LIFE SCIENENDOCRINE SYTASIS

LIFE SCIENCES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HOMEOSTASIS
GRADE 12
CONTENT MANUAL
TEACHERS’ GUIDE
SPRING CLASSES

PAPER 1

TOPIC 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

TOPIC 2: HOMEOSTASIS
2023

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CONTENTS PAGES

1. Activity 1 3-5

2. Activity 2 6

3. Activity 3 6–7

4. Activity 4 7–8

5. Activity 5 8–9

6. Activity 6 9 - 10

7. Activity 7 10 - 12

8. Activity 8 13

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 ACTIVITY 1:( Hormones) MEMO

1. Study the diagrams below

A B

1.1 Explain the term hormone. (2)

Hormones are organic chemical messengers√ and are protein in nature
that brings about slow responses in some cases.√

1.2 A is an exocrine gland and B is an Endocrine gland differentiate between these two
glands. (4)
A is an exocrine gland√ and B an Endocrine gland √differentiate between
these two glands.
Exocrine gland discharges its secretions through a duct into a body cavity
or onto the skin√
Endocrine gland is a ductless gland that produces hormones and
releases them into the bloodstream to act at a distance site√

1.3 Tabulate 5 differences between the endocrine and nervous system. (10)
Endocrine system Nervous system
Chemical messengers√ Electro-chemical impulses√
Chemical is transported in the blood stream Impulses is transmitted along a nerve fibre√
around the body√
Stimulates target organs√ Stimulates particular organs√
The response is brought about by the target The response is brought about by the
organ√ effector organ√
Sometimes slow and long-term responses√ Rapid ad short-term responses√

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2.1. Use the diagram below, and complete the table that follows after the diagram.

Endocrine Hormone Target organ Function of hormone

gland
A Pituitary gland GH Many organs Stimulates growth of body Simulate
TSH Thyroid gland thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin
Stimulates the formation of follicles in
FSH Females ovary and sperm in testis
ovaries
Males testes
Brings about ovulation, oestrogen
LH Females production and corpus luteum
ovaries development.
Males testes
Stimulates the mamLerato glands into
Prolactin Glandular secreting milk
tissue in the
breast

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 Endocrine Hormone Target organ Function of hormone
gland
B Adrenal Adrenalin Helps the Prepares body for crisis by
nervous system increasing
prepare the body • Heart rate
for an • Breathing rate
emergency • Glucose levels in blood
• Tone of skeletal muscles
Kidney distal
Aldosterone tubules and
collecting ducts Promotes the re-absorption of Na+
and water from the loop of Henle
and collecting ducts
C Pancreas Insulin Glucose in the Decreases blood sugar levels
blood
Increases blood sugar levels
Glucagon Glycogen in
cells
D Ovary Oestrogen Endometrium of Stimulates the female sex organs
the uterus and stimulates secondary sexual
characteristics
Prepares uterus to receive fertilised
Progesterone Uterus ovum
MamLerato Ensures endometrium does not
glands disintegrate during pregnancy
Together with prolactin prepares
the breasts to produce milk

E Testicles Testosterone Stimulates the male sex organs

and stimulates secondary sexual
characteristics in males
F Thyroid Thyroxin All cells in the Regulates metabolic rate
body, except for
brain cells and
parts of the
reproductive
organs
G Hypothalamus ADH ADH travels to Controls osmoregulation in kidneys
the posterior Stimulates the re-absorption of
pituitary gland water from the tubules back into
ad then into the the blood
blood to the
collecting ducts
of the kidney

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 ACTIVITY 2: (Negative feedback TSH and Thyroxin)

2.1 Study the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Messenger substances are produced in endocrine glands of the human
body and then transported to other parts of the body where they are
involved in regulating the activity of particular parts. Slow, sustained
or ongoing responses to these substances complement or support the
other more rapid and short-lived responses of the body.
2.1.1 Write a scientific name for each of the following phrases taken from the passage:
(a) Messenger substances (1)
Hormones √
(b) Particular parts whose activities are regulated (1)
Target organ √
2.1.2 Name ONE system in the human body involved in co-ordination. (2)
(√

2.1.3 Tabulate TWO differences between the way in which the systems named in
QUESTION 2.1.2 operate. (5)
Endocrine system Nervous system
Chemical messengers√ Electro-chemical impulses√
Chemical is transported in the blood stream Impulses is transmitted along a nerve fibre√
around the body√
Stimulates target organs√ Stimulates particular organs√
The response is brought about by the target The response is brought about by the
organ√ effector organ√
Sometimes slow and long-term responses√ Rapid ad short-term responses√

ANY TWO

(8)

ACTIVITY 3: (GLANDS) MEMO

3.1. Answer the following questions on hormones.
3.1.1 Name the endocrine gland which secretes each of the following:
(a) TSH (1)
Pituitary galnd
(b) Adrenalin (1)
Adrenal gland
(c) Thyroxin (1)
Thyroid gland
(d) Growth hormone (1)
Pituitary gland

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3.1.2 It was found that the thyroxin concentration of a healthy adult remained very
low for a period of three months.
(a) Will the person gain or lose weight if he continued with his normal diet
during this period? (1)
loose weight
(b) Explain your answer in QUESTION 3.1.2 (a). (3)
Thyroid gland controls metabolic rate in a person
Therefore if the level of thyroxin is low metabolic process in the body is going to
decrease
(8)

ACTIVITY4:(Disorders caused by under- and over secretion of and

insulin) MEMO

Diabetes type 1 versus Diabetes type 2

The main difference between the type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 diabetes is a
genetic condition that often shows up early in life, and type 2 is mainly lifestyle-related
and develops over time. With type 1 diabetes, your immune system is attacking and
destroying the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas.
Although type 1 and type 2 diabetes both have things in common, there are lots of
differences. Like what causes them, who they affect, and how you should manage
them.
For a start, type 1 affects 8% of everyone with diabetes. While type 2 diabetes affects
about 90%.
The main thing to remember is that both are as serious as each other. Having high blood
glucose (or sugar) levels can lead to serious health complications, no matter whether you
have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. So if you have either condition, you need to take the right
steps to manage it.

4.1. What causes Diabetes? (1)

High blood levels of glucose in the blood √
4.2. Which type of Diabetes is the most common type that appear among
people? (1)
Diabetes type 2√
4.3. What is insulin? (1)
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar.√
4.4. Name the insulin- producing cells in the pancreas? (1)
Alpha – cell of the island of Langerhans in the pancreas√
4.5. What can lead to Diabetes type 2? (1)
Obesity and intake of high levels of sugar√
4.6. What is the symptoms of Diabetes type 1? (4)

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 Blurry vision√, Excessive thirst√, hunge√r, fatigue√, urinating often√,
Weight loss.√
4.7. Explain why doctors can use a urine to test for Diabetes. (3)
Because of high levels of glucose in the blood,√ reabsorbing of glucose in
the kidney does not take place√. Glucose is excreted with urine √
4.8. Name THREE ways in which Diabetes can be treated (3)
Medicine√, Special diet√, and exercise √
4.9. Name secondary risk factors that Diabetes can experience. (3)
Kidney disease√, eye disease√, stroke, heart attack√

ACTIVITY 5: Negative Feedback of maintaining carbon dioxide

MEMO
1.1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

5.2 Use the information in the diagram and explain in your words negative feedback of
CO2 (14)
Levels above normal levels
CO2 levels in the blood increase above normal levels. Receptor cells
in the carotid artery in the neck are stimulated. To send impulses to
the medulla oblongata in the brain. Medulla oblongata stimulates
breathing muscles and heart. Breathing muscles contract more
actively-increases the rate and depth of breathing. The heart beats
faster. More CO2 is taken to and exhaled from the lungs. The CO2
level in the blood returns to normal.✓
Levels below normal levels

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 CO2 levels in the blood increase below normal levels. Receptor cells in
the carotid artery in the neck are stimulated. To send impulses to the
medulla oblongata in the brain. Medulla oblongata stimulates
breathing muscles and heart, breathing muscles relax decreases the
rate and depth of breathing. The heart beats normal.
Normal amount CO2 is exhaled from the lungs. The CO2 level in the
blood returns to normal

ACTIVITY 6: Negative Feedback of maintaining and water and salt

concentration)
6.1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions

Describe:

6.1. Process A (1)

Blood has less water than normal. The hypothalamus is stimulated and
sends impulses to the pituitary gland to secrete more ADH. ADH travels in the
blood to the kidneys. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts
and the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney. More water is reabsorbed and
passed to the surrounding blood vessels. The water level in the blood returns
to normal.
6.2. Process B (1)
Proses B: Blood has more water than normal. The hypothalamus is
stimulated and sends impulses to the pituitary gland to stop secreting ADH/to
secrete less ADH. No ADH/less ADH travels in the blood to the kidneys. The
collecting ducts and the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney become less
permeable to water. Less water is re-absorbed and passed to the surrounding
blood vessels. More water is now lost. The water level in the blood returns to
normal.
6.3. What is the urine output respectively at A and B? Give reasons for your answer. (4)

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 A: Urine will be more concentrated√ because more water is absorbed from the
tubules into the blood.√
B: Urine is dilute √because less water is reabsorbed from the tubules√.
6.4. Describe the negative feedback of salts in the human body by means of a flow
diagram: (7)

ACTIVITY 7: Temperature regulation

7.1. Define the term homeostasis. (2)

It is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment within the
body. The internal environment refers to the blood and tissue fluid that
surround the cells of the body. Homeostasis enables the body to function
efficiently, despite changes that might occur in the external or internal
environment. √√

7.2. Name SIX important matters in our bodies that must be kept constant. (6)
Temperature√, glucose levels√, carbon dioxide levels√, water levels√,
salt levels√ and thyroxin levels√

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7.3. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

7.3.1. Identify the following labels on the diagram: (9)

(1 to 6 and A to C)
1. Sweat gland√
2. Blood vessels√
3. sensory corpuscle√
4. Sebaceous gland√
5. Hair follicle√
6. erector muscle√

A Epidermis√
B Dermis√
C hypodermis√
7.3.2. Name THREE adaptations of the skin for thermoregulation. (3)
The fatty layer acts as an insulator√
It has a circulatory system for content exchange√
It has sweat glands and pores for heat loss√
Consist of muscles for behavioural responses like shivering√

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 .7.4. Study the diagram and answer the questions follow.

7.4.1. What is the normal body temperature for humans? (1)

37 C√
0

7.4.2. The term use to describe the body’s ability to regulate temperature. (1)
Thermoregulation√
7.4.3. Which part of the brain react to temperature changes taking place between A and B
on the graph? (1)
Hypothalamus√
7.4.4. What is the maximum temperature reached? (1)
38,1 C √
0

7.4.5. For what duration is the person exposed to strenuous excersize? (1)
10 min√
7.4.6. Differentiate between process A and B. (8)
Process A Process B
Blood vessels constricts✓ Blood vessels dilate✓
Vasoconstriction✓ Vasodilation✓
Less blood flows to the skin✓ More blood flows to the skin✓
Less heat is lost from the skin✓ More heat is lost from the skin✓
Less blood is sent to the sweat More blood is sent to the sweat
glands✓ glands.✓
Less sweat is secreted√ More sweat is secreted√
Less sweat evaporates√ More sweat evaporates√
Reduced cooling down√ Increased cooling down√

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 ACTIVITY 8: (Disorders caused by under- and over secretion of
thyroxin)
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goitre. The body needs iodine to
produce thyroid hormone. If you do not have enough iodine in your diet, the
thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right
amount of thyroid hormone.
Goitre may be associated with an irregular amount of thyroid hormone in
your body (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) or with normal levels of thyroid
hormone.
The graph below shows the prevalence of goitre in different age groups and sex
groups.

Goitre prevalence in different age and sex groups

Female
Male

Age

8.1 What is goitre? (1)

Goitre is a condition where your thyroid gland grows larger.√
8.2. What is iodine? (1)
Iodine is a mineral found in some foods√.
8.3. Why is the intake of Iodine necessary for humans? (2)
The body needs iodine to make thyroid hormones.√ These hormones
control the body's metabolism and many other important functions√
8.4. What is hyperthyroidism ? (1)
Also called overactive thyroid, is a condition where your thyroid makes
and releases high levels of thyroid hormone.√

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 LIFE SCIENCES
RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT (HUMANS)
GRADE 12
CONTENT MANUAL
TEACHERS’ GUIDE
SPRING CLASSES
2023

Nervous System
1. Type of nerves
2. Reflex Action
3. Eye and Ear

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 CONTENTS PAGES

1. Examination guidelines 26 - 27

2. Out comes 28

3. Terminology 28 - 31

4. Human nervous system 31 - 33

5. Peripheral nervous system 33 - 37

6. Structure and functioning of a nerve 34 - 36

7. The simple reflex arc 38 - 41

8. Disorders of the CNS 41 - 42

9. Human eye 44 - 50

10. Human ear 50 - 55

11. Bibliography 56

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 ACTIVITY 1(Multiple choice questions)

1.1. Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A to D) next to the question
number (1.1.1 to 1.1.6) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.7 D.
1.1.1 Which part of the brain interprets the information from the cristae?
A Cerebellum ✓✓
B Cerebrum
C Medulla oblongata
D Corpus callosum

1.1.2 A person can feel pain in his toe but cannot move his legs.
The neuron that is damaged is the …
A sensory neuron.
B sensory and motor neuron.
C motor neuron. ✓✓
D sensory and interneuron
1.1.3 After an accident a person can no longer interpret sensations such
as smell and taste. Which part of their brain was most probably
damaged in the accident?

A Cerebellum
B Corpus callosum
C Medulla oblongata
D Cerebrum ✓✓
QUESTIONS 1.1.4 AND 1.1.5 REFER TO AN IVESTIGATION WHICH WAS CONDUCTED
TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF A DRUG ON REACTION TIME IN HUMANS
1.1.4 What was the independent variable in the investigation?
A The drug in the body ✓✓
B Time after taking the drug
C Reaction time
D Number of volunteers

1.1.5 The following factors were considered during the investigation:

(i) Number of volunteers
(ii) Time of day
(iii) Age of volunteers
(iv) Tools used to measure reaction time
Which ONE of the following combinations of factors will affect the
validity of the investigation?
A (i) and (ii) only
B (i), (iii) and (iv) only
C (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
D(ii), (iii) and (iv) only✓✓

1.1.6 The part of the brain that regulates breathing is the ...
 A medulla oblongata. ✓✓
B cerebrum.
C corpus callosum.
D cerebellum. 6x2 (12)

1.2. Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the term next to the question number (1.2.1 to 1.2.7) in the ANSWER
BOOK.
1.2.1 The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle movement
Cerebellum ✓
1.2.2. A disease characterized by a loss of the myelin sheaths of neurons,
affecting their ability to transmit impulses to the central nervous
system
Multiple sclerosis ✓
1.2.3 A rapid, automatic response to an external stimulus
reflex action ✓
1.2.4 A collective name for the membranes that protect the brain
Meninges ✓
1.2.5 The part of the brain that controls the heart rate
Medulla oblongata ✓
1.2.6 The structure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the
brain, allowing communication between them
Corpus callosum ✓
1.2.7 The part of the brain that controls body temperature
Hypothalamus ✓
(7)

1.3. Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN I applies to A ONLY,

B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only,
B only, both A and B or none next to the question number (1.3.1 to 1.3.3)
in the ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN I COLUMN II
1.3.1 The part of the brain that connects A: Corpus callosum A only ✓✓
the left to the right hemisphere B: Medulla oblongata
1.3.2 A part of the neuron that A: Axon
degenerates to cause multiple B: Myelin sheath B only ✓✓
sclerosis
1.3.3 The structure that receives a A: Motor neuron
stimulus and converts it into an B: Receptor B only ✓✓
impulse
3x2 (6)

TOTAL: 25

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 ACTIVITY 2 (Structure of the brain and functions)

2.1 The diagram below represents the central nervous system in a human.

2.1.1 Identify part: (1)

a) A - Medulla oblongata✓
b) D - Cerebellum✓ (1)
2.1.2 State THREE functions of part B. (3)
- Controls all voluntary activities✓/ example
-Contains centres that receive and interpret all sensations✓/ example
-Is the seat of higher mental functions✓/ example
- Influences emotional behavior✓/example
2.1.3 Name the part that joins the two hemispheres. (1)
Corpus callosum✓
2.1.4 Name the system of membranes that surround the brain. (1)
Meninges✓ (7)

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 ACTIVITY 3: (Peripheral nervous system)
3.1. The following diagram is a representation of the CNS and PNS.

3.1.1 State the term that the following abbreviations represent: (2)
a) CNS Central nervous system√
b) PNS Peripheral nervous system√

3.1.2. Give the LETTERS represent the: (4)

a) CNS A√ and B√
b) PNS C√ and D√
3.1.3. Tabulate FIVE differences between these two nervous systems mentioned
above (11)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Consists of the brain and spinal cord Sensory receptors, sensory neurons
and motor neurons
Nerve axons consist of slender Composed of long nerve fibres with a
projections and carry significantly short length up to I meter
nerve impulses
Major function is to organise and Major function is to transmit sensory
analyse the information obtained from information to the central nervous
sensory organs system and pass out motor impulses to
the effector organs

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 A damage causes a global effect on A damage causes a local effect on the
the body body
Most of the nerves are incapable of Most of the nerves can be regenerated.
regenerating its nerve fibres

3.1.4. Name the TWO divisions that we get with the PNS. (2)
Sensory√ and motor nerves√
3.1.5. Name ONE function of each of these divisions. (2)
Sensory carries impulses from senses to CNS√
Motor nerves receives messages from CNS to muscles or glands√
3.2. Study the diagram below.

INFORMATION PROCESSING

Division B Division C

A D
D
3.2.1. A is a type of input that must go to the CNS give one word for this input. (1)
Receptors√
3.2.2. D is a type of output that received a message from the CNS, give one
word for this output. (1)
Effectors√
3.2.3. Identify divisions B and C. (2)
B sensory division√
C motor division√
3.2.4. What does the label information processing represent? (1)
Brain√

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3.3. The diagram below shows the two sections of the autonomic nervous system
namely parasympathetic and sympathetic. Write down the appropriate labels
of the following symbols. (10)

A Constricts pupils√
B Inhibits saliva√
C Decrease heartrate√
D Increase heartrate√
E Relax airways√
F Stimulates digestive activity√
G Inhibits gall bladder√
H Stimulates activity of intestines√
I Secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin√
J Relaxes bladder√

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 ACTIVITY 4 (Structure of the neuron)

4.1. The diagram below represents the structure of a neuron.

4.1.1 Name the type of neuron in the diagram above. (1)

Motor✓/ multipolar/ efferent neuron
4.1.2 Identify part
a) B - Nucleus✓/ nuclear membrane (1)
b) F - Cytoplasm✓/ cell body (1)
c) A - Dendrites✓ (1)
4.1.3 Give the LETTER and NAME of the part that:
a) C✓ - Axon✓ (2)
b) D✓- Myelin sheath (2)
4.1.4 Name the condition caused by the progressive degradation of part D
Multiple sclerosis✓ (1)

(9)
ACTIVITY 5 (Reflex arch)

5.1. The diagram below shows a reflex arc.

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 5.1.1 What is a reflex action? (2)
Is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus✓✓
5.1.2 Name the following:
a) Synapse✓ (1)
b) Interneuron✓/ connector neuron (1)
5.1.3 State the significance of the functional connection between R and S (1)
-It ensures that the impulse moves in one direction only✓
-It prevents continuous stimulation of the neurons✓
-It ensures that the impulse is transmitted from the sensory neuron to
the motor neuron✓ ANY ONE
5.1.4 Explain the movement of the impulse from Q until it reaches P,
Ensure the correct order of LETTERs in your explanation. (8)
-The receptors in the skin of the hand(Q) ✓
-receive the heat stimulus✓
-The stimulus triggers an impulse✓
-in the sensory neuron(R) ✓
-which transmits the impulse to the spinal cord (S) ✓
-The impulse is passed to the interneuron(S) ✓
-which passes it to the motor neuron✓
-The motor neuron passes the impulse to the muscles/ effectors of the
arm (P) ✓
-The muscles contract and pull the hand up✓
5.1.5 Explain the consequences for a reflex action if the neuron that leads
to P is damaged. (2)
The person will be able to receive the stimulus✓ but will not be able to
respond to it✓
51.6 Explain how neuron R differs in structure from the one that transmits
the impulse to P. (3)
- Has only one dendrite✓ (18)
- Has a short axon✓
- Cell body on side✓

ACTIVITY 6 (Disorder)
6.1. Study the diagrams below that shows structural damages in neurons and the
Brain

Normal
DIAGRAM 1 DIAGRAM

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6.1.1. Identify the disorder illustrated by the structural damages in:
a) Diagram 1 Multiple sclerosis√ (1)
b) Diagram 2 Alzheimer’s √ (1)

6.1.2. Explain how a myelin sheath gets damaged that causes this disorder in
diagram 1. (2)
The immune system attacks√ the myelin sheath’s covering neurons
which prevent them from transmitting impulses√ properly

6.1.3. What are the symptoms of Multiple scleroses? (5)

Loss of speech and visio√n, Difficulty walking√, Pain√, Fatigue√, and
memory loss√

6.1.4. Diagram 2 indicates progressive brain cell death overtime and causes
Alzheimers. Explain other conditions that can contribute to this disorder. (3)
- Plaque forms between neurons√
- Fibre become tangled inside the cell bodies of the neuron√
- A shortage of neurotransmitters√
ANY TWO
6.1.5. Give two symptoms of Alzheimer’s. (2)
Memory loss√ and confusion√

ACTIVITY 7: (The Eye)

7.1. Identify parts A to J. (10)

A. Sclera√
B. Choroid√
C. Conjunctiva√ D. Ciliary body√
E. Iris√
F. Cornea√
G. Lens√
H. Retina√
I. Yellow spot√
J. Blind spot√
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7.2. Give the LETTER for the part that:
a) Protects the inner structures of the eye A √ (1)
b) Contract or relax to alter the tension on the suspensory ligaments D √ (1)
c) Supply nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the retina B √ (1)
d) Gives the clearest vision I √ (1)
e) Changes shape to allow the eye to focus on near and distant objects G √ (1)
f) Contain rods and Cones H √ (1)

7.3. Explain the function of:

a) The iris (2)
• Controls the amount of light√ entering the eye through the pupillary
mechanism√
b) Cornea (2)
• Transparency to allows light to pass through√
• Causes refraction (bending) of the incoming light to create an
image on the retina√
c) Choroid (2)
• Pigments absorb light to prevent the reflection of light√
• Blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the
retina√
d) Aqueous humour (2)
• Watery fluid found in the space between the cornea and the lens√
• Maintains the shape of the eye√

7.4. Describe how the following structures are adapted for their function.
a) The lens (4)
• Elastic and biconvex structure√ - it changes shape to allow the eye to
focus on near and distant objects. √
• Transparent√ - allows light to pass through. √

b) Sclera (2)
• Tough, white√
• inelastic layer to√protect the eye

c) Iris (2)
• The iris contains two types of muscles: radial muscles and circular
muscles√
• to control the size of the pupil√

d) Choroid (4)
• Dark pigments absorb√ - light to prevent the reflection of light. √
• Blood vessels√ - supply nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the retina√

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 ACTIVITY 8: (Eye accommodation)

8.1. Complete the table below on eye accommodation.

Near vision Distant vision
(less than 6 m from the (more than 6 m from the object
object)
Ciliary muscles Contract 8.1.1 Relax√
Suspensory Tighten/ become taut
ligaments 8.1.2 Slacken/ loosen√ (Not contract)
Tension on the lens Decreases 8.1.3 Increase√
Shape of the lens Become more convex 8.1.4 Less convex/flatter√
Light rays 8.1.5. Bend more√ Bend less
Image A clear image is focused
A clear image is focused on the
on the retina
retina

8.2. Complete the table below on pupil mechanism.

Bright light conditions Dim light conditions
Radial muscles Relax 8.2.1. Contract√
Circular muscles 8.2.2. Contract√ Relax
The pupil
Constricts/get smaller 8.2.3 Widen/get bigger√
The amount of light
entering the eye 8.2.4. Reduce√ Increased

8.3. The diagram below shows structures in the human eye.

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 8.4. Give the LETTER only of the diagram that represents the eye in:
a) conditions of bright light (1)
b) looking at an object less than six metres away (1)

8.5. Name the muscle that:

a) Contract in E (1)
b) Became taut in A (1)

8.6. Describe the changes that take place in the eye in diagram B. (6)

8.7. Describe the changes that take place in the eye in diagram E. (4)

ACTIVITY 9:( The Ear)

9.1. The following diagram represents the human ear.

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9.1.1 Give the LETTER and the NAME of the part that …
a) transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane. (2)
A – Auditory canal√
b) amplifies the vibrations (2)
C - Ossicles√
c) equalises the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. (2)
I - Oval window√
d) transmits the vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear. (2)
D - Semi-circular canals√
e) has cristae to detect changes in the speed and direction of the head. (2)
D - Semi-circular canals√
f) transmits sound waves to the middle ear. (2)
B – tympanic membrane√
g) absorbs excess pressure waves from the inner ear. (2)
H - Round window√
h) Converts the stimulus of sound into an impulse. (2)
F – Cochlea√

9.1.2. Distinguish between the three different membranes in the middle ear. (6)
Tympanic membrane√ - thin membrane separating the inner ear from the
middle ear√
Oval window√ - membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear√
Round window√ - membrane situated below the oval window√

9.1.3. Explain the function of the pinna. (2)

Directs sound waves√ into the auditory canal.√

9.1.4. Name the three regions of the ear (3)

Outer ear√
Middle ear√
Inner ear √

9.1.5. Name the receptor/s find in part:

a) D Cristae√ and Maculae√ (2)
b) F Organ of Corti√ (1)
9.2. Study the diagram below. .

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8.2.1. Identify A to E. (5)
A – Eustachian tube√
B - Round window√
C - Ossicles√
D - Semi-circular canals/ Ampulla√
E – Cochlea√

8.2.2. Identify the THREE different irregular shaped bones in C. (3)

(malleus) – largest, connected to tympanic membrane √
(incus) – middle bone, joining the malleus to the stapes√
(stapes) – smallest, connected to the round window√

9.2.2. Name the parts of the inner ear. (3)

Semi-circular canals√
Vestibula√ Cochlea√

ACTIVITY 10:( Hearing and Balance)

8.1. Study the following diagram and answer the questions that follow

10.2.1. Identify parts labelled A and B. (2)

A – Semi-circular canals
B – Cochlea

10.2.2. Give the name/s of the receptors in …

a) A Maculae and Cristae (1)
b) B Organ of Corti (1)

10.2.3. Give the LETTER of the part that is responsible for:

a) Hearing B (1)
b) Balance A (1)

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10.2.4. Explain how the sound is intensified in the middle ear. (4)
Tympanic membrane has a larger surface area√ than
the oval window √
Therefore, the incoming sound is concentrated √ on the smaller surface
area
which intensifies the sound√

10.2.5. Explain the role that the semi-circular canals play in balance. (12)
Changes in the direction and velocity of the movement of the head
▪ causes the endolymph to move in the semi-circular canals√
▪ The cristae √
▪ found in the ampullae is stimulated and
▪ converts the stimulus into an impulse√
▪ which is transmitted via the auditory nerve√
▪ to the cerebellum √ in the brain from where
▪ impulses are conducted via motor neurons
▪ to the skeletal muscles √ / effectors to restore balance in the body

Changes in the position of the head

▪ causes the endolymph to move in the semi-circular canals√
▪ which stimulates the maculae√
▪ found in the utriculus and sacculus √ leading to
▪ conversion of the stimulus into an impulse√
▪ which is transmitted via the auditory nerve √
▪ to the cerebellum √ of the brain from which
▪ impulses are conducted via motor neurons
▪ to the skeletal muscles √ / effectors to restore balance in the body

ACTIVITY 11:( Hearing defects and management)

11.1. Match the hearing defects in Colom A with the correct treatment in Colom B.

Colom A CoLom B

1. Deafness B and C A. Grommet

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 2. Middel ear infection B. Hearing Aid
A

C. Cochlear
Inplantation

11.2. What is the cause of …

a) middle ear infection? (2)
▪ It is caused by pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube.
▪ The fluid cannot drain through the Eustachian tube due to the
infection from the pathogen which causes it to become inflamed.
b) deafness (2)
▪ Injury to parts of the ear, nerves or parts of the brain responsible
for hearing
▪ Hardening of ear tissues such as the ossicles
11.3. How do you treat …
a) middle ear infection? (2)
▪ Medication
▪ Grommets.
b) deafness? (2)
▪ Hearing aid
▪ Cochlear implants
11.4. How can grommets help with the treatment of middle ear infection? (2)

▪ Draining tube which is put into the tympanic membrane through

surgery which allows moisture from behind the tympanic
membrane to drain out.

11.5. What is the role of cochlear implants in hearing? (3)

Receives sound vibrations and converts them into an electrical

impulse which is transmitted directly to the auditory nerve.

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