GENNT301 – NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

DATE: WEDNESDAY,26 JUNE 2024

PERIOD: 08:30 AM – 11:30 AM

END OF TERM III EXAMINATIONS

SCHOOL YEAR: 2023/2024
MARKING GUIDE
ITB RUHENGERI
SECTOR: ICT & MULTIMEDIA

RQF LEVEL: 3

TRADE: NETWORKING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

MARKS: …………/100 CAMIS: ………../80

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

This Exam paper is composed of Twenty-four (24) questions

distributed in Three Sections (A, B, C). Follow the instructions given
below, and answer the indicated questions in each section for a total
of 100marks

Section A: Seventeen (17) questions, all are Compulsory. 55 marks

Section B: Five (5) questions, choose and answer any three (3). 30 marks
Section C: Two (2) questions, choose and answer any one (1) 15 marks

Allowed Materials: Blue pen, Ruler, Calculator, Pencil, (Fitting with the
exam paper)

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SECTION A: Attempt all questions (55 marks)

01. A. Define Computer network (5marks)

B. Outline elements of computer network
Answer:
A. Computer network: is a group of computers that use a set of
common communication protocols over digital
interconnection for the purpose of sharing resources located
on or provided by the network (2mark)
B. Elements of computer network
 Hardware (1mark)


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Software (1mark)
Protocol (1mark)
Reference: Learning Outcome 1 Introduction to Network
Concepts Indicative Content:1.1. Description of Network
concepts and Technologies
Curriculum Level III in Networking Internet technology page 3
year 2022, (Remembering)
02. A. What is Protocol. (4marks)
B. What are the types of Protocols.
Answer:
Protocol: is a set of rules or guideline that govern how data is
transmitted and received in a communication system. (1mark)
Types of protocol
 Internet protocols (1mark)
 Wireless network protocol (1mark)
 Network routing protocols (1mark)
Reference: Learning Outcome 1 Introduction to Network
Concepts Indicative Content :1.1. Description of Network
concepts and Technologies
Curriculum Level III in Networking Internet technology page 3
year 2022, (Remembering)
03. What do you understand by the following protocols: (5marks)
a) DHCP

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 b) AppleTalk
c) CSMA/CD
d) CSMA/CA
e) TCP
Answer:
a) DHCP: is a networking protocol that is designed to provide ip
address automatically to the network users (1mark)
b) Apple talk: is a protocol that simple and efficient means of
transferring small amounts of data across a network. (1mark)
c)CSMA/CD: this is used to detect and reduced the chances of
collisions mostly in wireless network. (1mark)
d)
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CSMA/CA: is develop to minimize or reduced the potential
or effect of a collision occurring when two or more stations send
data over data link layer. (1mark)
e) TCP: This is a networking protocol that is used to transmit data
and messages through networks. (1mark)
Reference:( Learning outcome 2: Apply network protocols and
communications, indicative content 2.3. Description of Network
Protocols curriculum level III, page 5, year 2022 (understanding)
04. Outline the types of transmission media and two (2) examples for (4marks)
each.
Answer:
 Wired(guided) (1mark)
Examples: coaxial cable, fiber optical, twisted pair cable. (1mark)
 Wireless(unguided) (1mark)
Examples: radio wave, infrared, microwave, Bluetooth. (1mark)
Reference: Learning Outcome 1 Introduction to Network
Concepts Indicative Content:1.4. description of network
concepts and technologies. Curriculum Level III in Networking
Internet technology page 4 year 2022 (Remembering)

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05. What type of network cable would you use to connect two different (1mark)
devices?
Answer
 Straight cable (1mark)
Reference: Learning Outcome 2: network protocols and
communication Indicative Content:2.3. description of network
media and transmission. Curriculum Level III in Networking
Internet technology page 5 year 2022 (Remembering)
06. write the classes of IP address and their range (5marks)
Answer:
CLASSES RANGE

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Class A/0.5mark
class B/0.5mark
1-126 /0.5mark
128-191/0.5mark
Class C/0.5mark 192-223/0.5mark
Class D/0.5mark 224-239/0.5mark
Class E/0.5mark 240-255/0.5mark
Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing
(IPv4&IPv6). Indicative content:3.1. Description of IP
addressing concepts Curriculum Level III in networking
and internet technology page 7 year 2022 (Remembering)
07. Explain the benefit of using sub-netting
(3marks)
Answer:
1. Conservation of IP addresses: Imagine having a network of 20
hosts. Using a Class C network will waste a lot of IP addresses
(254-20=234). Breaking up large networks into smaller parts
would be more efficient and would conserve a great amount of
addresses. (1mark)
2. Reduced network traffic: The smaller networks that created the
smaller broadcast domains are formed, hence less broadcast
traffic on network boundaries. (1mark)
3. Simplification: Breaking large networks into smaller ones
could simplify fault troubleshooting by isolating network
problems down to their specific existence. (1mark)
Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing

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 (IPv4&IPv6) Indicative content: 3.3. Application of IPv4
concepts. Curriculum Level III in networking and internet
technology page 7 year 2022 (understanding

08. Describe the types of network standards (4marks)

Answer:
De Facto standards: A format, or protocol that has become a
standard not because it has been approved by a standards
organization but because it is widely used and recognized by the
industry as being standard. Examples of de facto standards
include but not limited to: the QWERTY keyboard, the Windows
operating system and breadcrumb trail technology; a navigation
aid used when moving through a website that indicates the

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current page in relation to the website's remaining pages.
(2marks)

De Jure standards: De jure standards are those which have

been approved by formal authorities like the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2marks)
Reference: Learning outcome 2: Network protocols and
communications. I C.2.2. Description of Network standards
Curriculum Level III in networking and internet technology
page 5-year 2022 (understanding)

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09. According to the class of network devices belong in table below, give (3marks)
at least two (2) examples for each class:
Classes of network devices Examples
Access devices
Interconnection devices
End device
Answer:
Classes of network devices Examples
Access devices -NIC (0.5mark)
-Access point (0.5mark)

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Interconnection devices -bridge (0.5mark)
-Access point
-router (0.5mark)
End device -Security camera (0.5mark)
-Computer (0.5mark)
Reference: Learning Outcome 1 Introduction to Network
Concepts Indicative Content:1.4. classification of network
device. Curriculum Level III in Networking Internet technology
page 4 year 2022 (understanding)
10. List three (3) major types of signals transmitted through logical
(3marks)
media
Answer:
Radio wave (1mark)
Infrared (1mark)
Microwaves (1mark)
Reference: Learning outcome 2: Network protocols and
communications. I C.2.3. Description of Network media and
transmission. Curriculum Level III in networking and internet
technology page 4 year 2022 (Remembering)
11. In the following IP addresses select IP address which is in class B:
(2marks)
a) 100.10.10.3
b) 234.168.4.4

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 c) 28.28.11.6
d) 128.10.10.0
Answer:
d)128.10.10.0 (2marks)
Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing (IPv4&IPv6)
Indicative Content.3.1. Description of IP addressing concepts
Curriculum Level III in networking and internet technology page
5 year 2022 (Applying)

12. Show the use of baseband and broadband. (4marks)

Answer:

ITB RUHENGERI
Baseband via broadband
Baseband technology transmits a single data/stream/channel at a
time (2marks) while broadband technology transmits multiple
data signals/stream/channels simultaneously at the same time.
(2marks)
Or (consider 4 points for each column)
Baseband transmission Broadband transmission
Transmit digital signals Transmit analog signals
(0.5mark) (0.5mark)
To boost signal strength, use To boost signal strength, use
repeaters (0.5mark) amplifiers (0.5mark)
Can transmit only a single Can transmit multiple signal
data stream at a time. waves at a time. (0.5mark)
(0.5mark)
Support bidirectional Support unidirectional
communication communication only.
simultaneously. (0.5mark) (0.5mark)
Support TDM based Support FDM based
multiplexing (0.5mark) multiplexing (0.5mark)
Use coaxial,twisted-pair,and Use radio waves, coaxial
fiber –optic cables. (0.5mark) cables, and fiber optical
cables. (0.5mark)
Mainly used in Ethernet LAN Mainly used in cable and
networks. (0.5mark) telephone networks.

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 (0.5mark)
Reference:( Learning outcome 2: Apply network protocols and
communications, indicative content 2.3. Description of Network
Media and Transmission curriculum level III, page 5, year 2022
(Applying)
13. Ipv4 has 32bits, how do we find these bits? (3marks)
Answer:
IP address has 4 parts (1.5marks)
1 2 3 4
And each part has 8bits which means it is
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

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32 bits when count ones together is equal to 32bits (1.5marks)
Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing
(IPv4&IPv6) Indicative content: 3.2. application of IP
configuration Curriculum Level III in networking and internet
technology page 8 year 2022 (Applying)
14. Which command that shows if you are in global configuration mode (2marks)
Answer:
Router(config)# (1mark)
Switch(config)# (1mark)
Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing
(IPv4&IPv6). Indicative content:3.5 Application of IP
configuration. Curriculum Level III in networking and internet
technology page 8 year 2022 (Applying)
15. choose the correct IP address used in ipv6 from the following: (1mark)
a) 2001:0DB8:AC10: FE01::0000
b)4F23::00D3::0000:13B4
c)37B0:4480:14BF: B464
answer:
c)37B0:4480:14BF: B464 (1mark)

Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing

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 (IPv4&IPv6). Indicative content:3.4 Application of IPv6 concepts
Curriculum Level III in networking and internet technology
page 8 year 2022 (Applying)
16. Among the following tools, materials and equipment select (2marks)
only equipment needed in LAN:
a. Switch
b. Ethernet cable
c. Computer
d. Plier
e. RJ-45
Answer:

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a. Switch (1mark)
b. Computer (1mark)
Reference: Learning outcome 1: Description of network
concepts and technologies. Indicative Content.1.5. Description
of network models. Curriculum Level III in networking and
internet technology page 4 year 2022 (understanding)

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17. . Match the following network standard with their technologies: (4marks)
a) IEEE 802.3 1. Wireless
b) IEEE 802.16 2. VLANS
c) IEEE 802.1Q 3. Fiber optic
d) IEEE 802.11
4. Bluetooth
e) IEEE 802.15 5. Token ring
f) IEEE 802.8 6. Ethernet
g) IEEE 802.5 7. WIMAX
Answer:
a=6 (0.5mark)
b=7 (0.5mark)
c=2 (0.5mark)
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d=1 (0.5mark)
e=4 (0.5mark)
f=3 (0.5mark)
g=5 (1mark)
OR
a) IEEE 802.3 equivalent to 6. Ethernet (0.5mark)
b) IEEE 802.16 equivalent to 7. WIMAX (0.5mark)
c) IEEE 802.1Q equivalent to 2. VLANS (0.5mark)
d) IEEE 802.11 equivalent to 1. Wireless
(0.5mark)
e) IEEE 802.15 equivalent to 4. Bluetooth (0.5mark)
f) IEEE 802.8 equivalent to 3. Fiber optic (0.5mark)
g) IEEE 802.5 equivalent to 5. Token ring (1mark)
Reference: Learning outcome 1: Identify network concepts
Indicative content:1.1. Description of network concepts and
technologies. Curriculum Level III in networking and internet
technology page 3 year 2022 (Remembering)

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 Section B: Attempt any three (3) questions (30 marks)

18. Examine ipv6 and give four (4) advantages and four (4) disadvantages (10marks)
Answer:
Ipv6 or internet protocol version 6 is a network layer protocol that
allows communication to take place over network.
Ipv6 was the deigned by internet engineering task force(IETF)with the
purpose of superseding the ipv4 due to the global exponentially
growing internet users. (2marks)
Advantages of ipv6 (consider only 4 items)
 Reliability (1mark)

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Faster speeds: ipv6 supports multicast rather than broadcast in
ipv4.this feature allows bandwidth-intensive packet flows (like
multimedia streams) to be sent to multiple destinations all at
once. (1mark)
 Stringer security: IP security, which provides confidentiality and
data integrity, is embedded into ipv6. (1mark)
 Routing efficiency (1mark)
 Most important it’s the final solution for growing nodes in
global-network. (1mark)
Disadvantages of ipv6 (consider only 4 items)
1. Compatibility issue.one major drawback of IPv6 is the lack of
backward compatibility with IPv4. (1mark)
2. Implementation complexity: implementing IPv6 can be more
complex than IPv4 due to its new addressing scheme, header
format, and routing protocol. (1mark)
3. Cost of transition: Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 can be costly
for organization, may require upgrade to networking
equipment, software and infrastructure to support the new
protocol. (1mark)
4. Security concerns: While IPv6 includes build-in security
features, such as IPsec, the increased address space and
complexity of the protocol can introduce new security
vulnerability. (1mark)
5. Addressing and routing overhead: (1mark)
6. LACK OF UNIVERSAL ADOPTION: (1mark)

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 Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing (IPv4&IPv6)
Indicative content: 3.4. Application of IPv6 concepts
Curriculum Level III in networking and internet technology page
8 year 2022 (Analyzing)
19. As network administrator of EEEECC Company you are requested to (10marks)
satisfy a network to the staff members and their customers with IP
address of 192.168.10.0/26
a. What are the number of subnets?
b. How many valid hosts will be connected on each subnet?
c. What will be the new subnet mask?
d. What will be the host range?

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e. Use table to show (first id, and broadcast) for each
subnet.
Answer:
Given: IP address:192.168.10.0/26
a) What are the number of subnet we slash notation of 26 then by
default class is /24 the borrowed bits are 2?
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Number of subnets=2x=22=4subnets (1mark)
b) How many hosts will be connected on each subnet?
number of host =2y-2=26-2=64-2=62hosts (1mark)
c) new subnet mask
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255. 255. 255. 192 (2marks)
d) host range: 2y=26=64 or full subnet mask-new subnet mask
256-192=64 (2marks)

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 e)
subnet id first host last host Broadcast
192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63
(0.5mark) (0.5mark)
192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127
(0.5mark) (0.5mark)
192.168.10.128 192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190 192.168.10.191
(0.5mark) (0.5mark)
192.168.10.192 192.168.10.193 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.255
(0.5mark) (0.5mark)

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Reference: Learning outcome 3: Apply IP Addressing (IPv4&IPv6)
Indicative content: 3.1. Description of IP addressing concepts
Curriculum Level III in networking and internet technology page
7 year 2022(Evaluating)
20. Define IP address, then compare ipv4 and ipv6 with at least four (4) (10marks)
points for each
Answer:
IP address: is a unique number that is identify host on the network.
(2marks)
IP version 4 IP version 6
 This is 32 bits address  This is 128 bits address
(4bytes) (1mark) (16 bytes) (1mark)
 This has 5 different classes  This does not contain
of IP address (class A, B, classes of IP address
C, D and E) (1mark) (1mark)
 This support VLSM  This does not support
(1mark) VLSM
 This has limited number of  Ipv6 has a large number of
ip addresses (1mark) IP addresses (1mark)
 IPv4 is dotted decimal  IPv6 is hexadecimal
notation. notation. (1mark)

Reference:( Learning outcome 3: Apply IP addressing, indicative

content 3.1. Description of IP address concept curriculum level

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 III, page 7, year 2022 (Analyzing)
21. Compare OSI model layers from TCP/IP model layers (10marks)
Answer:
OSI model layer TCP/IP model layer
Application layer (1mark)
Presentation layer(1mark) Application layer (1mark)
Session layer (0.5mark)
Transport layer (1mark) Transport layer (1mark)
Network layer (1mark) Internet layer (1mark)
Data link layer (1mark) Network access layer (1mark)

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Physical link layer (0.5mark)
Reference:( Learning outcome 2: Apply network protocols and
communications, indicative content 2.3. Description of Network
Protocols curriculum level III, page 5, year 2022 (Analyzing)

22. As a trainee who completed this module of network fundamental

(10marks)
criticize classification of network based on geographical area and
based on components roles
Answer:
Based on geographical are:
Local Area Network (LAN) –LAN or Local Area Network connects
network devices in such a way that personal computer and
workstations can share data, tools and programs. The group of
computers and devices are connected together by a switch, or stack of
switches, using a private addressing scheme as defined by the TCP/IP
protocol. (2marks)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) –MAN or Metropolitan Area
Network covers a larger area than that of a LAN and smaller area as
compared to WAN. It connects two or more computers that are apart
but resides in the same or different cities. It covers a large
geographical area and may serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider).
MAN is designed for customers who need a high-speed connectivity.
Speeds of MAN ranges in terms of Mbps. (2marks)
Wide Area Network (WAN) –WAN or Wide Area Network is a computer
network that extends over a large geographical area, although it might

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 be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN could be
a connection of LAN connecting to other LAN’s via telephone lines and
radio waves and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an
organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high speed
and relatively expensive. (2marks)
Based on component roles:
Client-Server Network: This model is broadly used network model. In
Client-Server Network, Clients and server are differentiated, specific
server and clients are present. In Client-Server Network, Centralized
server is used to store the data because its management is
centralized. In Client-Server Network, Server respond the services
which is request by Client. (2marks)
Peer-to-Peer Network: This model does not differentiate the clients

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and the servers, in this each and every node is itself client and server.
In Peer-to-Peer Network, Each and every node can do both request
and respond for the services. (2marks)
Reference: Learning Outcome 1 Introduction to Network Concepts
Indicative Content:1.1. Description of network concepts and
technologies Curriculum Level III in Networking Internet
technology page 3 year 2022, (Evaluating)

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 Section C: Attempt only one (1) question (15 marks)

23. Suppose you are requested to build a network topology that has a (15marks)
central node.
a) Draw and explain that topology
b) Give three (3) advantages and three (3) disadvantages of that
topology
answer:
a) Star topology: this is a network topology where all devices are
connected to the central device called Hub or Switch. (3marks)

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(2marks)

b) Advantages of star topology (consider only 3 items) /5marks

 Easy to use (1.5mark)
 Easy to implement (1.5mark)
 Easy to understand (2marks)
 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
 Hub can be upgraded easily.
 Easy to troubleshoot.
 Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.
Disadvantages of star topology (consider only 3 items) /5marks
 Cost of installation is high. (1.5mark)
 Expensive to use. (1.5mark)

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  If the hub fails, then the whole network is stopped because all
the nodes depend on the hub. (2marks)
 Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on
its capacity
 Require more cables
Reference: Learning outcome 1.1 Introduction to Network
Concepts. Indicative content:1.2. Description of Network
topology. Curriculum Level III in networking internet
technology page 3 year 2022(Creating)
24. . As technician hired by magnet telecommunication company located (15marks)
at Remera to fix the problem of having insufficient network cable and

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they decided to make new cable, what are the steps should be
followed during the process of making a new cable
Answer:
steps should be followed during the process of making new cable
Step1: Arrange all required equipment. (3marks)
Step2: use crimping tool to remove the outer shell or cover of the
cable. (3marks)
Step3: Arrange the colors according to the type of cable are you
willing or supposed to do and align them. (3marks)
Step4: Fixation of cable inside the RJ-45 connector and close the RJ-
45. (3marks)
Step5: check cable functionality by cable tester device. (3marks)
Reference:( Learning outcome 2: Apply network protocols and
communications, indicative content 2.3. Description of Network
Media and Transmission curriculum level III, page 5, year 2022
(creating)

END OF ASSESSMENT

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