Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life.

So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the

smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
Explore the cell notes to know what is a cell, cell definition, cell structure, types and functions of cells. These
notes have an in-depth description of all the concepts related to cells.

Cells are the fundamental unit of life. They range in size from 0.0001 mm to nearly 150 mm across.
Cell Definition
“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.”
Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can replicate itself
independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life.
Each cell contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane. Also present in the cytoplasm
are several biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles
are suspended in the cytoplasm.
What is a Cell?
A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of
every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.
All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells
(multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings.
They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.
Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes
and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.
Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may
vary. Humans have more number of cells compared to that of bacteria.
Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every
organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.

Discovery of Cells
Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It helps us know that all the
organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out various life processes. The structure and
functions of cells helped us to understand life in a better way.
Who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork under a compound
microscope and noticed minuscule structures that reminded him of small rooms. Consequently, he named these
“rooms” as cells. However, his compound microscope had limited magnification, and hence, he could not see any
details in the structure. Owing to this limitation, Hooke concluded that these were non-living entities.
Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification.
This time, he had noted that the cells exhibited some form of movement (motility). As a result, Leeuwenhoek
concluded that these microscopic entities were “alive.” Eventually, after a host of other observations, these
entities were named as animalcules.
In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure. He was able to
describe the nucleus present in the cells of orchids.
Characteristics of Cells
Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:
 Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
 The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.
 The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.
 Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
 Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital
for the survival of the cell.
 Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
 Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising
selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations.
Types of Cells
Cells are similar to factories with different labourers and departments that work towards a common objective.
Various types of cells perform different functions. Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:
 Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells
1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the
cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.
 2. They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.
3. The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
4. The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
5. Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. They are also known
to use conjugation – which is often seen as the prokaryotic equivalent to sexual reproduction (however, it
is NOT sexual reproduction).
Eukaryotic Cells
1. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.
2. The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.
3. This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
4. The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in and out
of the cells. It is also responsible for cell to cell communication.
5. They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
6. There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg., the plant cell contains
chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.
Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes.
These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore
more insights on cell structure and function.
Cell Membrane
 The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of
the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
 The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm
and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.
 By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of selective substances in
and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage
and leakage.
 It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.
 Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The
cell wall helps to reinforce this function.
Cell Wall
 The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose,
hemicellulose and pectin.
 The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular
components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
  It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
 It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.
Cytoplasm
 The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
 Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
 The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in
this cytoplasm.
Nucleus
 The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
 It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
 The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
 The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.
Cell Organelles
Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes.
The different cell organelles, along with its principal functions, are as follows:

Cell Organelles and their Functions

Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular
reproduction.

Nuclear membrane

The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell
organelles.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
 Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a
primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.

Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.

Ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell.

Mitochondria

The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s
energy currency.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell
renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide bags.

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll.

Vacuoles

Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.

Cell Theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.
The cell theory states that:
 All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
 A cell is the basic unit of life.
 All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following postulates:
 Energy flows within the cells.
 Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
 The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.
Functions of Cell
A cell performs major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of
cell are as follows:
Provides Support and Structure
All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the
cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg.,
the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide
structural support to the plants.
Facilitate Growth Mitosis
In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the
growth in an organism.
Allows Transport of Substances
Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The
waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the cells by active and passive transport. Small
molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol diffuse across the cell membrane along the concentration
gradient. This is known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane through active
transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances.
Energy Production
Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a
process called photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.
Aids in Reproduction
A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is termed as the asexual
reproduction where the parent cell divides to form daughter cells. Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be
genetically different from the parent cells.
Thus, we can understand why cells are known as the structural and functional unit of life. This is because they are
responsible for providing structure to the organisms and perform several functions necessary for carrying out
life’s processes.