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    Mathematical

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    Mathematical

    Uploaded by

    Josselyn Chacón Álvarez
    9 views14 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    9 views14 pages

    Mathematical

    Uploaded by

    Josselyn Chacón Álvarez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Mathematical

    What is an Outlier Defined


    as A Level Maths?

    Lead Academy
    8 Mins Read

    “What is an outlier defined as A Level maths?” You may get confused


    seeing the question as we’ve directly copy pasted the Google search
    term here. Let’s rephrase it so you’ll understand it a bit better. “What
    is an outlier defined as in A Level maths” or “Describe outlier meaning
    in statistics.” Well, as the latter question clearly spits it out, it’s a
    concept related to statistics. An outlier is a data point in a distribution
    that breaks away from the overall pattern.

    Since you’ve searched the term, we’re going to assume that you’re
    familiar with statistics and quantitative analysis. So we’re not going to
    talk about these here today. Instead, we’re going to delve right into
    your question.
    Table of Content [hide]
     What is an Outlier Defined as A Level Maths?
    o Standard Deviations
    o Interquartile Range
    o Outliers
     How to Calculate an Outlier?
    o Analysis of the 12 Data Points
    o Using Interquartile Range to Determine Outliers
    o Using Standard Deviation to Determine Outliers
    o

    o FAQs
     Conclusion
     What to Read Next:
    What is an Outlier Defined as A Level
    Maths?
    What are outliers? Instead of going to the definition of outlier in
    statistics, it’ll be much easier to understand if we describe it.

    At A-level, you’ll find the concept of outliers relatively early in your


    curriculum. Outliers will come up as soon as you come in touch with
    the following concepts:

    1. Measures of Dispersion
    2. Box and Whisker Diagrams
    To understand an outlier, you first have to be familiar with the
    following terms:

    1. Standard deviations
    2. Interquartile range

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    Standard Deviations
    A standard deviation is a measure of how widely distributed the data is
    in reference to the mean. A low standard deviation suggests that data
    is grouped around the mean, whereas a large standard deviation
    shows that data is more spread out.
    In statistics, it is often denoted with the Greek word sigma.

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    σ
    Interquartile Range
    The interquartile range in descriptive statistics describes the spread
    of your distribution’s middle half.
    But, What is quartile? Quartiles are values that divide data into four
    equal parts, similar to how the median divides data into two.

    In fact, the median is the second quartile. The second and third
    quartiles, or the centre half of your data set, are represented by the
    interquartile range (IQR).

    In other words, the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles
    is known as the interquartile range. So, the 25th and 75th percentiles
    are also called the first and third quartiles. As a result, the
    interquartile range describes the middle 50% of observations.

    If the interquartile range is broad, it suggests that the middle 50% of


    observations are widely apart. The main advantage of the interquartile
    range is that it can be used as a measure of dispersion/variability even
    if the extreme values are not captured precisely.
    Another advantage is that it is unaffected by extreme values.

    Outliers
    So, outliers are data points that lie 1.5 times below the 1st quartile or
    1.5 times above the 3rd quartile. We can also say that outliers are data
    points that lie 1.5 times above or below the interquartile range.

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    How to Calculate an Outlier?


    Outliers can be dealt with using the interquartile range. Because the
    interquartile range is the middle half of the data, it is reasonable to
    define an outlier as a specific multiple (1.5 times to be exact) of the
    interquartile range below the first quartile or above the third quartile.

    An exam question might provide you a data set and ask you to
    compute the interquartile range and identify outliers.

    For example, consider the following data set. Imagine that they are
    annual savings of 12 people in quantities of thousands. So you will also
    have to interpret the output data as thousands.

    Data Points 1

    6
    6

    10

    12

    56

    Analysis of the 12 Data Points


    There are 12 data points here. Let’s analyse them.

    μ or x̅ Mean 10.33333333

    Median (0 percentile) 6

    σ Standard Deviation 14.64323197

    Q1 1st Quartile (25th percentile) 5

    Q2 2nd Quartile (50th percentile) 6

    Q3 3rd Quartile (75th percentile) 9.25

    IQR Interquartile Range Q3 – Q1

    The mean here is the average. The median is the middle point of the
    data set, also called the 50th percentile. The standard deviation is
    14.64323197, and it shows how far spread out the data set is from the
    mean. The interquartile range here is the value when we calculate
    Q3-Q1.
    However, if we look at the data set and exclude 56 out of it, the last
    data point would be 12, approximately 2.64 less than the standard
    deviation. It makes very little sense. This happened here because of
    the data point 56. If we exclude it and recalculate the standard
    deviation for the remaining 11 data points, it would be 2.891995222,
    which makes perfect sense.

    So you can see how data points that are too far from the mean can
    affect the statistical analysis. Both mean and standard deviations are
    highly sensitive to extreme data points.

    Statisticians call these extreme data points outliers, which can go


    both ways- either above the mean, like our example above, or below
    the mean.

    This is also where the interquartile range comes in. It helps us


    understand where the majority of the data set is and identify outliers.
    Using Interquartile Range to Determine Outliers
    So, the outlier formula or outlier equation is:

    Outliers below the Mean Q1 – 1.5 x IQR

    Outliers above the Mean Q3 + 1.5 x IQR

    First, calculate the interquartile range and multiply it by 1.5. Then,


    subtract this value from the 1st quartile and then also add it to the 3rd
    quartile. The two values that you end up with are the acceptable
    statistical data range. Any data point outside this would be an outlier.

    But there is another way to identify outliers that is common in A level

    Using Standard Deviation to Determine Outliers


    The following are the formula to identify outliers using the standard
    deviation.

    Outliers below the Mean x̅ – kσ

    Outliers above the Mean x̅ + kσ

    FAQs
    How do you determine an outlier in A level?

    An outlier in A level can be determined by looking for data points that


    are significantly different from the rest of the data set.

    How do you use standard deviation to determine outliers in A


    level maths?

    The formula to find outliers using the standard deviation is as follows.

    Outliers below the Mean x̅ – kσ

    Outliers above the Mean x̅ + kσ

    Is an outlier 2 standard deviations from the mean?

    Firstly, the mean (or average) of the data set needs to be calculated,
    followed by the standard deviation, which is a measure of how much
    the data points vary from the mean. Once the mean and standard
    deviation have been calculated, any data point that lies outside of 1 or
    2 standard deviations away from the mean can be identified as an
    outlier.

    Why do we use 1.5 IQR for outliers?

    This number clearly affects the sensitivity of a data set and, thus, the
    decision rule. Further, if we increase the scale from 1.5 to something
    greater, some outliers will be included in the data range, severely
    affecting it.

    What is an outlier in math on a box plot?

    An outlier is a numerically distant observation from the rest of the


    data. When examining a box plot, an outlier is defined as a data point
    that lies outside the box plot’s whiskers. The following is the box plot
    for our example data set in the blog.

    Can you see a little blue dot in the 50-60 range of the Y-axis? That’s
    the value 56, our outlier.
    What is singled out meaning in statistics?

    In language, “single out” has a different meaning than it does in


    statistics. In statistics, we “single out” the outliers and leave them out
    of the calculation so that they can’t distort the representation of the
    overall dataset.

    Conclusion

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