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Lecture-5 Frequency Domain Representation

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23 views25 pages

Lecture-5 Frequency Domain Representation

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mkazmi.bee21seecs
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LECTURE-5: FREQUENCY

DOMAIN REPRESENTATION OF
CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
SALMAN GHAFOOR
FOURIER SERIES
Exponential Signals
Set of exponentials 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡 (𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … . .) is orthogonal over
any interval of duration 𝑇𝑜 = 2𝜋/𝜔𝑜 , that is:
Exponential Fourier Series
A signal g(t) can be expressed over an interval of duration To
second(s) as an exponential Fourier series:

Where:

The exponential Fourier series above is periodic with period To


and consists of components of the form 𝑒 𝑗𝑛2π𝑓𝑜 𝑡 with n varying
from −∞ to ∞
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
Determine the exponential Fourier series of the periodic signal
shown below.
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
In exponential spectra, we plot coefficients Dn as a function of 𝜔

But since Dn is complex in general, we need two plots: the


amplitude (magnitude) and the angle of Dn

This requires that the coefficients Dn be expressed in polar form


as 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗∠𝐷𝑛

For a real periodic signal, the twin coefficients 𝐷𝑛 and 𝐷−𝑛 are
conjugates

Thus:
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
The amplitude spectrum is an even function of frequency

The angle spectrum is an odd function of frequency


Negative Frequency
It may be observed that the spectra exist for positive as well as
negative values of the frequency – negative frequency?

We can use the following trigonometric identity:

This clearly shows that the angular frequency of a sinusoid


cos(−𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃) is 𝜔𝑜 , which is a positive quantity

The concept of frequency for a real-valued sinusoid describes


only the rate of the sinusoidal variation without addressing the
direction of the variation

This is because real-valued sinusoidal signals do NOT contain


information on the direction of its variation
Negative Frequency
The concept of negative frequency is meaningful only when we
are considering complex sinusoids for which the rate and the
direction of variation are meaningful

Consider:

This relationship clearly shows that either positive or negative 𝜔


leads to periodic variation of the same rate, however, the
resulting complex signals are NOT the same

For positive frequency, the exponential sinusoid rotates


counterclockwise while for negative frequency, the exponential
sinusoid rotates clockwise
Negative Frequency
 a is imaginary:
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
Determine the Fourier series of the periodic signal shown below.
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
Dn is real, no phase plot
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem
Determine the exponential Fourier series and sketch the
corresponding spectra for the impulse train 𝛿𝑇0 (𝑡) shown.
Exponential Fourier Series - Problem

The spectrum, being real, requires only the amplitude plot - all
phases are zero.
Parseval’s Theorem in Fourier Series
The power Pg of g(t) is equal to the power of its Fourier series

The power of the Fourier series is equal to the sum of the powers
of its Fourier components

Exponential Fourier series:

The power is given by:

For real g(t), 𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷−𝑛


APERIODIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION BY
FOURIER INTEGRAL
Fourier Transform
Fourier series becomes Fourier integral when the time period
approaches infinity and fundamental frequency approaches zero

We call G(f) the direct Fourier transform of g(t), and g(t) the
inverse Fourier transform of G(f)
Conjugate Symmetry of Fourier Transform
Since G(f) is complex, we have both amplitude and angle (or
phase) spectra:

From the Fourier transform pair:

If g(t) is a real function, then:

Therefore:

For real g(t), the amplitude spectrum 𝐺(𝑓) is an even function,


and the phase spectrum 𝜃𝑔 (𝑓) is an odd function of f
FT of Unit Rectangular Function
We use the notation ς(𝑥) for a rectangular pulse of unit height
and unit width, centered at the origin

Unit rectangular pulse ς(𝑥) expanded by a factor 𝜏 can be


expressed as ς(𝑥/𝜏) - denominator is the width of the pulse
FT of Unit Rectangular Function
Find the Fourier transform of 𝑔 𝑡 = ς(𝑡/𝜏)
Fourier Transform Duality property
If the Fourier transform of g(t) is G(f) then the Fourier transform
of G(t), with f replaced by t, is g(-f) which is the original time
domain signal with t replaced by -f
Fourier Transform Time Scaling property
If

The time-scaling property states that time compression of a


signal results in its spectral expansion, and time expansion of the
signal results in its spectral compression

The bandwidth of a signal is inversely proportional to the signal


duration or width (in seconds)
Fourier Transform Time Shifting property
If

Then:

Delaying a signal by to seconds does not change its amplitude


spectrum - the phase spectrum, however, is changed by −2𝜋𝑓𝑡0

Time delay and phase


shift
Fourier Transform Modulation Property
 Also called frequency shifting property:

 If then:

 Practically achieved by multiplying g(t) by a sinusoid:

 Fourier transform of the RHS gives:

 Multiplication of g(t) by a sinusoid of frequency 𝑓0 shifts the spectrum


G(f) by ±𝑓0
 Multiplication of a sinusoid 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡by g(t) amounts to modulating the
sinusoid amplitude – amplitude modulation
SUMMARY
Exponential Fourier series

Fourier series calculation of important signals

Fourier transform for aperiodic signals

Fourier transform calculation of important signals

Properties of Fourier transform

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