5/8/2024

Lecture 15: Frequency &

Phase Modulation (FM & PM)
Prof. Mohammed Hawa
Electrical Engineering Department
The University of Jordan

EE421: Communications I: Lecture 15. For more information read Chapter 5 in your textbook or visit http://wikipedia.org/.

Angle Modulation (FM & PM)

cos
cos

: generalized angle of modulated signal.

: instantaneous frequency of modulated signal.
: instantaneous phase of modulated signal.
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Frequency Modulation (FM)

• The instantaneous frequency of the modulated
signal changes in proportion to the message.

cos " #
∞

∞
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Phase Modulation (PM)

• The instantaneous phase of the modulated
signal changes in proportion to the message.

$ %

$ %

$ cos & % '

$ $ $ ′
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FM and PM Equivalence
• FM • PM
– Constant – Constant
amplitude amplitude
– Constant carrier – Constant carrier
frequency frequency
– Variable – Variable
instantaneous instantaneous
frequency ∝ frequency ∝ ′
– Variable – Variable
instantaneous phase instantaneous phase
+
∝ *+ ∝

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Example 1
• For the following message signal m(t) and a 100 MHz
carrier:
a) Sketch the FM modulated signal. Use kf = 2π×105 rad/s/V.
b) Sketch the PM modulated signal. Use kp = 5π rad/V.
c) Find ∆f for both modulated signals.

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Solution: FM

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200 µs
m(t)

PM 4

0V
t
−4

200 µs
m’(t)

80,000

0V
t
−80,000

ϕPM(t) 0° 0°

0V
t
−A

fmax fmin fmax fmin

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FM vs. PM

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Peak Frequency Deviation

• For FM:
-./ -0 2 -./ -0
∆ ≜ 4
2 23 2

2
∆ 4 67867 9:;<
43
• For PM:
-./ -0 6 ′ -./ ′ -0
∆ ≜ 4
2 23 2

6
∆ 4 ′ 67867 9:;<
43
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Example 2
• For the following message signal m(t) and a 100 MHz
carrier:
a) Sketch the FM modulated signal. Use kf = 2π×104 rad/s/V.
b) Sketch the PM modulated signal. Use kp = π/4 rad/V.
c) Find ∆f for both modulated signals.

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Solution: FM or FSK

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200 µs
m(t)

PM 2

or 0V
t
−2
BPSK 200 µs
m’(t)

0V
t

ϕPM(t) χ° χ° χ°

0V
t
−A

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Homework: P.5.1-2
• For the following message signal m(t) and a
200 MHz carrier:
a) Sketch the FM modulated signal. Use kf = 2000π rad/s/V.
b) Sketch the PM modulated signal. Use kp = π/2 rad/V.
c) Try other kf and kp values. What is the effect?
d) Find ∆f for both modulated signals.

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Hint: For PM

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Rules of Thumb
• Smooth change in instantaneous frequency
always means smooth change in
instantaneous phase.
• Sudden change in instantaneous frequency
(i.e., unit step change) does not mean a
sudden change in phase, i.e., it means
0° sudden phase shift.
• Impulse change in instantaneous frequency
(i.e., infinity frequency) might cause a sudden
change in phase. To determine the sudden
phase shift (or lack thereof) see kpm(t) for PM
or kf ∫m(t)dt for FM.
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FM and PM Average Power

= cos " #
∞

=$ cos & % '

2
>>>>>>>>>
2
2
2
>>>>>>>>>
2
$
2

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FM and PM Bandwidth
• Mathematically speaking:
– BFM = ∞
– BPM = ∞
• Practically speaking, use Carson’s Rule:
– BFM ≈ 2∆f + 2B = 2B(β+1)
– BPM ≈ 2∆f + 2B = 2B(β+1)
• FM Modulation Index:
– ? Δ /B
– Narrow-Band FM (NBFM) has ? ≪ 1 or Δ ≪ B
– Wide-Band FM (WBFM) has ? ≫ 1 or Δ ≫ B
– FM radio uses WBFM with ? 5
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FM Bandwidth: Semi-proof

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Bandwidth: Example 1
• Estimate the bandwidth BFM and BPM for the
modulating signal m(t) shown below. Assume
kf = π×104 rad/s/V and kp = π/4 rad/V.
• Answers: BFM = 60 kHz; BPM = 40 kHz.

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Bandwidth: Example 2
• Estimate the bandwidth BFM and BPM for the
modulating signal m(t) shown below. Assume
kf = π×105 rad/s/V and kp = 5π rad/V.
• Answers: 220 kHz; 20 kHz; 204 kHz; 4 kHz;

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FM Signal-to-Noise Ratio
3? 2 G M
GHIJK " 2 #
H0 B

2
GM >>>>>>>
2
2
2
2 %
>>>>>>>>
2

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FM (and PM) vs. AM

• FM (and PM) Advantages:
– FM is capable of exchanging SNR for bandwidth.
– The constant amplitude of FM makes it less
susceptible to nonlinearities.
– Due to the constant amplitude, FM is less
vulnerable than AM to adjacent-channel
interference.
– The constant amplitude of FM gives it a kind of
immunity against rapid fading (even with the
larger bandwidth).

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FM (and PM) vs. AM

• FM (and PM) Disadvantages:
– WBFM (which provides better quality)
requires large transmission bandwidth.
– FM modulators and demodulators are
relatively more expensive that AM
hardware.
– PM demodulation requires synchronous
detection (relatively expensive).
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Applications: FM Radio
• FM + FDM
– The baseband message is 15 kHz
(voice + music).
– With β = 5, the bandwidth of each FM
station is 200 kHz (both U.S. and Europe).
– The broadcast range is 88 – 108 MHz.
• FM radio sounds better than AM radio:
– m(t) has a larger bandwidth.
– WBFM: exchanging SNR for bandwidth.

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FM Superheterodyne Receiver
• IF frequency = 10.7 MHz
• L.O. frequency = 88 + 10.7 MH to 108 + 10.7 MHz

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FM Hardware
• FM Modulator:
– VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator).

• FM Demodulator:
– FM Discriminator (also called Slope Detector
or Ratio Detector).
– Quadrature Detector.
– Phase-Locked Loop.

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