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Newmark Deformation Analysis

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Abdul Jalil, S.T., M.T Abdul Jalil, S.T., M.T
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36 views6 pages

Newmark Deformation Analysis

Uploaded by

Abdul Jalil, S.T., M.T Abdul Jalil, S.T., M.T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.

com

Newmark Deformation Analysis


1 Introduction
SLOPE/W can use the results from a QUAKE/W dynamic analysis to examine the stability and
permanent deformation of earth structures subjected to earthquake shaking using a procedure similar to
the Newmark method. QUAKE/W is a finite element program for analyzing the effects of earthquakes on
embankments and natural slopes. QUAKE/W computes the static plus dynamic ground stresses at
specified intervals during an earthquake. SLOPE/W can use these stresses to analyze the stability
variations during the earthquake and estimate the resulting permanent deformation.
The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use the stresses computed with QUAKE/W in
SLOPE/W to examine the stability and permanent deformation of a slope subjected to earthquake
shaking. Features of this simulation include:
Initial stress analysis with QUAKE/W
Multiple stage analyses with QUAKE/W and SLOPE/W
Homogeneous soil with Mohr Coulomb model
No pore-water pressure
Multiple slip surface with Entry and Exit

2 Configuration and setup


To do a QUAKE/W dynamic analysis, you must start your analysis with QUAKE/W. First, you need to
establish the initial static stress of the slope, then you do the dynamic stress analysis of the slope using the
initial static stress as the initial condition. Please refer to the QUAKE/W engineering book for details of
doing a QUAKE/W analysis. It is important that you are satisified with the computed results in
QUAKE/W before you proceed to the dynamic analysis in SLOPE/W.
Assume that you have done the QUAKE/W analysis and you are happy with the results; you can then add
a SLOPE/W analysis inside GeoStudio. You are now ready to define the shear strength properties of the
material and the trial slip surface method. Figure 1 shows the geometry, the finite element mesh, the soil
model of the material, and the position of the search grid.

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 1 of 6


GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com

Figure 1 The geometry, finite element mesh and search grid

For each trial slip surface, SLOPE/W uses the initial stress condition to establish the static strength of the
slope and the dynamic stress at all time steps to compute the dynamic shear stress of the slope and the
factor of safety at all time steps during the shaking process. SLOPE/W determines the total mobilized
shear arising from the dynamic inertial forces. This dynamically driven mobilized shear is divided by the
total slide mass to obtain an average acceleration. This average acceleration for the entire potential sliding
mass represents one acceleration value that affects the stability at an instance in time.
In this example, the shaking of the slope is 10 seconds long and is modeled with 500 time steps. Figure 2
shows the critical slip surface at the end of the shaking (i.e., at time step 500). The critical factor of safety
is 1.131 at time step 500, the smallest factor of safety during the entire shaking may occur at other time
steps.

Figure 2 Critical slip surface and factor of safety at time step 500

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 2 of 6


GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com

Figure 3 shows the factor of safety of the slip surface # 9 during the shaking process. You can see that
the smallest factor of safety of this slip surface is below 0.8 at about 3 seconds into the shaking, and the
highest factor of safety of this slip surface is about 2.6 at about 2 seconds into the shaking.

Figure 3 Factor of safety of a slip surface during the 10 seconds shaking

Figure 4 shows the computed factor of safety versus the average acceleration of the slip surface. As
expected, the factor of safety is inversely proportional to the average acceleration. From this plot,
SLOPE/W computes the acceleration corresponding to a factor of safety of 1.0. This is the called the yield
acceleration. The yield acceleration of this slip surface is 0.08543.

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 3 of 6


GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com

Figure 4 Factor of safety versus average acceleration

Figure 5 shows the average acceleration of the slip surface during the 10 seconds of shaking. By
integrating the area of the graph when the average acceleration is at yield acceleration, we can get a
velocity versus time plot during the shaking period (Figure 6).

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 4 of 6


GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com

Figure 5 Average acceleration versus time

Figure 6 Velocity versus time plot

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 5 of 6


GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com

Figure 7 shows the permanent deformation versus time of the slip surface. It is obtained by integrating the
area under the velocity graph (Figure 6) when there is a positive velocity. The maximum permanent
deformation of this slip surface is 0.2379 m. You may examine and plot results of any slip surfaces at any
time steps using the Draw Slip Surface feature in the Result View.

Figure 7 Permanent deformation versus time

Please note that this type of analysis is sometimes referred to as an undrained dynamic deformation
analysis. The soil is deemed to behave in an undrained manner during the earthquake shaking; that is, the
total soil strength does not change much during the shaking. According to S.L. Kramer in his book
"Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering" (page 462), this type of analysis is only appropriate if there is
less than about 15% degradation in strength due to the shaking. This type of analysis is not considered
appropriate for cases where there is a large build-up of pore pressures, which in turn may lead to large
strength losses causing the soil to liquefy. Examining the possibility of a liquefaction flow failure requires
a different type of analysis.

SLOPE/W Example File: Newmark deformation analysis.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 6 of 6

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