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NOTES
Orientation Sessions
Plane angle in radian and Conversion of degree to
radian
 Functions

• Input variable is • A function is a

independent and mathematical relationship
output variable is between independent and
dependent. dependent variables
 Trigonometric Ratios
Opposite side

0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°

1 3 1 4 3
sin 𝜃 0 1
2 5 2 5 2

Adjacent side 3 4 1 3 1
cos 𝜃 1 0
2 5 2 5 2

1 3 4
tan 𝜃 0 1 3 ∞
3 4 𝟑
Trigonometric Ratios

S A

T C
Polynomials and Linear Function

Constants

Variables

Constants

Variables
Graph of Linear Function

Slope - intercept
form
 Straight Line Equation

Slope - intercept Point - slope Two- Point

 Quadratic Function

Quadratic equation:
Root 1 : Root 2 :

Sum of roots Difference of roots Product of roots

Parabola (Quadratic Curve)
A

D
Exponential Functions and their Graph
 Logarithmic Functions

Popular log functions

Natural Common
Logarithm logarithm
 Properties of Logarithmic functions

Product Rule

Quotient Rule

Power Rule
 Limiting case of a secant

Δ𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
Δ𝑦 lim = lim
slope (𝑚) = 𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 ℎ
Δ𝑥 slope (𝑚) =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦
A limiting case of secant which = lim
intersects the curve at two 𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
infinitesimally close points is
called a tangent. Slope of the tangent =
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦′ = 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Differentiation

Differentiation of Functions

Polynomial Trigonometric Exponential Logarithmic

Functions Functions Functions Functions

Power Rule: Example of

Trignometric fuction:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑑 𝑛 −1 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥 ln 𝑥 =
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 (cot 𝑥) = −cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥 (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 (cosec 𝑥) = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝐴 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1

0.5

0 𝐵 • Differentiation of a function
x
-0.5 is nothing but finding slope

-1 of curve at that point.

-2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
0
-360° -270° -180° -90° 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑦 = cos 𝑥 • Differentiation of a sin

1
function at any point is a
0.5
𝐵 cosine function.
0
x
-0.5
𝐴
-1 • Example at Position A and B
-2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
-360° -270° -180° -90° 90° 180° 270° 360°
 Properties of Derivatives

Derivative of a constant term 𝑎 :

𝑑 ′
[𝑎] = 0 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑥

Derivative of a Function multiplied by a constant term 𝑎 :

𝑑 𝑑[𝑓 𝑥 ] ′
[𝑎𝑓 𝑥 ] = 𝑎 𝑎𝑓 = 𝑎𝑓 ′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of sum or difference of two functions :

𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 ′
[𝑎𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑎 ±𝑏 𝑎𝑓 ± 𝑏𝑔 = 𝑎𝑓 ′ ± 𝑏𝑔′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 − tan 45° sec 𝑥 + 3 with
respect to 𝑥

𝑑[𝑓 𝑥 ] 𝑑(2 cos 𝑥 − tan 45° sec 𝑥 + 3)

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2 [cos 𝑥] ′ − 1. [sec 𝑥]′ + [3]′

Hint:
′ = −2 sin 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥
𝑎𝑓 = 𝑎𝑓 ′
′
𝑓±𝑔 = 𝑓 ′ ± 𝑔′
= −2 sin 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥
𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Application of Derivative and Second derivative

To find the rate of change of one quantity with respect to another

Rate of change of 𝑑𝑥
= = velocity
position with time 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑥)
𝑓 ’ (𝑥) = cos(𝑥)
𝑓 ’’ (𝑥) = − sin(𝑥)
 If the motion of a particle is represented by,
𝑥 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 2 𝑚.
Find the position, speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 ?

Position 𝑥 12 𝑚
𝑡3 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡 + 2

First 𝑑𝑥
15 𝑚
Derivative
Speed 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 1 − 1 + 0
𝑑𝑡
Slope of the curve and Increasing
and Decreasing Functions

Increasing

Decreasing
 Mention where the function is increasing
or decreasing

Increasing i ii iii Decreasing

𝜃 < 90° 𝜃 > 90°
𝜃2
tan 𝜃 > 0 tan 𝜃 < 0
𝜃1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
>0 <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
i iii ii

𝜃1
 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝒚
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 at point (𝟓, 𝟒).

A 5 B 3

C 2𝑥 − 5 D −15

Hint:
𝑦 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
Slope of the tangent (𝑚)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 2x-5
𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝜃 = = (2*5)-5
𝑑𝑥
=5
 Critical Points

Slope of Tangent
at critical points
tan 𝜃 = tan 0° = 0
 Find the critical points of the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 ?

𝑑𝑓(𝑥)
= 2cos(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

cos(x) is has a maximum and minimum value of 1,-1.

So, critical points of the function is -2,2

A −1,1 B −2,2

C 0, 1 D −3, 3
Maxima and Minima
 Find the local maximum and minimum
for the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 .

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2

𝑑𝑦
Critical Point’s (𝑥 = 1, −1) =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= −6 < 0 =6>0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

Maximum Minimum
(at 𝑥 = −1) (at 𝑥 = 1)
 A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any time 𝑡 is given by
ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 . What is the maximum height attained by
the ball ?

ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡 2

𝑑ℎ
= 14 − 10𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 ℎ
2
= −10 < 0 ⇒ There is a Maxima
𝑑𝑡

ℎ = 3 + 14 1.4 − 5 1.4 2 = 12.8 𝑚

 Product rule, Quotient Rule and Chain Rule

Product rule
Chain Rule
𝑑[𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
= ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 + ⋅𝑓 𝑥 If 𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑔); 𝑔 = 𝑔 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓𝑔 ′
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 + 𝑓𝑔′ 𝑓’ 𝑥 = 𝑓’ [ 𝑔] 𝑔’ (𝑥)

Differentiate
inner function
Quotient Rule
Differentiate
𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 outer function
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅𝑔 𝑥 − ⋅𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 (𝑔 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑥
′
𝑓 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 − 𝑓𝑔′
=
𝑔 𝑔2
 1
Differentiate: 𝑓 𝑥 = w.r.t. to 𝑥
1−𝑥 2
using division rule.

1
𝑓 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑥2

1 × −2𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2 × 0
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑥2 2

2𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = − 2
1 − 𝑥2

Hint:

𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 (𝑔 𝑥 )2
 Composite Function

Input [𝑥]

Composite function – example

Where , 𝑓 𝑔 = sin 𝑔

𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2

Output It can also be written as ,

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = sin(𝑥 2 )

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔)
Output
 1
Differentiate: 𝑔 𝑡 = w.r.t. 𝑥
4𝑡 2 −3𝑡+2 2
using chain rule.

1
𝑔 𝑡 =
4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 2 2

Put , 𝑥 = 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 2

1 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑡 = −
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 2

2
⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑡 = − 8𝑡 − 3
𝑥3

−𝟐 𝟖𝒕 − 𝟑
⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑡 =
𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐 𝟑

Hint:

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑔′ (𝑥)
 Differentiate:
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 2 + 5 + 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑥 w.r.t. 𝑥.

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 2 + 5 + 𝑒 𝑥 tan𝑥

Using Chain rule and Product rule:

𝑑 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 2 + 5 ⋅ 𝑥 +5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
+ 𝑒 ⋅ tan𝑥 + 𝑒 ⋅ ( tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝟐𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 + 𝒆𝒙 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)

(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑛 −1
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
 Integration

Function to integrate
(Integrand)

Integral symbol
∫ f (x) dx
Variable w.r.t. which function is
to be integrated
Integral of f

Integration of Functions

Algebraic Exponential Trigonometric

 Integration

Integration of Functions

Algebraic Exponential Trigonometric

This is also called as Indefinite integration

𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑(sin𝑥)

= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 න 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = cos𝑥 න cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑(ln 𝑥) 1 1 𝑑(cos𝑥)
= න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 = −sin𝑥 න sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ?

Using the formula of integration

𝑥 𝑛+1
න 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

2 5 2
‫׬‬ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 =
2 𝑥5 + 𝐶
5 5
 Integration of Algebraic expressions

Derivative of any constant term as a sum in original function becomes zero.

Hence, adding 𝐶 to the result of integration. 𝐶 gives the most general case.
𝑑 2 y
𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 2 If = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 -x
𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 x
𝑑𝑥 Family of curves

-y
Properties of Integration

න 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏 න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Important Formulae in
Indefinite integration

𝑑(tan𝑥)
= sec 2 𝑥 න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑(sec𝑥)
= sec𝑥 tan𝑥 න sec𝑥 tan𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑(cot𝑥)
= −cosec 2 𝑥 න cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 cosec𝑥 න cosec𝑥 cot𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec𝑥 + 𝐶

= −cosec𝑥 cot𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 1
න 4𝑥 3 + + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ?
𝑥

1
න 4𝑥 3 + + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + ln 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥

A 4𝑥 4 + ln 𝑥 + cos𝑥 + 𝐶 B 4𝑥 4 + ln 𝑥 + cos𝑥

C 𝑥 4 + ln 𝑥 − cos𝑥 + 𝐶 D 𝑥 4 + ln 𝑥 − cos𝑥
 Geometrical Meaning of
Integration

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → Area under the curve

from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → Area under the curve

Such a process is called Definite integration.

 • In the adjacent picture less number of pixels are there
and the picture quality is low.
𝑓 𝑥
• Below picture more the pixels, better the picture quality.

• Likewise, Smaller the element, less will be the error in

measuring area, which is mathematically integration

𝑓 𝑥
 Find the area bounded by the lines
𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 6

𝑦
ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Area of Trapezium =
2

𝑦=𝑥 4(2 + 6)
= = 16
2

6
Area of Trapezium = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
6
𝑥2
= = 16
2 2
 𝜋ൗ
2
Evaluate the integral: න cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋ൗ
2

𝜋
+
2
𝜋ൗ
2 𝜋 𝜋
න cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 = sin − sin − =2
−𝜋ൗ
𝜋 2 2
2
−
2

𝜋ൗ
2
න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
−𝜋ൗ
2
 Properties of definite Integration

𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥
1) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑎
2) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎

𝑏 𝑎
3) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
 4 1
1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 =?
2 𝑥 2 𝑥
1 4

4 1
1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥]14 + [ 𝑥]14 = 0
2 𝑥 2 𝑥
1 4

A 0 B 4

C 2 D 3
 Vector

A physical quantity is a vector when,

• It has a magnitude and a unit
• It has a direction

Identify the Vector quantities

Head
Mass Speed

Temperature Velocity

Time Acceleration

Volume Electric Current

Tail
 Definition and How to represent a vector

A physical quantity is a vector when,

• It has a magnitude and a unit

• It has a direction

• It obeys laws of vector algebra

 Representation of a Vector

Are these vectors different?

Length 5 unit
30° 𝐸 of 𝑁
Assume that all
vectors have the
same magnitude
and are of the same
physical quantity
(Say Force)

Length 25 unit 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵
53° 𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
37° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
 Properties of Vectors

• If a vector is displaced parallel to itself, then it does not change in magnitude or

direction.

𝐴Ԧ 𝐵
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵

• If a vector is rotated through an angle, other than integer multiple of 2𝜋 (or 360°), then
the vector changes.

𝐴Ԧ ≠ 𝐵

𝐴Ԧ
How to measure angle between vectors?

Step 1:

• Place vectors tail to tail or head to

head

Step 2:

• Measure the smaller angle i.e. angle

which is less than 180° between
them
 Find the angle between the vectors

𝐷
30° 60°
(i) 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 90° 𝐵 𝐶

(ii) 𝐴 and 𝐶 is 30o

(iii) 𝐴 and 𝐷 is 120o 𝐴

 Types of Vectors

Collinear Lie on the same line

Parallel Vectors along lines parallel to each other

Negative Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

Equal Same magnitude and along the same direction

Null or zero Zero magnitude

 From the following diagram, write (i) a pair of
equal vectors (ii) a vector, which is negative of 𝐹Ԧ

Equal Vectors 𝑨 &𝑫

𝐷 𝐴Ԧ 𝐸

Negative of 𝑭 𝑪

𝐹Ԧ

𝐶Ԧ 𝐵
 Find the net force on the block

Force on the block is 0 Force on the block is 50 N

 Triangle law of vector addition

When two Vectors are aligned head to tail, their “vector

sum” or “resultant vector” is represented by the third side
of the completed triangle in the opposite order
Commutative law
 From the following diagram, find , 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 =

Arranging all vectors in head-to-tail manner. Using Triangle Law in Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, Δ𝐴𝐶𝐷 & Δ𝐴𝐷𝐸
According to polygon law, 𝐴𝐸 is their resultant.
𝐴 +𝐵 =𝑃

𝑷+𝑪=𝑸

𝑸+𝑫=𝑬

𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 = 𝐸

If several vectors are represented in

head-to-tail manner so that they form an
incomplete polygon, then the remaining
side of the polygon, drawn from tail of
first vector to the head of last vector, is
their resultant vector.
 Polygon Law

Sum of all the vectors in cyclic order is a zero vector

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 = 0 𝐶

𝐶𝐴 𝐵𝐶

𝐴 𝐵
𝐴𝐵
 Unit Vector

Vector

Magnitude Direction

Vector divided by its own magnitude is a vector with unit magnitude and direction
along the parent vector.
𝐴

𝐴መ

𝐴
= 𝐴መ
|𝐴 | 𝐴Ԧ = |𝐴 |𝐴መ
Resolution of a vector and Special unit vectors
defined along coordinate axes

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑅𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

𝑅 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
 Fill in the Blanks

𝑦 𝑦

𝐴 = 30
𝜃 = 30°

𝜃 = 45° 𝐵 = 80
𝑥 𝑥
𝑂

𝐴Ԧ = −15 2 𝑖Ƹ + 15 2 𝑗Ƹ 𝐵= −40 𝑖Ƹ + −40 3 𝑗Ƹ

Magnitude and Direction (2D and 3D)

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑅𝑦 𝑗Ƹ +𝑅𝑧 𝑘෠

Magnitude

𝑅= 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 + 𝑅𝑧2

 The unit vector along 𝐴 = 2 𝑖Ƹ + 3 𝑗ො is…

Solution : 𝐴
𝐴መ =
|𝐴 |

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 = 22 + 32 = 13

2 𝑖Ƹ 3𝑗 Ƹ
𝐴መ = +
13 13
 Parallelogram Law

If two vectors are oriented coinitial, representing two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then
their resultant is represented by the included diagonal of the completed parallelogram.

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵+ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑃 + 𝑄

𝑦 𝑃
𝐷 𝐶 Magnitude of the Resultant

|𝑅| = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃

𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 sin 𝜃
Direction of resultant
𝜃 𝛼 𝜃 𝑄 sin 𝜃
𝑥 tan 𝛼 =
𝑄 cos 𝜃 𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
The resultant of vectors 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 is perpendicular to 𝑂𝐴 as shown in
the figure. Find the angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵.

Magnitude of the Resultant

|𝑅| = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃
|𝑅| = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 𝑄 sin 𝜃
tan α =
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃
Direction of resultant
6 sin 𝜃
𝑄 sin 𝜃 tan 90° =
tan 𝛼 = 4 + 6 cos 𝜃
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃

2
𝜃= cos −1 −
3
 A river is flowing at 4 𝑚/𝑠. A girl swims with velocity 3 𝑚/𝑠
perpendicular to the direction of flow. Find the resultant
velocity of the girl ?

Here, 𝑃 = 4 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝑄 = 3 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝜃 = 90𝑜
Magnitude of the Resultant :
𝑅 = 16 + 9 + (2 × 4 × 3 × cos 90o )
|𝑅| = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃
= 25 = 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
3 × sin 90o 3
tan 𝛼 = = ⇒ 𝛼 = 37o
Direction of resultant : 4 + 3 cos 90 o 4

𝑄 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛼 =
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝑅 = 5 𝑚𝑠 −1 ; 𝛼 = 37°
If the magnitude of the resultant of two vectors of equal
magnitudes is equal to the magnitude of either of the
vectors, then find the angle between two vectors?

𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 =𝑥

𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 𝑄

𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 cos 𝜃
120°
1
cos 𝜃 = −
2
𝑃

𝜃 = 120°
 Vector Substraction

|𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵| = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃

𝐵 sin 𝜃
tan ⍺ =
𝐴 − 𝐵 cos 𝜃
 Steps to add and subtract more than
two Vectors

෡
𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐴 𝑧 𝑘

෡
𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐵 𝑧 𝑘

෡
𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐶 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐶 𝑧 𝑘
Addition
Subtraction
If magnitude of the sum of two vectors is equal to the
magnitude of difference of the two vectors, then the angle
between these vectors is,

Solution : 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = |𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵|

𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

⇒ 4𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 0

⇒ 𝜃 = 90o
 Range of the resultant vector

Range of magnitude |𝑃 − 𝑄| ≤ |𝑅| ≤ 𝑃 + 𝑄

𝑦
𝐷

𝜃 𝜃
𝛼
𝑥
𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
If 𝑃 of magnitude 5 unit and 𝑄 of magnitude of 7 unit are
added, then which of the following can not be the
magnitude of the resultant vector?

Solution : Range of magnitude

|𝑃 − 𝑄| ≤ |𝑅| ≤ 𝑃 + 𝑄

5−7 ≤ 𝑅 ≤5+7

2 ≤ 𝑅 ≤ 12
 Find the vector 𝐴Ԧ + 2𝐵 + 𝐶, ෠ 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠
Ԧ where 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘,
and 𝐶Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and also find its magnitude.

Solution :
𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ ෠
𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘,

𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠

2𝐵 = 6𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠
𝐶Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
𝐶Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠

𝐷 = 𝐴Ԧ + 2𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ = 9𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠

|𝐷| = 92 + 62 + 42 = 133

|𝐷| = 133
 Dot Product and Cross Product

The scalar product or dot product of any two A vector in magnitude equal to the product of the
vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩, denoted by 𝑨. 𝑩 is defined as magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle
the product of their magnitudes with cosine between them and in direction perpendicular to
of the angle between them. the plane containing the two vectors considered.
ෝ is a unit vector perpendicular to 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏 both and
𝒏
𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝜃 is angle (0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋) between two vectors 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏 .

ෝ
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝑨𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒏
ෝ
𝒏

𝑩
𝒃
𝜽
𝒂
𝜃

𝑨
 Right hand thumb rule

To find the direction of 𝒂 × 𝒃

• Draw 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that they are coinitial.

• Place the stretched right palm perpendicular
to the plane of 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the fingers
are along 𝒂 and when the fingers are closed,
they go towards 𝒃.
• The direction in which thumb points gives
the direction of 𝒄 = 𝒂 × 𝒃.
If 𝑨 = 𝟐, 𝑩 = 𝟑 and the angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩 is 𝟔𝟎°,
then find 𝑨 ⋅ 𝑩.

Given : 𝐴Ԧ = 2, 𝐵 = 3 and 𝜃 = 60𝑜

To find : 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵

Solution :

Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝐴.

Ԧ 𝐵 = 2 × 3 × cos 60𝑜 = 3
𝐴.

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 3
Find the magnitude and direction of 𝑨 × 𝑩 and 𝑩 × 𝑨,
where 𝑨 & 𝑩 lie in 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane.

Given : 𝐴Ԧ = 5, 𝐵 = 4 and 𝜃 = 30𝑜 𝑦

𝑨
To find : 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 5

Solution : 30°
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝑧 O 4 𝑩 𝑥
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = 5 × 4 × sin 30

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = 10 ෠
(𝑛ො = 𝑘)

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 10𝑘෠ 𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = −10𝑘෠