this instrument to gather all the data needed to answer

the particular problem in the study.

The type of instrument that researchers used are the three consolidate of close-

ended questions namely the likert scale, rating scale, and dichotomous questions,

these are the instrument that the researchers used that will assist to gather information

to the respondents. The questionnaire involves 5 parts. Part I will ask the demographic

profile of the respondent (name, age, grade level, strand, section, and employment

status). Part II regards to the challenges that working senior high school encounter.

Part III are the factors that affects academic performance of the working senior high

school students. Part IV are the techniques that working students used to balance their

time. Part V discuss if there’s a correlation between time management and academic

performance. The researchers selected 93 working Senior High School students in the

entire strands in Camarines Sur National High School only.

Validity and Reliability

This chapter introduced validity and reliability of this study and it must

dispense more explicit results. The researchers used an aligned research instrument in

this study that will assist the researchers to gather and obtain more reliable and valid

data. The researchers also verify that they followed the right procedures in collecting

data from the respondents. To gather a reliable data, researchers conducted an

interview using questionnaire through face-to-face interaction. The researchers will

conduct a survey on the entire working Senior High School students in Camarines Sur

National High School only. Since this study is about the correlation between time

management and academic performance of the working students in Camarines Sur

National High School, the respondent’s answer will be consistently valid because they

are the people that the researchers need in this study, also, the sample is large which

will ensure the accurateness of the data that will be gathered and analyzed. To verify

the reliability of this research, the researchers assure that there will be no errors

during the collection of data. During analyzation of data, the researchers authenticate

that there is no exploit and manipulation during interpretation and analysis of data.

Statistical Treatment

Investigations allow us to evaluate the relationship between the data and

identify possible errors in the study. enables us to organize and process our data.

Because of the analysis of our data, it is generally more useful to make several

conclusions for each subgroup within our population than to make a single, more

general conclusion for the entire population. However, to do this, we need to be able

to classify the population into other subgroups so that we can later analyze our data in

the same way before analyzing it. For a result of using data, as a result of studying the
relationship between time management and academic performance of working senior

high school students. Considering that time management and academic performance

can vary among individuals, influenced by factors like gender and age range,

researchers aim to group the data into subgroups based on these parameters. This

approach allows for a nuanced analysis, providing insights into the relationship

between time management and academic performance across different segments of

the population. Categorizing the data in this way is a statistical treatment. Rank and

Percentage. The demographic profile of the respondents will be analyzed using the

selected variables.

Percentage

The frequency of each response will be calculated based on the number of

respondents checking a specific item. The demographic profile of the participants will

be established using the percentage formula.

Formula:

F
P= × 100
N

Where:

P= Percentage

F= Frequency

N= Total Number of Respondents

100= Constant value

Weighted mean

Takes into consideration the proper weights assigned to the observed values

according to their relative importance.

 total weighted mean
weighted mean=
N

Where:

N = total number of respondents

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

This was used to assess the correlation between the two variables involved.

Σ ( xì−x ) ( yì− y )
r=
√ Σ(xì−x)² Σ( yì− y )²

Where:

N – Number of Pairs

Σ – Summation

X – score of the first variable

Y – score of the second variable

Ethical Considerations

Researchers followed the ethical consideration to avoid violating other rights

specifically the participants involve in the study. Researchers must adhere to

principles such as honesty, ensuring transparent and truthful representation of their

work. Protection from harm is crucial, necessitating measures to minimize any

potential negative impact on participants. Respecting individuals’ rights to privacy is

paramount, safeguarding sensitive information and maintaining confidentiality.

Additionally, researchers should diligently avoid plagiarism, giving proper credit to

sources. Obtaining approval from relevant authorities, such as the guidance office and

principal, is essential for acknowledgment and awareness within the research setting.

Overall, a comprehensive commitment to ethical standards is essential for the

integrity and credibility of the research endeavor.

Notes

Table of sections with number of respondents

Statistical Tools
McCombes, S. (2023). What Is a Research Design | Types, Guide &

Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-design/