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Probability Sam-WPS Office

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16 views4 pages

Probability Sam-WPS Office

Uploaded by

inyababausman11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAME: YAKUBU BABA SHEHU

NUMBER: 08032979701
PROGRAM: (MPPD)
COURSE TITLE: METHODOLOGY
COURSE CODE: (MPPD-8307)
ASSIGNMENT: INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION: PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Answer:
Probability sampling is a sampling technique used in statistics and research
where participants are selected from a population based on the principle of
randomization, such that every individual in the population has an equal and
independent chance of being selected. This method is used to ensure that the
sample is representative of the population, and to minimize bias and errors in
the results.

Some common types of probability sampling include:

1. Simple Random Sampling: Each individual in the population has an equal


chance of being selected.

2. Systematic Sampling: Individuals are selected at regular intervals from a list


or population.

3. Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups or strata, and


individuals are selected from each stratum.

4. Cluster Sampling: A random sample of groups or clusters is selected from


the population, and all individuals within the selected clusters are included in
the sample.
5. Multi-Stage sampling: A combination of different sampling techniques is
used to select the sample.

Probability sampling is used in various fields, including social sciences,


market research, medical research, and quality control. It helps to ensure the
reliability and generalizability of research findings.

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of probability sampling:

Advantages:

1. Representative sample: Probability sampling ensures that the sample is


representative of the population, reducing bias and errors.

2. Generalizability: Results can be generalized to the entire population with a


high degree of accuracy.

3. Unbiased estimates: Probability sampling provides unbiased estimates of


population parameters.

4. Precise estimates: Probability sampling allows for precise estimates of


population characteristics.

5. Scientific validity: Probability sampling is a scientifically valid method,


widely accepted in research.

Disadvantages:

1. Difficult to implement: Probability sampling can be challenging to


implement, especially in complex populations.

2. Resource-intensive: Probability sampling requires significant resources,


including time, money, and expertise.

3. Limited access: Probability sampling may not be feasible in populations


with limited access or restricted areas.

4. Sampling frame errors: Errors in the sampling frame can lead to biased
samples.

5. *Non-response errors*: Non-response from selected participants can lead


to biased results.
2
It's important to carefully consider these advantages and disadvantages when
deciding whether probability sampling is the appropriate approach for your
research study.

Here are the types of probability sampling:

1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS): Each individual in the population has an


equal chance of being selected.

2. Systematic Sampling: Individuals are selected at regular intervals from a list


or population.

3. Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups or strata, and


individuals are selected from each stratum.

4. Cluster Sampling: A random sample of groups or clusters is selected from


the population, and all individuals within the selected clusters are included in
the sample.

5. Multi-Stage Sampling: A combination of different sampling techniques is


used to select the sample.

6. Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling: The probability of selection


is proportional to the size of the unit (e.g., households, businesses).

7. Random Digit Dialing (RDD) Sampling: A random sample of telephone


numbers is selected for surveys.

8. Area Probability Sampling: A random sample of geographic areas (e.g.,


cities, counties) is selected.

9. Double Sampling: A small initial sample is used to estimate population


parameters, and then a larger sample is selected based on the initial results.

10. Sequential Sampling: Participants are selected one at a time, based on


predetermined criteria.

Each type of probability sampling has its own advantages and disadvantages,
and the choice of method depends on the research goals, population
characteristics, and resources available.
Here are some real-world examples of probability sampling:

1. _Exit Polls_: A random sample of voters are selected at polling stations to


estimate election outcomes.

2. _National Surveys_: A stratified sample of households is selected to


represent the entire population, such as the US Census Bureau's Current
Population Survey.

3. _Market Research_: A random sample of customers is selected to test new


products or services, such as taste tests or product surveys.

4. _Medical Research_: A systematic sample of patients is selected for clinical


trials to test new treatments or medications.

5. _Quality Control_: A random sample of products is selected from a


production line to ensure quality standards.

6. _Social Media Research_: A random sample of social media users is selected


to understand public opinions or behaviors.

7. _Economic Indicators_: A stratified sample of businesses is selected to


estimate economic metrics, such as inflation rates or employment rates.

8. _Political Polls_: A random sample of voters is selected to estimate public


opinion on political issues or candidates.

9. _Customer Satisfaction Surveys_: A random sample of customers is selected


to evaluate satisfaction with products or services.

10. _Environmental Monitoring_: A systematic sample of water or air samples


is selected to monitor pollution levels.

These examples demonstrate how probability sampling is used in various


fields to make inferences about larger populations or phenomena.

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