• SEE:100marks (Reduced to 50)

• CIE: 30+30+10+10+20 =100 (Reduced to 50)

• 2 IA tests of 30 marks each.
• 2 Assignments of 10 marks each
• Course projecct/seminar 20m
 Scheme of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)

Addition of two IA Addition of two Course Total

Components
tests assignments Activity Marks

Maximum Marks:
30+30 10+10 20 100
50
Writing two IA tests is compulsory.
CIE will be reduced to 50 marks for the calculation of SGPA and CGPA.
Minimum marks required in CIE to qualify for SEE: 20 out of 50

Scheme of Semester End Examination (SEE):

1. It will be conducted for 100 marks of 3 hours duration. It will be reduced to
50 marks for the calculation of SGPA and CGPA.

2. Minimum marks required in SEE to pass: 40 out of 100

3. Question paper contains 10 questions, 2 from each unit. Students have to

answer FIVE full questions choosing one from each unit.

Marks split-up

EACH UNIT 20 MARKS. 20 *5 = 100 Marks

UI: Introduction: Properties of Fluids

U II : Fluid Statics, Hydrostatics, Buoyancy

U III: Fluid Kinematics, Dynamics, Flow Measurements

U IV: Losses through pipes, Dimensional Analysis

U V: Laminar Flow, Flow past immersed bodies,

Introduction to Compressible flow
 Unit – I 6 hours
• Introduction: Properties of Fluids - density, specific weight, specific
volume, specific gravity. Viscosity - types, units, Newton’s law of viscosity,
variation of viscosity with temperatures. Classification of fluids. Surface
tension and capillarity effects. Thermodynamic properties–compressibility and
bulk modulus. Numerical.

Unit – II 14 hours
• Fluid Statics: Fluid pressure at a point - absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum
pressures. Pascal’s law, pressure variation in a static fluid (hydrostatic law). Manometers
- simple, differential and inverted manometers. Numerical.
• Hydrostatics: Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged inclined plane
surfaces. Numerical.
• Buoyancy: Buoyancy, center of buoyancy, meta-centre and metacentric height.
Conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies. Determination of
metacentric height analytically. Numerical.
• Self Study: inverted differential manometers
 Unit – III 10 hours
• Fluid Kinematics: Introduction, Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid
motion, types of flows. Concept of local and convective accelerations,
velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle. Continuity of flow - discharge and
mean velocity. Continuity equations for 2-D and 3-D flow in Cartesian
coordinates of system.
• Fluid Dynamics: Introduction, Euler’s equation of motion and subsequent
derivation of Bernoulli’s equation, Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids.
Numerical.
• Fluid Flow Measurements: Concept of fluid flow measurement. Derivation of
expression for discharge through - Venturimeter, orifice meter, Pitot’s-tube,
rectangular notches. Numerical.
• Self study: Velocity Potential and stream functions, Numericals on Notches
Unit – IV 10 hours
Losses through pipes: Introduction, Darcy’s and Chezy’s equation for loss of head due to
friction in pipes. Minor losses through pipes. Numerical.
Dimensional Analysis: Units and dimensions, Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh's
indicial method, Buckingham's Pi theorem, Dimensionless Numbers
Self study: HGL TEL concepts
 Unit – IV 10 hours
• Laminar flow and viscous effects: Introduction, Reynolds’s number, laminar
flow through circular pipe-Hagen Poisueille’s equation, Numerical. Laminar
flow between parallel and stationary plates (Numerical only).
• Introduction to compressible flow: Propagation of sound waves through
compressible fluids, sonic velocity and Mach number. Simple numerical.
• Flow past immersed bodies: Drag, Lift, expression for lift and drag, pressure
drag and friction drag, streamlined and bluff bodies. Simple numerical.

R.K. Bansal, “A text book of Fluid Mechanics”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2014.
K.L. Kumar, “Engineering Fluid Mechanics”, Multicolor revised edition, S. Chand and Co,
Eurasia Publishing House, New Delhi, 2014
Yunus A. Cenegal, and John M. Cimbala, “Fluid Mechanics”, Second edition, McGraw Hill
Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2013
Frank .M. White, “Fluid Mechanics”, McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 4th
Edition. 2013.
Deformation of a solid body
• This tendency of continuous deformation (however small force may be) is
called as FLUIDITY

• And this act of of continuous deformation FLUID

• SO a fluid when subjected to external forces…….. FLOWS

Definition: FLUID MECHANICS

Study of general behaviour of fluids both at rest and in motion.
Governed by Laws of thermodynamics, Laws of Mechanics (Newtons Laws of motion)
The subject of Fluid mechanics with a special emphasis on ENGINEERING applications is
coined as ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS
• Fluid mechanics is the science that deals with the action of forces on
fluids at rest as well as in motion.

• If the fluids are at rest, the study of them is called fluid statics.

• If the fluids are in motion, where pressure forces are not considered,
the study of them is called fluid Kinematics

• If the fluids are in motion and the pressure forces are considered, the
study of them is called fluid dynamics.
 Fluid properties

 Mass Density
 Specific Weight
 Specific Volume
 Specific Gravity
 Viscosity (Dynamic and Kinematic)
 Surface tension
 Capillarity
 Vapour Pressure and Cavitation
• MASS DENSITY / DENSITY ρ (rho)
• The “mass per unit volume” is mass density. Hence it has units of kilograms
per cubic meter.
• ρ = mass / Volume ρ = m/V kg/m3
• The mass density of water at 4oC is 1000 kg/m3 while it is 1.20 kg/m3 for air at
20oC at standard pressure.
• WEIGHT DENSITY OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT (w in N/m3)
• It is the ratio between the weight if a fluid to its volume.
• It is also weight per unit volume of a fluid.
• Its unit is N/m3.
• Water at 20 oC has a specific weight of 9.79 kN/m3
• Weight Density is related to mass density as w = ρ *g

• SPECIFIC VOLUME (v) Units - m3/kg

• It is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass

or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume.
• Specific Volume = Volume of the Fluid / Mass of the Fluid
v = 1/mass of the fluid/volume of the fluid
v=1/ρ
Modelling in Engg and Problem solving
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON PROPERTIES
• It is defined as the property of a
fluid which offers resistance to
the movement of one layer of
fluid over another adjacent layer
of the fluid.

• The viscosity of a fluid is a

measure of its “resistance to
deformation.”
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY
 • It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of the fluid.

Viscosity Unit conversions

• 1 Poise = 0.1 Ns/m2
• 1 Centipoise (Cp) = 0.1 poise = 0.001 Ns/m2

• 1 Stoke = 1 cm2/s or 10-4 m2/s

• 1 Centi stoke = 0.01 stoke = 10-6 m2/s

• For Absolute Viscosity . Ns/m2 is same as kg/ms..

• N*s/m2 = (kg* m/s2 * s/m2 ) = kg/ms
Classification of fluids
Classification of fluids (Cotd)
 VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
• Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
• Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
• Relatively independent of pressure
(incompressible)

• Gases - transfer of molecular momentum

• Viscosity increases as temperature increases.
• Viscosity increases as pressure increases

• Unit of time is second. Denoted as “s” not “sec”.

• For Kilogram use kg not Kg or KG.. Similarly grams is “g” not “gms”
• K is used for Kelvin.
• Do not use plural form of a unit. Newton or N.. Not Newtons or Ns
• Always try to practice unit calculations..
• Any doubts in problems?
 • Surface tension is a contractive
tendency of the surface of a fluid that
allows it to resist an external force.
Surface tension is an important
property that mark ably influences the
ecosystems.

• Surface tension is the property of

apparent tension effect, that occurs at
the interface of 2 immiscible liquids or
between a liquid and a gas such that
the contact surface behaves like a
membrane under tension.

Droplets on Petals
Bug is walking on water
• A molecules in the interior of a liquid is under attractive force in all
direction.
• However, a molecule at the surface of a liquid is acted on by a net
inward cohesive force that is perpendicular to the surface.
• Higher forces of attraction at surface Creates a “stretched
membrane effect”. Surface behaves like membrane under TENSION.
Measured as Force / unit length… N/m
APPLICATION / EXAMPLES OF SURFACE TENSION

 A water strider can walk on water.

 Some tent are made impermeable of the rain but they are not really
impermeable. If water is placed on it then the water doesn’t pass through the
fine small pores of the tent cover. But as you touch the cover while water is on it,
surface tension is broken and water passes through.
Surface Tension in a water droplet, soap bubble and Liquid jet
Surface Tension in a soap bubble and water droplet

For equilibrium of Liquid droplet:

Pressure force inside droplet = S.T. force on the periphery.

P * π /4*d2 = σ π d
Finally P = 4 σ /d

For equilibrium of soap bubble:

Pressure force inside bubble = S.T. force on the periphery.

P * π /4*d2 = 2 *(σ π d)
Finally P = 8σ /d
How do trees pump water hundreds of feet from the ground to their highest
leaves?
Why do paper towels soak up spills?
Why does liquid wax rise to the tip of a candle wick to be burned?
Why must liquids on the space shuttle be kept covered to prevent them from
crawling right out of their containers?

These are all examples of capillary action--the movement of a liquid up through a

thin tube. This is due to adhesion and cohesion.
• Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid will boil.
Vapor pressure ↑ when temperature increases
At atmospheric pressure, water at 100 °C will boil
Water can boil at lower temperatures if the pressure is lower than atmospheric
pressure
• When vapor pressure > the liquid’s actual pressure • It will boil.
CAVITATION
• It is the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region
where the pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour pressure and sudden collapsing of
these vapour bubbles in a region of a higher pressure.