Axially Loaded Columns

SENG Sochan, PhD

1
 INTRODUCTION

 Columns are members used to support axial compressive loads

and have a ratio of height to the least dimension of 3 or greater.
 In reinforced concrete buildings, concrete beam, floors and
columns are cast monotonically, causing some moments in the
columns due to end restraint.
 A column subjected to pure axial loads does not exist in concrete
buildings.
 It can be assumed that axially loaded columns are those with
relatively small eccentricity, e ≤ 0.1h. Where h is the total depth of
the column.
2
 INTRODUCTION
 Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame
intended to support the load-carrying beams. They transmit loads
from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through
the foundations.

Loads

Beam Beam
P Column
h Slab

b Column Beam Beam

Beam

h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam

Soil

3
Column Load: Tributary area method

4
Column Load: Beam reaction method

5
Load Summation on Column Section for Design

6
Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite

7
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

Axial loading tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced
columns having the same cross-sectional areas of concrete and
steel reinforcement behave in the same manner up to the ultimate
load.
At that load tied columns fail suddenly due to excessive cracking
in the concrete section followed by buckling of the longitudinal
reinforcement between ties within the failure region. For spirally
reinforced columns, once the ultimate load is reached, the
concrete shell covering the spiral starts to peel off. Only then, the
spiral comes to action by providing a confining force to the
concrete core, thus enabling the column to sustain large
deformations before final collapse occurs.

8
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

Failure of a tied column Failure of a spiral column

Deformation

9
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

P0  0.85 f c *  Ag  Ast   f y Ast

Ag = gross area = b*h

Ast = area of long steel
f’c = concrete compressive strength
fy = steel yield strength

10
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design  Pn

Pn  KP0
K = Reduction factor to account for accidental eccentricity

K = 0.80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
K = 0.85 ( spiral )

11
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
 Pn   K  Ag  0.85 f c  Ast  f y  0.85 f c   Pu
   
 concrete steel 

ACI 9.3.2.2 ACI 10.3.6.3

 = 0.65 for tied columns K = 0.80 ( tied )

= 0.75 for spiral columns K = 0.85 ( spiral )

12 ( ACI 318-08)
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
 Pn   K  Ag  0.85 f c  Ast  f y  0.85 f c   Pu
   
 concrete steel 

or

 Pn   KAg 0.85 f c  g  f y  0.85 f c   Pu

13
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
* when g is known or assumed:

Pu
Ag 
  K 0.85 f c  g  f y  0.85 f c 

14
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s

Volume of Spiral in One Loop

s 
Volume of Core for a Spacing s
as  Dc  d s  4as  Dc  d s 
 
 2  Dc2 s
 Dc  s
4 

15
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
A   f 
   c
 s  0.45 *   1 *  
g

A f 
 c   y
Ag  cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement
 Dc2
Ac  core area 
4
Dc  core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s  spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y  yield strength of spiral steel   420MPa 

16
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

ACI Code 10.9.1 requires

0.01A g  A st  0.08A g

17
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

- Minimum Number of Bars ACI Code 10.9.2

min. of 6 bars in spiral arrangement

min. of 4 bars in rectangular or circular ties
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

18
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

ACI Code 7.10.5.1

size  10 bar if longitudinal bar  30 bar

 12 bar if longitudinal bar   32 bar
 12 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

19
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.2)

s  16 db ( db for longitudinal bars )

s  48 dstirrup
s  least lateral dimension of column

20
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

Arrangement Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.3)

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle  135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 15cm
clear on either side from “support” bar.

21
22
23
Design Considerations

Examples of
lateral ties

24
Design Considerations

Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals )

ACI Code 7.10.4.2

size  10 mm diameter

ACI 7.10.4.3
2.5cm  clear spacing
between spirals  7.5cm

25
Design Considerations

Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars

ACI Code specify that for tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars, shown in Figure, is not to be less than the
larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or 4 cm. This is done to ensure free
flow of concrete among reinforcing bars.

26
Design Considerations
Concrete Protection Cover
ACI Code specifies that for reinforced columns, the clear concrete cover is not to be
taken less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with ground. It is
essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.
Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions
The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional dimensions for columns.
Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are considered as the smallest practicable sections.
For practical considerations, column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.
Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal
forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.

27
Design Considerations
Factored Loads
For gravity loads only,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.6 PL
For dead, live and wind loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.6 PW
For dead and wind loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.3 PW or Pu = 1.2 PD + 0.8 PW
For dead, live and earthquake loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.0 PE
For dead and earthquake loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.0 PE

28
Design Considerations

29
Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns

1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column.

2. Decide on a reinforcement ratio ρg that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually a
1 % ratio is chosen for economic considerations.
3. Determine the gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section.
4. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape.
5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area
in the respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code
limits.
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the
adjusted reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.

30
Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed
reinforcing bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is
needed, while a minimum of six bars is used for circular columns.

8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either

ties or spirals.

9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies

ACI Code requirements.

10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
longitudinal and lateral reinforcement.
31
Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in
Figure. It is reinforced with 6 Φ16mm bars. Calculate the design load
Ties Φ8@25cm
capacity of the cross section.
Use fc′=280 kg/cm2 and fy = 4200 kg/cm2.
25 6Φ16

Solution:
A s 6  2.01 40
ρg    0.012  1.21%
A g 25  40 Figure [1]

ρ min  1 %  ρ g  1.21%  ρ max  8 % OK

Sc=12.8 cm

Clear distance between bars Sc 25 6Φ16

40  2(4)  2(0.8)  3(1.6)
Sc   12.8  15 cm
2
40
Only, one ties is required for the cross section
32
Example 1
The spacing between ties is not exceed the smallest of
16 db =16(1.6) = 25.4 cm
48 ds = 48(0.8) = 38.4 cm Φ 8mm ties spaced @ 25 cm

25 cm
Thus, ACI requirements regarding reinforcement ratio, clear distance
between bars and tie spacing are all satisfied.
The design load capacity ΦPn
 Pn  0.65(0.8) A g 0.85f c  g  f y  0.85f c  


Φ Pn  0.52Ag 0.85fc 'ρ g f y  0.85fc ' 
Φ Pn  0.52 40  250.85 280  0.01214200  0.85 280
Φ Pn  148,688 kg  148.7 tons.

33
Example 2

Design a short tied column to support a factored concentric load

of 1000 kN, with one side of the cross section equals to 25 cm.
fc  30MPa f y  420MPa  g  1%

Solution
Pu
Ag 
0.65  0.8 0.85f c  g  f y  0.85f c  

1000 103
Ag 
0.65  0.8 0.85  30   0.01 420  0.85  30  
A g  65311mm 2
34
 Ag  65311mm 2
 b  250mm
h  261mm
use column 25cm  30cm
A st  0.01(25  30)  7.5cm 2
use 614

Check spacing

h  No. of bars  d b  2  cover  dstirrup 

s
 No. of bars  1
30  3 1.4   2  4  0.8 

2
 8.1cm < 15cm ok
35
 Stirrup design
 16d b  16 1.4cm   22.4cm  governs

s max  48d stirrup  48  0.8   38.4cm
 smaller b or d  25cm


36
37
 Quiz 1

38