CN Merged Full

Computer Networks Lab
Index
S.No. Experiment Date Remark
1. To study Computer Network Technologies
2. To study various types of Connectors
3 Study and verification of standard Network

topologies i.e. Star, Bus, Ring
4 Study of different type of LAN equipments
LAN installations and their Configurations

5 a. Building a Peer- to – Peer Network
b. Building a Client – Server Network
IP Addressing
6 a. IP addressing basics
b. Classful IP address
c. Classless IP address
Subnetting and Supernetting

7 a. Subnetting a class A network
b. Subnetting a class B network
c. Subnetting a class C network
d. Supernetting
Switches
a. Basic Switch Configuration
8 b. Configuring Static VLANs in Packet Tracer Network
simulator
9 To study and configure Static Routing Protocol
10 To study and configure Dynamic Routing Protocol

Experiment 1
Aim: To study network technologies
A network consists of two or more autonomous computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
Classification based on transmission technology

Computer networks can be broadly categorized into two types based on transmission
technology:
1) Broadcast networks
2) Point to point network
Broadcast networks
Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared by all the machines
on the network. All the machines on the network receive short messages, called packets in
certain contexts sent by any machine. An address field within the packet specifies the
intended recipient. Upon receiving the packet the machine checks the address field. If the
packet is intended for itself, the machine processes it, and ignores it otherwise.
The system also generally allows possibility of addressing the packet to all destinations.
When such a packet is transmitted, it is received by all the machines on the network. This
mode of operation is called Broadcast mode. Some broadcast system also support
transmission to a sub-set of machines. This is called Multicasting.
Example of a broadcast network on a shared bus

Point to point network
In a point to point network, the end devices that wish to communicate are called stations.
The switching devices are called are called nodes. Some nodes connect to other nodes and
some to attached stations. It uses FDM or TDM for node-to-node communication. There
may exist multiple paths between source and destination for better network reliability. The
switching nodes are not concerned with the contents of data. Their purpose is to provide a
switching facility that will move data from node to node until they reach the destination.
Communication based on point to point technology
Classification based on scale:-
Computer networks can be broadly categorized into three types based on scale:-
 LAN (Local Area Network)

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
Local Area Network
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is
generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are
LAN computers more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of
the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the
computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called
workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have
additional software on their hard drives. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the
network interface cards in each computer. See the Topology, Cabling, and Hardware
sections of this tutorial for more information on the configuration of a LAN.
A Basic Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of
buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-
to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it
usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and
operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for internetworking of local
networks.
A Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United
States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to
connect this type of network.
Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a matter of
minutes, without paying enormous phone bills. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers
to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the
Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN or a
MAN.
A Wide Area Network
Experiment 2
Aim: To study various types of connectors
The most commonly used connectors for setting up computer networks are:-
 DB -9 (For RS-232 interface standard)
 EIA - 449
 RJ – 45
 BNC connector
DB-9
The DB9 (originally DE-9) connector is an analog 9-pin plug of the D-Subminiature connector family
(D-Sub or Sub-D).
The DB9 connector is mainly used for serial connections, allowing for the asynchronous transmission
of data as provided for by standard RS-232 (RS-232C).
The maximum cable length for RS-232 is 50ft, but in practice depends on baud rate, cable
specific capacitance and ambient noise. The table below contains some rules-of-thumb from
experiments done by Texas Instruments years ago.
Baud rate Maximum range / cable length

19200 50ft
9600 500ft
4800 1000ft
2400 3000ft
RJ-45
RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors are most
commonly seen with Ethernet cables and networks.
RJ45 connectors feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable interface electrically.
Standard RJ-45 pinouts define the arrangement of the individual wires needed when
attaching connectors to a cable.
Several other kinds of connectors closely resemble RJ45 and can be easily confused for each
other. The RJ-11 connectors used with telephone cables, for example, are only slightly
smaller (narrower) than RJ-45 connectors.
BNC connector
The BNC connector (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) is a miniature quick connect/disconnect RF
connector used for coaxial cable. It features two bayonet lugs on the female connector;
mating is achieved with only a quarter turn of the coupling nut. BNCs are ideally suited for
cable termination for miniature-to-subminiature coaxial cable (e.g., RG-58, 59, to RG-179,
RG-316). They are used with radio, television, and other radio-
frequency electronic equipment, test instruments, video signals, and was once a popular
connector for10BASE2 computer networks. BNC connectors are made to match
the characteristic impedance of cable at either 50 ohms or 75 ohms. It is usually applied for
frequencies below 3 GHz [1] and voltages below 500 Volts. Similar connectors using the
bayonet connection principle exist, and a threaded connector is also available. United States
military standard MIL-PRF-39012 entitled Connectors, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, General
Specification for (formerly MIL-C-39012) covers the general requirements and tests for radio
frequency connectors used with flexible cables and certain other types of coaxial
transmission lines in military, aerospace, and spaceflight applications.
BNC connector
The BNC was originally designed for military use and has gained wide acceptance in video
and RF applications to 2 GHz. The BNC uses a slotted outer conductor and some plastic
dielectric on each gender connector. This dielectric causes increasing losses at higher
frequencies. Above 4 GHz, the slots may radiate signals, so the connector is usable, but not
necessarily stable up to about 11 GHz. Both 50 ohm and 75 ohm versions are available.
Experiment 3
Aim: Study and verification of standard Network topologies i.e. Star, Bus, Ring
Bus Topology
In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable.
Each computer or server is connected to the single bus cable. A signal from the source
travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the
intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the
data, the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address,
the data is accepted. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather
inexpensive to implement when compared to other topologies. However, the low cost of
implementing the technology is offset by the high cost of managing the network.
Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be the single point of failure. If the
network cable is terminated on both ends and when without termination data transfer stop
and when cable breaks, the entire network will be down.
Star toplogy
In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub
with a point-to-point connection. In Star topology every node (computer workstation or any
other peripheral) is connected to central node called hub or switch. The switch is the server
and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a
star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be
connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the
central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest
topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of
adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub
represents a single point of failure.
Ring topology
A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring
in one direction and each device on the right acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as
it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to
send the data on to the next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of
the signal to travel around the ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each
device on the ring until it reaches its destination.
Mesh Topology
The full mesh topology is where all nodes are connected directly to all other nodes.
Although this provides the most direct path between endpoints, in reality it doesn’t scale for
anything but the simplest architectures.
If N is the number of nodes, then N(N-1)/2 links are required to provide a full mesh.
Hybrid Toplogy
Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the
resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).
For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A
hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are
connected.
Experiment 4
Aim: To study of different type of LAN equipments.
The various equipments used in setting up a basic LAN are :-
 Network Interface Controller(Ethernet card)
 Connecting media(UTP cable)
 RJ-45 connector
 Crimping tool
 Switch/ Hub
Network Interface Controller(Ethernet Card)
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many
computers (such as the Macintosh) now include an option for a pre-installed Ethernet card.
Ethernet cards contain connections for either coaxial or twisted pair cables (or both) (See
fig. 1). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the connection will be BNC. If it is designed for
twisted pair, it will have a RJ-45 connection. Some Ethernet cards also contain an AUI
connector. This can be used to attach coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optics cable to an
Ethernet card. When this method is used there is always an external transceiver attached to
the workstation. (See the Cabling section for more information on connectors.)
Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP cat-5)
Category 5 cable (Cat 5) is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable is used
in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet. The cable standard provides
performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet),
and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet). Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such
as telephony and video. In some cases, multiple signals can be carried on a single cable; Cat
5 can carry two conventional telephone lines as well as a single 100BASE-TX channel in a
single cable or two 100BASE-TX channels in a single cable.
RJ - 45 Connector
RJ45 is the common name for an 8P8C modular connector using 8 conductors that was also
used for both RJ48 and RJ61 registered jacks (which specify pin assignments of the wires in a
telephone cable), although "RJ45" was not originally specified as a registered jack with
today's Ethernet wiring. The "RJ45" physical connector is standardised as the IEC 60603-
7 8P8C modular connector with different "categories" of performance, with all eight
conductors present but 8P8C is commonly known as RJ45. The physical dimensions of the
male and female connectors are specified in ANSI/TIA-1096-A and ISO-8877 standards and
normally wired to the T568A and T568B pinouts specified in the TIA/EIA-568standard to be
compatible with both telephone and Ethernet.
Colour sequence for attaching UTP Cat-5 to RJ-45 connector straight through
Network Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that links network segments or network
devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and
routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally
process data at the network layer (layer 3) and above are often called layer-3
switches or multilayer switches.
A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any device

connected to it and then transmits the message only to the device for which the message
was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a hub (which receives a
message and then transmits it to all the other devices on its network). The network switch
plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local area networks (LANs). Mid-to-large
sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches. Small office/home office (SOHO)
applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as
a residential gateway to access small office/home broadband services such as DSL or cable
Internet. In most of these cases, the end-user device contains a router and components that
interface to the particular physical broadband technology. User devices may also include a
telephone interface for VoIP.
Rempte Desktop Accesss
A Host over a peer to peer network can be accessed remotely from other hosts from the
network. The host to be accessed should have the remote desktop feature enabled.
To enable remote desktop feature in Windows XP, go to :-
My Computer→Properties→Remote
Once the remote desktop feature has been enabled, the host can be accessed by typing its
IP address in the run prompt of any other host in the network.
After typing the address, hit enter and the windows logon pop up of the host computer will
occur. Type in the username and password, and the desktop of the host will appear on your
machine.
IP Address
IP addresses are 32 bit numbers, most commonly represented in dotted decimal notation
(xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). Each decimal number represents eight bits of binary data, and therefore
can have a decimal value between 0 and 255. IP addresses most commonly come as class A,
B, or C. It's the value of the first number of the IP address that determines the class to which
a given IP address belongs. Class D addresses are used for multi-cast applications.
The range of values for these classes is given below.
Class Range Allocation

A 1-126 N.H.H.H
B 128-191 N.N.H.H
C 192-223 N.N.N.H
D 224-239 Reserved for multicasting
E 240-255 Reserved for future use
N=Network
H=Host
 127.0.0.0 is a class A network, but is reserved for use as a loopback address (typically
127.0.0.1).
 The 0.0.0.0 network is reserved for use as the default route.
The class of an address defines which portion of the address identifies the Network number
and which portion identifies the Host, as illustrated above, as N and H.
IP addresses are used to deliver packets of data across a network and have what is termed
end-to-end significance. This means that the source and destination IP address remains
constant as the packet traverses a network. Each time a packet travels, it can match the
network number of the destination IP address.
The IP address of a computer can be determined by using the ipconfig command at the
command prompt.
The ipconfig –a command can be used to view the detailed information.
Subnet mask
Subnet masks are essential tools in network design, but can make things more difficult to
understand. Subnet masks are used to split a network into a collection of smaller
subnetworks. This may be done to reduce network traffic on each subnetwork, or to make
the internetwork more manageable as a whole. To all intents and purposes, each
subnetwork functions as if it were an independent network, as far as entries in the routing
table are concerned. The illustration below shows how a routing table looks when subnet
masks are used on a network.
Interface configuration for router 1
Interface IP Address Subnet mask

E0 150.4.2.1 255.255.255.0
E1 150.4.3.1 255.255.255.0
E2 150.4.1.1 255.255.255.0
How the subnet mask works:
Communication between a node on a local subnetwork and a node on a different

subnetwork is like communication between nodes on two different networks. To a user,
routing between subnetworks is transparent. Internally, however, the IP software
recognizes any IP addresses that are destined for a subnetwork and sends those packets to
the gateway for that subnetwork.
When subnet masks are used, an IP address is interpreted as follows:
[IP address] = [Network address][Subnetwork address][Host address]
This shows that when a network is divided into subnetworks, the host address portion of the
IP address is divided into two parts, the subnetwork address and the host address.
For example, if a network has the Class B IP network address portion 129.47, the remainder
of the IP address can be divided into subnetwork addresses and host addresses. This division
is controlled by the network administrator to allow the most flexibility for network
development at the site.
A subnet mask is the mechanism that defines how the host portion of the IP address is
divided into subnetwork addresses and local host address portions. The subnet mask is a 32-
bit, (four byte) number, just as an IP address is.
The subnet mask of the computer is displayed with the ip address.
Lab 3.1 Building a Peer-to-Peer Network
Objective
 Create a simple peer-to-peer network between two PCs
 Identify the proper cable to connect the two PCs
 Configure workstation IP address information
 Test connectivity using the ping command.
Background / Preparation
This lab focuses on the ability to connect two PCs to create a simple peer-to-peer Ethernet LAN
between two workstations. The workstations will be directly connected to each other without using a
hub or switch. In addition to the Layer 1 physical and Layer 2 data link connections, the computers
must also be configured with the correct IP network settings, which is Layer 3, so that they can
communicate. A basic CAT 5/5e UTP crossover cable is all that is needed. A crossover cable is the
same type that would be used as backbone or vertical cabling to connect switches together.
Connecting the PCs in this manner can be very useful for transferring files at high speed and for
troubleshooting interconnecting devices between PCs. If the two PCs can be connected with a single
cable and are able to communicate, then any networking problems are not with the PCs themselves.
Start this lab with the equipment turned off and with cabling disconnected. Work in teams of two with
one person per PC. The following resources will be required:
 Two workstations with an Ethernet 10/100 NIC installed
 Several Ethernet cables, which are both straight-through and crossover, to choose from for
connecting the two workstations
Step 1 Identify the proper Ethernet cable and connect the two PCs
a. The connection between the two PCs will be accomplished using a Category 5 or 5e crossover
cable. Locate a cable that is long enough to reach from one PC to the other, and attach one end
to the NIC in each of the PCs. Be sure to examine the cable ends carefully and select only a
crossover cable.
b. What kind of cable is required to connect from NIC to NIC?
c. What is the category rating of the cable?
d. What is the AWG wire size designation of the cable?
Step 2 Verify the physical connection

a. Plug in and turn on the computers. To verify the computer connections, insure that the link lights
on both NICs are lit. Are both link lights lit?
Step 3 Access the IP settings window

Note: Be sure to write down the existing IP settings, so that they can be restored at the end
of the lab. These include IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers. If the
workstation is a DHCP client, it is not necessary to record this information.
Windows 95 / 98 / Me/ users should do the following:

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then click the Network icon.
 Select the TCP/IP protocol icon that is associated with the NIC in this PC and click on
Properties.
 Click on the IP Address tab and the Gateway tab.
Windows NT / 2000 users should do the following:

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then open the Network and Dial-up
Connections folder.
 Click ad open the Local Area Connection icon.
 Select the TCP/IP protocol icon that is associated with the NIC in this PC.
 Click on Properties and click on Use the following IP address.
Windows XP users should do the following:

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then click the Network Connection icon.
 Select the Local Area Network Connection and click on Change settings of this connection.
See the example below:

Step 4 Configure TCP/IP settings for the two PCs
a. Set the IP address information for each PC according to the information in the table.
b. Note that the default gateway IP address is not required, since these computers are directly
connected. The default gateway is only required on local area networks that are connected to a
router.
Computer IP Address Subnet mask Default Gateway
PC – A 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Not Required
PC – B 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Not Required
Step 5 Access the Command or MS-DOS prompt

a. Use the Start menu to open the Command Prompt (MS-DOS-like) window:
Windows 95 / 98 / Me users should do the following:
Start > Programs > MS-DOS Prompt
Start > Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt
Step 6 Verify that the PCs can communicate
a. Test connectivity from one PC to the other by pinging the IP address of the opposite computer.
Use the following command at the command prompt.
C:>ping 192.168.1.1 (or 192.168.1.2)
b. Look for results similar to those shown below. If not, check the PC connections and TCP/IP
settings for both PCs. What was the ping result?
Step 7 Confirm the TCP/IP network settings

a. Type the winipcfg command from the MS-DOS Prompt. Record the results:
Windows NT / 2000 / XP users should do the following:

b. Type the ipconfig command from the Command Prompt. Record the results:
Step 8 Restore the PCs to their original IP settings, disconnect the equipment, and store the
cables
Lab 3.3 Building a Switch-based Network
Objective
 Create a simple network with two PCs using a switch
 Identify the proper cable to connect the PCs to the switch
 Configure workstation IP address information
 Test connectivity using the ping command
This lab focuses on the ability to connect two PCs to create a simple switch-based Ethernet LAN
using two workstations. A switch is a networking concentration device sometimes referred to as a
multiport bridge. Switches are relatively inexpensive and easy to install. When operating in full-
duplex mode, they provide dedicated bandwidth to workstations. Switches eliminate collisions by
creating microsegments between ports to which the two workstations are attached. They are
appropriate for small to large LANs with moderate to heavy traffic.
In addition to the physical and data link connections, which are Layers 1 and 2, the computers must
also be configured with the correct IP network settings, which is Layer 3, so that they can
communicate. Since this lab uses a switch, a basic Category 5/5e UTP straight-through cable is
needed to connect each PC to the switch. This is referred to as a patch cable or horizontal cabling,
which is used to connect workstations and a typical LAN. Start this lab with the equipment turned off
and with cabling disconnected. Work in teams of two with one person per PC. The following
resources will be required:

 Two workstations with an Ethernet 10/100 NIC installed
 Ethernet 10BaseT or Fast Ethernet switch
 Several Ethernet cables, which are straight-through and crossover, to choose from for
connecting the two workstations
Step 1 Identify the proper Ethernet cable and connect the two PCs to the switch
a. The connection between the two PCs and the switch will be accomplished using a Category 5 or
5e straight-through patch cable. Locate two cables that are long enough to reach from each PC
to the switch. Attach one end to the NIC and the other end to a port on the switch. Be sure to
examine the cable ends carefully and select only a straight-through cable.
b. What kind of cable is required to connect from NIC to switch?
c. What is the category rating of the cable?
d. What is the AWG wire size designation of the cable?
Step 2 Verify the physical connection

c. Plug in and turn on the computers. To verify the computer connections, insure that the link lights
on the both PC NICs and the switch interfaces are lit. Are all link lights lit?
Step 3 Access the IP settings window

Note: Be sure to write down the existing IP settings, so that they can be restored at the end
of the lab. These include IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers. If the
workstation is a DHCP client, it is not necessary to record this information.
Windows 95 / 98 / Me/ users should do the following:

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then click the Network icon.
 Select the TCP/IP protocol icon that is associated with the NIC in this PC and click on
Properties.
 Click on the IP Address tab and the Gateway tab.

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then open the Network and Dial-up
Connections folder.
 Click and open the Local Area Connection icon.

 Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel and then click the Network Connection icon.
 Select the Local Area Network Connection and click on Change settings of this connection.
 Select the TCP/IP protocol icon that is associated with the NIC on this PC.
See the example below:

Step 4 Configure TCP/IP settings for the two PCs
e. Set the IP address information for each PC according to the information in the table.
f. Note that the default gateway IP address is not required, since these computers are directly
connected. The default gateway is only required on local area networks that are connected to a
router.
Computer IP Address Subnet mask Default Gateway
PC – A 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Not Required
PC – B 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Not Required
Step 5 Access the Command or MS-DOS prompt

c. Use the Start menu to open the Command Prompt (MS-DOS-like) window:
Start > Programs > MS-DOS Prompt
Step 6 Verify that the PCs can communicate
e. Test connectivity from one PC to the other through the switch by pinging the IP address of the
opposite computer. Use the following command at the command prompt.
C:>ping 192.168.1.1 (or 192.168.1.2)
f. Look for results similar to those shown below. If not, check the PC connections and TCP/IP
settings for both PCs. What was the ping result?
Step 7 Confirm the TCP/IP network settings

c. Type the winipcfg command from the MS-DOS Prompt. Record the results.
Windows NT / 2000 / XP users should do the following:

d. Type the ipconfig command from the Command Prompt. Record the results.
Step 8 Restore the PCs to their original IP settings, disconnect the equipment, and store the
cables
Lab 4.a IP Addressing Basics
Objective
 Name the five different classes of IP addresses
 Describe the characteristics and use of the different IP address classes
 Identify the class of an IP address based on the network number
 Determine which part, or octet, of an IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID
 Identify valid and invalid IP host addresses based on the rules of IP addressing
 Define the range of addresses and default subnet mask for each class
This lab exercise helps develop an understanding of IP addresses and how TCP/IP networks operate.
It is primarily a written lab exercise. However, it would be worthwhile to review some real network IP
addresses using the command line utilities ipconfig for Windows NT/2000/XP or winipcfg for
Windows 9x/ME. IP addresses are used to uniquely identify individual TCP/IP networks and hosts,
such as computers and printers, on those networks in order for devices to communicate. Workstations
and servers on a TCP/IP network are called hosts and each has a unique IP address. This address is
referred to as its host address. TCP/IP is the most widely used protocol in the world. The Internet or
World Wide Web only uses IP addressing. In order for a host to access the Internet, it must have an IP
address.
In its basic form, the IP address has two parts:
 A network address
 A host address
The network portion of the IP address is assigned to a company or organization by the Internet
Network Information Center (InterNIC). Routers use the IP address to move data packets between
networks. IP addresses are 32 bits long according to the current version IPv4 and are divided into 4
octets of 8 bits each. They operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the Open System
Interconnection (OSI) model, which is the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model. IP addresses are
assigned in the following ways:
 Statically – manually, by a network administrator
 Dynamically – automatically, by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
The IP address of a workstation, or host is a logical address, meaning it can be changed. The Media
Access Control (MAC) address of the workstation is a 48-bit physical address. This address is burned
into the network interface card (NIC) and cannot change unless the NIC is replaced. The combination
of the logical IP address and the physical MAC address helps route packets to their proper destination.
There are five different classes of IP addresses, and depending on the class, the network and host part of
the address will use a different number of bits. In this lab, different classes of IP addresses will be worked
with and to help become familiar with the characteristics of each. The understanding of IP addresses is
critical to the understanding of TCP/IP and internetworks in general. The following resources are required:
 PC workstation with Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP installed

 Access to the Windows Calculator
Step 1: Review IP address classes and their characteristics

Address classes
There are five classes of IP addresses, A through E. Only the first three classes are used
commercially. A Class A network address is discussed in the table to get started. The first column is
the class of IP address. The second column is the first octet, which must fall within the range shown for
a given class of addresses. The Class A address must start with a number between 1 and 126. The
first bit of a Class A address is always a zero, meaning the High Order Bit (HOB) or the 128 bit cannot
be used. 127 is reserved for loopback testing. The first octet alone defines the network ID for
a Class A network address.
Default subnet mask
The default subnet mask uses all binary ones, decimal 255, to mask the first 8 bits of the Class A
address. The default subnet mask helps routers and hosts determine if the destination host is on this
network or another one. Because there are only 126 Class A networks, the remaining 24 bits, or 3
octets, can be used for hosts. Each Class A network can have 224, or over 16 million hosts. It is
common to subdivide the network into smaller groupings called subnets by using a custom subnet
mask, which is discussed in the next lab.
Network and host address
The network or host portion of the address cannot be all ones or all zeros. As an example, the Class A
address of 118.0.0.5 is a valid IP address. The network portion, or first 8 bits, which are equal to 118, is
not all zeros and the host portion, or last 24 bits, is not all zeros or all ones. If the host portion were all
zeros, it would be the network address itself. If the host portion were all ones, it would be a broadcast
for the network address. The value of any octet can never be greater than decimal 255 or binary
11111111.
st st
Class 1 Octet 1 Octet Network/Host ID Default Number of Hosts per
Decimal High Order (N=Network, Subnet Mask Networks Network
Range Bits H=Host) (Usable
Addresses)
A 1 – 126 * 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2) 16,777,214

(224 – 2)
B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 65,534

(214 – 2) (216 – 2)
C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 254 (28 – 2)

(221 – 2)
D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 – 254 11110 Experimental; used for research
Note: Class A address 127 cannot be used and is reserved for loop back and diagnostic
functions.
Step 2: Determine basic IP addressing

Use the IP address chart and your knowledge of IP address classes to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the decimal and binary range of the first octet of all possible Class B IP addresses?
Decimal: From: To:
Binary: From: To:
2. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a Class C IP address?
3. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a Class A IP address?
4. What is the maximum number of useable hosts with a Class C network address?
5. How many Class B networks are there?
6. How many hosts can each Class B network have?
7. How many octets are there in an IP address? How many bits per octet?
Step 3: Determine the host and network portions of the IP address

With the following IP host addresses, indicate the following:
 Class of each address
 Network address or ID
 Host portion
 Broadcast address for this network
 Default subnet mask
The host portion will be all zeros for the network ID. Enter just the octets that make up the host.
The host portion will be all ones for a broadcast. The network portion of the address will be all
ones for
the subnet mask. Fill in the following table:
Host IP Address Address Network Host Network Broadcast Default Subnet

Class Address Address Address Mask
216.14.55.137
123.1.1.15
150.127.221.244
194.125.35.199
175.12.239.244
Step 4: Given an IP address of 142.226.0.15 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, answer

the
following questions:
What is the binary equivalent of the second octet?
What is the class of the address?
What is the network address of this IP address?
Is this a valid IP host address (Y/N)?

Why or why not?
Step 5: Determine which IP host addresses are valid for commercial networks
For the following IP host addresses, determine which are valid for commercial networks and
indicate why or why not. Valid means it could be assigned to any of the following:
 Workstation
 Server
 Printer
 Router interface
 Any other compatible device
Fill in the following table:
IP Host Address Valid Address? Why or Why Not

(Yes/No)
150.100.255.255
175.100.255.18
195.234.253.0
100.0.0.23
188.258.221.176
127.34.25.189
224.156.217.73
Lab 4.c Study of Workstation ARP
Objective
 Introduce Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the arp –a workstation command.
 Explore the arp command help feature using the -? option.
ARP is used as a tool for confirming that a computer is successfully resolving network Layer 3
addresses to Media Access Control (MAC) Layer 2 addresses. The TCP/IP network protocol relies
on IP addresses like 192.168.14.211 to identify individual devices and to assist in navigating data
packets between networks. While the IP address is essential to move data from one LAN to another,
it cannot deliver the data in the destination LAN by itself. Local network protocols, like Ethernet or
Token Ring, use the MAC, or Layer 2, address to identify local devices and deliver all data. A
computer MAC address has been seen in prior labs.
This is an example of a MAC address:
 00-02-A5-9A-63-5C
A MAC address is a 48-bit address displayed in Hexadecimal (HEX) format as six sets of two HEX
characters separated by dashes. In this format each hex symbol represents 4 bits. With some
devices, the 12 hex characters may be displayed as three sets of four characters separated by
periods or colons (0002.A59A.635C).
ARP maintains a table in the computer of IP and MAC address combinations. In other words, it
keeps track of which MAC address is associated with an IP address. If ARP does not know the MAC
address of a local device, it issues a broadcast using the IP address. This broadcast searches for the
MAC address that corresponds to the IP address. If the IP address is active on the LAN, it will send a
reply from which ARP will extract the MAC address. ARP will then add the address combination to
the local ARP table of the requesting computer.
MAC addresses and therefore ARP are only used within the LAN. When a computer prepares a
packet for transmission, it checks the destination IP address to see if it is part of the local network. It
does this by checking to see if the network portion of the IP address is the same as the local
network. If it is, the ARP process is consulted to get the MAC address of the destination device using
the IP address. The MAC address is then applied to the data packet and used for delivery.
If the destination IP address is not local, the computer will need the MAC address of the default
gateway. The default gateway is the router interface that the local network is connected to in order to
provide connectivity with other networks. The gateway MAC address is used because the packet will
be delivered there and the router will then forward it to the network it is intended for.
If the computer does not receive any packets from an IP address after a few minutes, it will drop the
MAC/IP entry from the ARP table assuming the device has logged off. Later attempts to access that
IP address will cause ARP to do another broadcast and update the table.
This lab assumes the use of any version of Windows. This is a non-destructive lab and can be
performed with a home machine without concern of changing the system configuration. Ideally, this
lab will be done in a classroom or other LAN connected to the Internet. It can be done from a single
remote connection via a modem or DSL-type connection.
Step 1 Establish a network connection
If the connection to the Internet is dial-up, connect to the ISP to ensure that the computer has an IP
address. In a TCP/IP LAN with a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server it should not
be necessary to do this step.
Step 2 Access a command prompt

Windows NT / 2000 / XP users:
Use the Start menu to open the Command Prompt window. This window is similar to the MS-DOS
window on older Windows versions:
Start > Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt or Start > Programs > Command Prompt
Windows 95 / 98 / ME users:
Use the Start menu to open the MS-DOS Prompt window:
Start > Programs > Accessories > MS-DOS Prompt or Start > Programs > MS-DOS Prompt
Step 3 Display the ARP table

a. In the window type arp -a and press Enter. Do not be surprised if there are no entries. The
message displayed will probably be, ‘No ARP Entries Found’. Windows computers remove any
addresses that are unused after a couple minutes.
b. Try pinging a couple local addresses and a website URL. Then re-run the command. The figure
below shows a possible result of the arp -a command. The MAC address for the website will
be listed because it is not local, but that will cause the default gateway to be listed. In the
example below 10.36.13.1 is the default gateway while the 10.36.13.92 and 10.36.13.101 are
other network computers. Notice that for each IP address there is a physical address, or MAC,
and type, indicating how the address was learned.
c. From the figure below, it might be logically concluded that the network is 10.36.13.0 and the host
computers are represented by 22, 1, 92, and 101.
Step 4 Ping several URLs

a. Ping the following URLs and note the IP address of each. Also select one additional URL to ping
and record it below:
www.cisco.com:
www.msn.de:
______________:
b. Now run the arp –a command again and record the MAC addresses for each of the above next
to their IP addresses. Can it be done?
c. Why or why not?

d. What MAC address was used in delivering each of the pings to the URLs?
Why?
Step 4 Use the ARP help feature

Try the command arp -? to see the help feature and look over the options.
The purpose of this step is not so much the ARP command options but to demonstrate using the ? to
access help, if available. Help is not always implemented uniformly. Some commands use /?
instead of -?.
Step 5 Use help with tracert and ping

Try tracert -? and then ping -? to see the options available for the commands used previously.
In looking at the help for ping, notice the –t option, which will send continuous pings, not just four.
More importantly, notice the two commands to stop it:
 Control-Break
 Control-C
These two-key commands are common for stopping runaway activities. Try pinging a neighboring
computer with the -t option and then try the Control-Break and Control-C features. An example in the
above network would be ping 10.36.13.101 -t and then press Enter.
Be sure to use the Control-C command to stop the pings.
Reflection
Based on observations made today, what could be deduced about the following results?
Computer 1
IP Address: 192.168.12.113
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.12.1
Pings and tracert to 207.46.28.116 were both successful.
What will be the ARP table entry associated with this address and why?
Lab 5.a Study Of Basic Subnetting
Objective
 How to identify reasons to use a subnet mask
 How to distinguish between a default subnet mask and a custom subnet mask
 What given requirements determine the subnet mask, number of subnets, and hosts per subnet
 What needs to be understood about useable subnets and useable numbers of hosts
 How to use the ANDing process to determine if a destination IP address is local or remote
 How to identify valid and invalid IP host addresses based on a network number and subnet mask
This lab exercise focuses on the basics of IP subnet masks and their use with TCP/IP networks. The subnet
mask can be used to split up an existing network into subnetworks, or subnets. Some of the primary
reasons for subnetting are the following:
 Reduce the size of the broadcast domains, which creates smaller networks with less traffic
 Allow LANs in different geographical locations to communicate through routers
 Provide improved security by separating one LAN from another
Routers separate subnets, and determine when a packet can go from one subnet to another. Each router a
packet goes through is considered a hop. Subnet masks help workstations, servers, and routers in an IP
network determine if the destination host for the packet they want to send is on their own network or
another network. This lab reviews the default subnet mask and then focuses on custom subnet masks.
Custom subnet masks use more bits than the default subnet masks by borrowing these bits from the host
portion of the IP address. This creates a three-part address:
 The original network address
 The subnet address made up of the bits borrowed
 The host address made up of the bits left after borrowing some for subnets
Step 1 Review the structure of IP addresses

If an organization has a Class A IP network address, the first octet, or 8 bits, is assigned and does not
change. The organization can use the remaining 24 bits to define up to 16,777,214 hosts on its network.
This is a lot of hosts. It is not possible to put all of these hosts on one physical network without separating
them with routers and subnets.
It is common for a workstation to be on one network or subnet and a server to be on another. When the
workstation needs to retrieve a file from the server it will need to use its subnet mask to
determine the network or subnet that the server is on. The purpose of a subnet mask is to help hosts and
routers determine the network location where a destination host can be found. Refer to the table below to
review the following information:
 The IP address classes
 The default subnet masks
 The number of networks that can be created with each class of network address
 The number of hosts that can be created with each class of network address
st st
Address 1 Octet 1 Octet Network/Host ID Default Number Hosts per
Class Decimal High (N=Network, Subnet Mask of Network
Range Order Bits H=Host) Networks (Usable
Addresses)
7
A 1 – 126 * 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (2 – 16,777,214
2) (224 – 2)
B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 65,534

(214 – 2) (216 – 2)
C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 254 (28 – 2)

21
(2 – 2)
D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 – 254 11110 Experimental; used for research
* Class A address 127 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic functions.
Step 2 Review the ANDing process

Hosts and routers use the ANDing process to determine if a destination host is on the same network
or not. The ANDing process is done each time a host wants to send a packet to another host on an
IP network. In order to connect to a server, the IP address of the server or the host name, such as,
http://www.cisco.com, must be known. If the host name is used a Domain Name Server (DNS) will
convert it to an IP address.
First, the source host will compare, or AND, its own IP address to its own subnet mask. The result of the
ANDing is to identify the network where the source host resides. It will then compare the
destination IP address to its own subnet mask. The result of the 2nd ANDing will be the network that
the destination host is on. If the source network address and the destination network address are the same,
they can communicate directly. If the results are different, they are on different networks or subnets. If this is
the case, the source host and the destination host will need to communicate
through routers or might not be able to communicate at all.
ANDing depends on the subnet mask. Subnet masks are always all ones. A default subnet mask for
a Class C network is 255.255.255.0 or 11111111.111111111.111111111.00000000. This is compared to
the source IP address bit for bit. The first bit of the IP address is compared to the first
bit of the subnet mask, the second bit to the second, and so on. If the two bits are both ones, the ANDing
result is a one. If the two bits are a zero and a one, or two zeros, the ANDing result is a zero. Basically, this
means that a combination of 2 ones results in a one, anything else is a zero. The
result of the ANDing process is the identification of the network or subnet number that the source or
destination address is on.
Step 3 Two Class C networks using the default subnet mask

This example shows how a Class C default subnet mask can be used to determine which network a host is
on. A default subnet mask does not break an address into subnets. If the default subnet mask
is used, the network is not being subnetted. Host X, the source on network 200.1.1.0 has an IP address of
200.1.1.5. It wants to send a packet to Host Z, the destination on network 200.1.2.0 and has an IP
address of 200.1.2.8. All hosts on each network are connected to hubs or switches and
then to a router. Remember that with a Class C network address, the first 3 octets, or 24 bits, are
assigned as the network address. So, these are two different Class C networks. This leaves one
octet, or 8 bits for hosts, so each Class C network could have up to 254 hosts:
 28 = 256 – 2 = 254
Source net: 200.1.1.0 Destination net: 200.1.2.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Router
Host Switch Switch Host
X Z
Host IP 200.1.1.5 Host 200.1.2.8
Router interface Router interface

IP 200.1.1.1 IP 200.1.2.1
The ANDing process helps the packet get from Host 200.1.1.5 on network 200.1.1.0 to Host
200.1.2.8 on network 200.1.2.0 by using the following steps:
1. Host X compares its own IP address to its own subnet mask using the ANDing process.
Host X IP address 200.1.1.5 11001000.00000001.00000001.00000101

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
ANDing Result (200.1.1.0) 11001000.00000001.00000001.00000000
Note: The result of the ANDing process is the network address of Host X, which is 200.1.1.0.
2. Next, Host X compares the IP address of the Host Z destination to its own subnet mask using the
ANDing process.
Host Z IP address 200.1.2.8 11001000.00000001.00000010.00001000

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
ANDing Result (200.1.2.0) 11001000.00000001.00000010.00000000
Note: The result of the ANDing process is the network address of Host Z, which is 200.1.2.0. Host X
compares the ANDing results from Step 1 and the ANDing results from Step 2, and notes
they are different. Host X now knows that Host Z is not in its local-area network (LAN). Therefore, it must
send the packet to its default gateway, which is the IP address of the router interface of
200.1.1.1 on network 200.1.1.0. The router then repeats the ANDing process to determine which router
interface to send the packet out to.
Step 4 One Class C network with subnets using a custom subnet mask
This example uses a single Class C network address (200.1.1.0) and shows how a Class C custom
subnet mask can be used to determine which subnetwork (or subnet) a host is on and to route
packets from one subnetwork to another. Remember that with a Class C network address, the first 3
octets, or 24 bits are assigned as the network address. This leaves one octet, or 8 bits, for hosts.
So, each Class C network could have up to 254 hosts:

8
2 = 256 – 2 = 254
Perhaps less than 254 hosts, workstations and servers combined, are desired on one network. This
could be for security reasons or to reduce traffic. It can be done by creating two subnetworks and
separating them with a router. This will create smaller independent broadcast domains and can
improve network performance and increase security. This is possible because these subnetworks
will be separated by one or more router. Assume at least two subnetworks will be needed and that
there will be at least 50 hosts per subnetwork. Because there is only one Class C network address,
only 8 bits in the fourth octet are available for a total of 254 possible hosts. Therefore, a custom
subnet mask must be created. The custom subnet mask will be used to borrow bits from the host
portion of the address. The following steps help accomplish this:
1. The first step to subnetting is to determine how many subnets are needed. In this case, its two
subnetworks. To see how many bits should be borrowed from the host portion of the network
address, add the bit values from right to left until the total is equal to or greater than the number
of subnets needed. Because two subnets are needed, add the one bit and the two bit, which
equals three. This is greater than the number of subnets needed. To remedy this, borrow at least
two bits from the host address starting from the left side of the octet that contains the host
address.
Network address: 200.1.1.0

th
4 octet Host address bits: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Host address bit values 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
(from right)
Add bits starting from the right side, the 1 and the 2, until the sum is greater than the number of
subnets needed.
Note: An alternate way to calculate the number bits to be borrowed for subnets is to take the
number of bits borrowed to the power of 2. The result must be greater than the number of
subnets needed. As an example if 2 bits are borrowed the calculation is two to the second
power, which equals four. Since the number of subnets needed is two this should be
adequate.
2. After we know how many bits to borrow, we take them from the left side of the of the host
address, the 4th octet. Every bit borrowed from the host address bit leaves fewer bits for the
hosts. Even though the number of subnets is increased, the number of hosts per subnet is
decreased. Because two bits need to be borrowed from the left side, that new value must be
shown in the subnet mask. The existing default subnet mask was 255.255.255.0 and the new
custom subnet mask is 255.255.255.192. The 192 results from adding the first two bits from the
left, 128 + 64 = 192. These bits now become 1s and are part of the overall subnet mask. This
6
leaves 6 bits for host IP addresses or 2 = 64 hosts per subnet.
th
4 Octet borrowed bits for subnet: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subnet bit values: (from left side) 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
With this information, the following table can be built. The first two bits are the subnet binary value.
The last 6 bits are the host bits. By borrowing 2 bits from the 8 bits of the host address 4 subnets,
2^2, with 64 hosts each, can be created. The 4 networks created are as follows:
 The 200.1.1.0 network
The 200.1.1.0 network is considered unusable, unlesss the networking device supports the IOS
command ip subnet-zero, which allows using the first subnet.
Subnet No. Subnet Bits Subnet Bits Host Bits Possible Subnet/Host Useable?
Borrowed Decimal Binary Values (Range) Decimal
Binary Value Value (6 Bits) Range
0 Subnet 00 0 000000–111111 0–63 No
1st Subnet 01 64 000000–111111 64–127 Yes
2nd Subnet 10 128 000000–111111 128–191 Yes
3rd Subnet 11 192 000000–111111 192–254 No
Notice that the first subnet always starts at 0 and, in this case, increases by 64, which is the number
of hosts on each subnet. One way to determine the number of hosts on each subnet or the start of
each subnet is to take the remaining host bits to the power of 2. Because we borrowed two of the 8
bits for subnets and have 6 bits left, the number of hosts per subnet is 26 or 64. Another way to figure
the number of hosts per subnet or the increment from one subnet to the next is to subtract the
subnet mask value in decimal, 192 in the fourth octet, from 256, which is the maximum number of
possible combinations of 8 bits. This equals 64. This means start at 0 for the first network and add 64
for each additional subnetwork. For example, if the second subnet is used, the 200.1.1.64 network
cannot be used for a host ID since the network ID of the 64 subnet has all zeros in the host portion.
Another common way to represent a subnet mask, is the use of the “slash/number” (/#) where the #
following the slash is the number of bits used in the mask (network and subnet combined). As an
example, a Class C network address such as 200.1.1.0 with a standard subnet mask
(255.255.255.0) would be written as 200.1.1.0 /24, indicating that 24 bits are used for the mask. The
same network, when subnetted by using two host bits for subnets, would be written as 200.1.1.0 /26.
This indicates that 24 bits are used for the network and 2 bits for the subnet. This would represent a
custom subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 in dotted decimal format.
A Class A network of 10.0.0.0 with a standard mask (255.0.0.0) would be written as 10.0.0.0 /8. If 8
bits (the next octet) were being used for subnets it would be written as 10.0.0.0 /16. This would
represent a custom subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 in dotted decimal format. The “slash” number after
the network number is an abbreviated method of indicating the subnet mask being used.
Step 5 Use the following information and the previous examples to answer the following
subnet-related questions
A company has applied for and received a Class C network address of 197.15.22.0. The physical
network is to be divided into 4 subnets, which will be interconnected by routers. At least 25 hosts will
be needed per subnet. A Class C custom subnet mask needs to be used and a router is needed
between the subnets to route packets from one subnet to another. Determine the number of bits that
need to be borrowed from the host portion of the network address and the number of bits that will be
left for host addresses.
Note: There will be 8 possible subnets, of which 6 can be used.
Fill in the following table and answer the following questions:
Subnet No. Subnet Bits Subnet Bits Host Bits Possible Subnet/Host Use?
Borrowed Decimal and Binary Values Decimal
Binary Value Subnet No. (Range) (5 Bits) Range
0 Subnet
st
1 Subnet
nd
2 Subnet
rd
3 Subnet
th
4 Subnet
th
5 Subnet
th
6 Subnet
th
7 Subnet
NOTES:
Use the table just developed to help answer the following questions:
1. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a Class C IP address?
2. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a Class C IP address?
3. What is the binary equivalent of the Class C network address in the scenario? 197.15.22.0
Decimal network address:
Binary network address:
4. How many high-order bits were borrowed from the host bits in the fourth octet?
5. What subnet mask must be used? Show the subnet mask in decimal and
binary. Decimal subnet mask:
Binary subnet mask:
6. What is the maximum number of subnets that can be created with this subnet mask?
7. What is the maximum number of useable subnets that can be created with this mask?
8. How many bits were left in the fourth octet for host IDs?
9. How many hosts per subnet can be defined with this subnet mask?
10. What is the maximum number of hosts that can be defined for all subnets with this scenario?
Assume the lowest and highest subnet numbers and the lowest and highest host ID on each
subnet cannot be used.
11. Is 197.15.22.63 a valid host IP address with this scenario?
12. Why or why not?
13. Is 197.15.22.160 a valid host IP address with this scenario?
14. Why or why not?
15. Host A has an IP address of 197.15.22.126. Host B has an IP address of 197.15.22.129. Are
these hosts on the same subnet? Why?
Lab 5.d Subnetting a Class C Network
Objective
The objective of this lab is to provide a subnetting scheme using a Class C network.
This is a written exercise and is to be performed without the aid of an electronic calculator.
The Classical Academy has acquired a Class C address, 192.168.1.0. The academy needs to create
subnets to provide low level security and broadcast control on the LAN. It is not necessary to supply
an address for the WAN connection. It is supplied by the Internet service provider.
The LAN consists of the following, each of which will require its own subnet:
 Classroom #1 28 nodes
 Classroom #2 22 nodes
 Computer lab 30 nodes
 Instructors 12 nodes
 Administration 8 nodes
Step 1 Given this Class C network address and these requirements answer the following
questions
How many subnets are needed for this network?
What is the subnet mask for this network?
1. Dotted decimal
2. Binary
3. Slash format
How many usable hosts are there per subnet?
Step 2 Complete the following chart
Subnetwork # Subnetwork IP Host Range Broadcast ID

What is the host range for subnet six?
What is the broadcast address for the 3rd subnet?
What is the broadcast address for the major network?
8. Configuring VLANs & TRUNKS in Packet Tracer Network simulator
Learning Objectives
 View the default VLAN configuration.
 Configure VLANs.
 Assign VLANs to ports.
 Configure trunking.
Introduction
VLANs are helpful in the administration of logical groups, allowing members of a group to be easily
moved, changed, or added. This activity focuses on creating and naming VLANs, assigning access ports to
specific VLANs, changing the native VLAN, and configuring trunk links.
Task 1: View the Default VLAN Configuration
Step 1. Verify the current running configuration on the switches.

On all three switches, enter user EXEC mode with the password cisco. Then enter privileged EXEC
mode with the password class.
From privileged EXEC mode on all three switches, issue the show running-config command to verify the
current running configuration. The basic configurations are already set, but there are no VLAN
assignments.
Step 2. Display the current VLANs.

On S1, issue the show vlan command. The only VLANs present are the default ones. By default, all
interfaces are assigned to VLAN 1.
Step 3. Verify connectivity between PCs on the same network.
Notice that each PC can ping the other PC that shares the same network:
 PC1 can ping PC4
Pings to PCs in other networks fail.
What benefit will configuring VLANs provide to the current configuration?
Task 2: Configure VLANs
Step 1. Create VLANs on S1.

The command vlan vlan-id creates a VLAN. Use the name vlan-name command to name a VLAN. On
S1, create four VLANs using the vlan-ids and the names shown below:
S1(config)#vlan 10
S1(config-vlan)#name Faculty/Staff
S1(config-vlan)#vlan 20
S1(config-vlan)#name Students
S1(config-vlan)#name Guest(Default)
S1(config-vlan)#name Management&Native
Step 2. Verify the VLAN configuration.

After creating the VLANs, return to privileged EXEC and issue the show vlan brief command to verify the
creation of the new VLANs.
S1#show vlan brief
VLAN Name Status Ports
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4

Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
Gig1/1, Gig1/2
10 Faculty/Staff active
20 Students active
30 Guest(Default) active
99 Management&Native active
1002 fddi-default active
1003 token-ring-default active
1004 fddinet-default active
1005 trnet-default active
S1#
Step 3. Create the VLANs on S2 and S3.
On S2 and S3, use the same commands you used on S1 to create and name the VLANs.
Step 4. Verify the VLAN configuration.

Use the show vlan brief command to verify all VLANs are configured and named.
Step 5. Check results.

Your completion percentage should be 38%. If not, click Check Results to see which required
components are not yet completed.
Task 3: Assign VLANs to Ports

The range command greatly reduces the amount of repetitive commands you must enter when
configuring the same commands on multiple ports. However, Packet Tracer does not support the range
command. So only the active interfaces are graded for the switchport mode access command.
Step 1. Assign VLANs to the active ports on S2.

The switchport mode access command configures the interface as an access port. The switchport
access vlan vlan-id command assigns a VLAN to the port. An access port can only be assigned one
access VLAN. Enter the following commands on S2.
S2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/6
S2(config-if)#switchport mode access
S2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
S2(config-if)#interface fastEthernet 0/11
S2(config-if)#interface fastEthernet 0/18
Step 2. Assign VLANs to the active ports on S3.

Assign VLANs to the active ports on S3. S3 uses the same VLAN access port assignments that you
configured on S2.
Step 3. Verify loss of connectivity.

Previously, PCs that shared the same network could ping each other successfully. Try pinging between
PC1 and PC4. Although the access ports are assigned to the appropriate VLANs, the ping fails. Why?

Your completion percentage should be 75%. If not, click Check Results to see which required
components are not yet completed.
Task 4: Configure Trunking
Step 1. Configure S1 Fa0/1 and Fa0/3 for trunking and to use VLAN 99 as the native VLAN.
S1(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/1
S1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
S1(config-if)#switchport trunk native vlan 99
S1(config-if)#interface FastEthernet 0/3
The trunk port takes about a minute to become active again. You can switch between Realtime and
Simulation modes three or four times to quickly bring the port back up.
Then, the ports on S2 and S3 that connect to S1 become inactive. Again, switch between Realtime and
Simulation modes three or four times to quickly bring the ports back up.
Once the ports become active, you periodically receive the following syslog messages:
%CDP-4-NATIVE_VLAN_MISMATCH: Native VLAN mismatch discovered on
FastEthernet0/1 (99), with S2 FastEthernet0/1 (1).
%CDP-4-NATIVE_VLAN_MISMATCH: Native VLAN mismatch discovered on
FastEthernet0/3 (99), with S3 FastEthernet0/3 (1).
You configured the native VLAN on S1 to be VLAN 99. However, the native VLAN on S2 and S3 is set to the
default VLAN 1.
Step 2. Verify connectivity between devices on the same VLAN.

Although there is currently a native VLAN mismatch, pings between PCs on the same VLAN are now
successful. Why?
Step 3. Verify trunking is enabled on S2 and configure VLAN 99 as the native VLAN.
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) has automatically enabled the Fast Ethernet 0/1 port on S2 for
trunking. Once you configured the mode to trunking on S1, DTP messages sent from S1 to S2
automatically informed S1 to move the state of Fa0/1 to trunking. This can be verified with the following
command on S1:
S2#show interface fastEthernet 0/1 switchport
Name: Fa0/1
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: dynamic auto
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: On
Access Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
<output omitted>
S2#
Notice that the administrative mode is set to dynamic auto. This is the default state of all ports on a
Cisco IOS switch. However, DTP has negotiated trunking, so the operation mode is trunk, resulting in a
native VLAN mismatch.
As a best practice, configure the administrative mode of the trunking interface to be in trunk mode. This
ensures that the interface is statically configured as a trunk port and never negotiates a different mode.
S2(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/1
To correct the native VLAN mismatch, configure the trunking port with the
switchport trunk native vlan 99 command.
Step 4. Verify trunking is enabled on S3 and configure VLAN 99 as the native VLAN.
DTP has also successfully negotiated a trunk between S1 and S3.
S3#show interfaces
fastEthernet 0/3
switchport Name: Fa0/3
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: dynamic auto
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative
Trunking
Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking
Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of
Trunking: On
Access Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
<output omitted>
S3#
Configure the administrative mode of the trunking interface to be in trunk

mode, and correct the native VLAN mismatch with the switchport trunk
native vlan 99 command.

Your completion percentage should be 100%. If not, click Check
Results to see which required components are not yet completed.
Lab 6.1.6 Configuring Static Routes
Objective
 Configure static routes between routers to allow data transfer between routers without the use of
dynamic routing protocols.
Background/Preparation
Setup a network similar to the one in the previous diagram. Any router that meets the interface
requirements may be used. Possible routers include 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600 routers, or a
combination. Refer to the chart at the end of the lab to correctly identify the interface identifiers to be
used based on the equipment in the lab. The configuration output used in this lab is produced from
1721 series routers. Any other router used may produce slightly different output. The following steps
are intended to be executed on each router unless specifically instructed otherwise.
Start a HyperTerminal session as performed in the Establishing a HyperTerminal session lab.
Note: Go to the erase and reload instructions at the end of this lab. Perform those steps on all
routers in this lab assignment before continuing.
Step 1 Configure both routers

a. Enter the global configuration mode and configure the hostname as shown in the chart. Then
configure the console, virtual terminal, and enable passwords. If there are any difficulties, refer to
the Configuring router passwords lab. Configure interfaces and IP host tables. If there are any
difficulties, refer to the Configuring Host Tables lab.
Step 2 Configure the workstations

Configure the workstations with the proper IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
a. Check connectivity between the workstations using ping.
C:\>ping 192.168.16.2
Pinging 192.168.16.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Ping statistics for 192.168.16.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
b. Was the ping successful?
c. Why did the ping fail?
Step 3 Check interface status

a. Check the interfaces on both routers with the command show ip interface brief.
b. Are all the necessary interfaces up?
Step 4 Check the routing table entries

a. Using the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for GAD.
GAD>show ip route
output eliminated
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.14.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

C 192.168.15.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0
b. Use the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for BHM.
BHM>show ip route
Output eliminated.

c. Are all of the routes needed in the routing tables?
d. Can a host on subnet 192.168.16.0 see a host on network 192.168.14.0?
If a route is not in the routers to which the host is connected, the host cannot reach the
destination host.
Step 5 Adding static routes
a. How can this situation be changed so that the hosts can ping each other?
Add static routes to each router or run a routing protocol.
b. In global configuration mode, add a static route on Router1 to network 192.168.16.0 and on
Router2 to network 192.168.14.0.
GAD(config)#ip route 192.168.16.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.15.2
BHM(config)#ip route 192.168.14.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.15.1
c. Why is a static route needed on both routers?
Step 6 Verify the new routes

a. Use the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for GAD.
GAD>show ip route
output eliminated

S 192.168.16.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.15.2
b. Using the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for BHM.
BHM>show ip route
Output eliminated.
S 192.168.14.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.15.1

c. Are all of the routes needed in the routing tables?

d. Can a host on subnet 192.168.16.0 see a host on network 192.168.14.0?
Step 7 ping host to host again

a. Check connectivity between the workstations using ping.
C:\>ping 192.168.16.2
Pinging 192.168.16.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.16.2: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=254
Ping statistics for 192.168.16.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 20ms, Maximum = 20ms, Average = 20ms
b. If the ping was not successful, check routing table to make sure static routes are entered
correctly.
Upon completion of the previous steps, logoff by typing exit. Turn the router off.
Erasing and reloading the router

Enter into the privileged EXEC mode by typing enable.
If prompted for a password, enter class. If “class” does not work, ask the instructor for assistance.
Router>enable
At the privileged EXEC mode, enter the command erase startup-config.
Router#erase startup-config
The responding line prompt will be:
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue?
[confirm] Press
Enter to confirm. The
response should be:
Erase of nvram: complete
Now at the privileged EXEC mode, enter the command reload.
Router(config)#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]:
Type n and then press Enter.
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
Press Enter to confirm.
In the first line of the response will be:
Reload requested by console.
After the router has reloaded the line prompt will be:
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
Press RETURN to get started!
Press Enter.
The router is ready for the assigned lab to be performed.
Router Interface Summary
Router Ethernet Ethernet Serial Serial Interface
Model Interface #1 Interface #2 Interface #1 Interface #2 #5
800 (806) Ethernet 0 (E0) Ethernet 1 (E1)
1600 Ethernet 0 (E0) Ethernet 1 (E1) Serial 0 (S0) Serial 1 (S1)
1700 FastEthernet 0 (FA0) FastEthernet 1 (FA1) Serial 0 (S0) Serial 1 (S1)
2500 Ethernet 0 (E0) Ethernet 1 (E1) Serial 0 (S0) Serial 1 (S1)
2600 FastEthernet 0/0 FastEthernet 0/1 (FA0/1) Serial 0/0 (S0/0) Serial 0/1
(FA0/0) (S0/1)
In order to find out exactly how the router is configured, look at the interfaces. This will identify the type of router
as well as how many interfaces the router has. There is no way to effectively list all of the combinations of
configurations for each router class. What is provided are the identifiers for the possible combinations of interfaces
in the device. This interface chart does not include any other type of interface even though a specific router may
contain one. An example of this might be an ISDN BRI interface. The string in parenthesis is the legal abbreviation
that can be used in IOS command to represent the interface.
Lab 7.2.2 Configuring RIP
Objective
 Setup an IP addressing scheme using class B networks.

 Configure the RIP dynamic routing protocol on routers.
Background/Preparation
Setup a network similar to the one in the diagram. Any router that meets the interface requirements
displayed in the above diagram, such as 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600 routers, or a combination,
may be used. Please refer to the chart at the end of the lab to correctly identify the interface
identifiers to be used based on the equipment in the lab. The configuration output used in this lab is
produced from 1721 series routers. Any other router used may produce a slightly different output.
The following steps are intended to be executed on each router unless specifically instructed
otherwise.
Start a HyperTerminal session as performed in the Establishing a HyperTerminal session lab.
Note: Go to the erase and reload instructions at the end of this lab. Perform those steps on all
routers in this lab assignment before continuing.
Step 1 Configure the routers
a. From the global configuration mode, configure the hostname as shown in the chart. Then
configure the console, virtual terminal, and enable passwords. If there is a problem doing this,
refer to the configuring router passwords lab. Next, configure the interfaces according to the
chart. Refer to the Configuring Host Tables lab for assistance.
Step 2 Check the routing table entries

a. Using the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for GAD.
GAD>show ip route
output eliminated

b. Using the command show ip route, view the IP routing table for BHM.
BHM>show ip route
output eliminated

Step 3 Configure the routing protocol on the Gadsden router

a. From the global configuration mode, enter the following:
GAD(config)#router rip
GAD(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
GAD(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
GAD(config-router)#exit
Step 4 Save the Gadsden router configuration
GAD#copy running-config startup-config
Step 5 Configure the routing protocol on the Birmingham router

a. From the global configuration mode, enter the following:
BHM(config)#router rip
BHM(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
BHM(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0
BHM(config-router)#exit
BHM(config)#exit
Step 6 Save the Birmingham router configuration
BHM#copy running-config startup-config
Step 7 Configure the hosts with the proper IP address, subnet mask and default gateway
Step 8 Verify that the internetwork is functioning by pinging the FastEthernet interface of the
other router
a. From the host attached to GAD, is it possible to ping the BHM router FastEthernet interface?
b. From the host attached to BHM, is it possible to ping the GAD router FastEthernet interface?
c. If the answer is no for either question, troubleshoot the router configurations to find the error.
Then do the pings again until the answer to both questions is yes.
Step 9 Show the routing tables for each router

a. From the enable or privileged EXEC mode, examine the routing table entries using the show ip
route command on each router.
b. What are the entries in the GAD routing table?
c. What are the entries in the BHM routing table?
Upon completion of the previous steps, log off by typing exit and turn the router off.
Erasing and reloading the router

Enter into the privileged EXEC mode by typing enable.
If prompted for a password, enter class. If “class” does not work, ask the instructor for assistance.
Router>enable
At the privileged EXEC mode, enter the command erase startup-config.
Router#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue?
[confirm] Press
Enter to confirm. The
response should be:
Erase of nvram: complete
Now at the privileged EXEC mode, enter the command reload.
Router(config)#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]:
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
Press Enter to confirm.
In the first line of the response will be:
Reload requested by console.
After the router has reloaded the line prompt will be:
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
Press RETURN to get started!
Press Enter.
The router is ready for the assigned lab to be performed.

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Computer Networks Lab

2. To study various types of Connectors

3 Study and verification of standard Network

4 Study of different type of LAN equipments

LAN installations and their Configurations

Subnetting and Supernetting

10 To study and configure Dynamic Routing Protocol

Classification based on transmission technology

2) Point to point network

Example of a broadcast network on a shared bus

Communication based on point to point technology

Classification based on scale:-

 LAN (Local Area Network)

A Basic Local Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

Aim: To study various types of connectors

Baud rate Maximum range / cable length

Network Interface Controller(Ethernet Card)

A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any device

The range of values for these classes is given below.

Class Range Allocation

 The 0.0.0.0 network is reserved for use as the default route.

Interface configuration for router 1

Interface IP Address Subnet mask

How the subnet mask works:

Communication between a node on a local subnetwork and a node on a different

When subnet masks are used, an IP address is interpreted as follows:

[IP address] = [Network address][Subnetwork address][Host address]

Step 2 Verify the physical connection

Step 3 Access the IP settings window

Windows 95 / 98 / Me/ users should do the following:

Windows NT / 2000 users should do the following:

Windows XP users should do the following:

See the example below:

Computer IP Address Subnet mask Default Gateway

PC – A 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Not Required

PC – B 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Not Required

Step 5 Access the Command or MS-DOS prompt

Step 7 Confirm the TCP/IP network settings

Windows NT / 2000 / XP users should do the following:

Step 2 Verify the physical connection

Step 3 Access the IP settings window

Windows 95 / 98 / Me/ users should do the following:

Windows NT / 2000 users should do the following:

Windows XP users should do the following:

See the example below:

Computer IP Address Subnet mask Default Gateway

PC – A 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Not Required

PC – B 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Not Required

Step 5 Access the Command or MS-DOS prompt

Step 7 Confirm the TCP/IP network settings

Windows NT / 2000 / XP users should do the following:

 PC workstation with Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP installed

Step 1: Review IP address classes and their characteristics

A 1 – 126 * 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2) 16,777,214

B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 65,534