1G (AMPS) Advanced Mobile Phone System

1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology. These are analog mobile
telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and were superseded by 2G. The main
difference between these two mobile cellular generations is that the audio transmissions of 1G networks
were analog, while 2G networks were entirely digital.
Modulation Technique
FM (Frequency Modulation)
Access Method
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)

2G (GSM)
Read Slides for Information
Modulation Technique
GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
Access Method
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)
2.5G (GPRS)
Read Slides for Information
Modulation Technique
GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
Access Method
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)

2.75G (EDGE)
Read Slides for Information
Modulation Technique
EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution)
Access Method
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)

3G (UMTS)
Read Slides for Information
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system.
UMTS uses wideband code-division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology
Modulation Technique
QPSK (Quadrature Phase shift keying)
Access Method
WCDMA (Wide Code Division Multiple Access) Check slides for spreading/despreading
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)
3.5G HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)
Modulation Technique
QPSK (Quadrature Phase shift keying), 16 QAM, 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude modulation)
Access Method
WCDMA (Wide Code Division Multiple Access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)

4G LTE (Long Term Evolution)

Modulation Technique
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Access Method
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division multiple access)
Duplexing
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in Pakistan
TDD (Time Division Duplexing)

MME (Mobile Management Entity)

S-GW (Serving Gateway) Like SGSN
P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) Like GGSN
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
There is only packet switching in 4G LTE, there is no MSC for circuit switching. If you want to call using
4G LTE then you will use internet using Volte (Voice over LTE) Service

4.5G LTE-A (Long Term Evolution- Advanced)

2G IS-136
(Interim Standard-136) The second generation of the TDMA digital cellular system. TDMA operates in
North America in the 800 MHz band and 1.9 GHz band. First introduced in 1994, IS-136 is also known as
"Digital AMPS" and "D-AMPS."

2G IS-95A (Interim Standard 95A)

IS-95 stands for Interim Standard 95 and is also known as CDMAOne. It was the first ever CDMA-based
digital cellular technology and was developed by Qualcomm. It is an 2G cellular system based on DS-
CDMA.
DSSS is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technique which is a spread spectrum technique in which the
data to be transmitted is encoded using spreading code and received and then decoded using the same code.
It is used to avoid interference, spying and jamming. The spreading code used is known to transmitter and
receiver only.

2.5G IS-95B (Interim Standard 95)

IS-95B added a 64 Kbps packet capability, enabling data to be transmitted to a CDMA cellphone. IS-95B
was superseded by CDMA2000.

3G (CDMA2000)
CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards for sending voice, data, and signaling data
between mobile phones and cell sites. Based on Code division multiple access
3G CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000),
3.5G CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

Q Satellite communication? LEO MEO GEO

Satellite communication, in telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication
links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global
telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital
signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide.
Satellite working
The communication satellites are similar to the space mirrors that help us bounce signals such as radio,
internet data, and television from one side of the earth to another. Three stages are involved, which explain
the working of satellite communications. These are:

 Uplink
 Transponders
 Downlink
Let’s consider an example of signals from a television. In the first stage, the signal from the television
broadcast on the other side of the earth is first beamed up to the satellite from the ground station on the
earth. This process is known as uplink.
The second stage involves transponders such as radio receivers, amplifiers, and transmitters. These
transponders boost the incoming signal and change its frequency so that the outgoing signals are not altered.
Depending on the incoming signal sources, the transponders vary.
The final stage involves a downlink in which the data is sent to the other end of the receiver on the earth. It
is important to understand that usually, there is one uplink and multiple downlinks.

There are 2 types of Satellite

 Passive Satellites: A passive satellite is the one that just reflects the signal from one earth station to
other earth station(or stations) without any amplification or retransmission.due to the atmosphere
also comes into play, and due to this, the received signal is often very weak.
 Active Satellites: active satellite is one which has transmitting equipment aboard, such as a
transponder, a device which receives a signal from Earth, amplifies it, and retransmits the same
signal back to Earth (either immediately or after a delay).
Transmission can be 1 way or 2 way

One-way Satellite Communication

The communication usually takes place between either one or multiple earth stations through the help of a
satellite. The transmission of the signal is unidirectional.
Two-Way Satellite Communication
In two-way satellite communication, the information is exchanged between any two earth stations. It can be
said that there is a point to point connectivity.
The signal is transmitted from the first earth station to the second earth station such that there are two
uplinks and two downlinks between the earth stations and the satellite.

Advantages of Satellite Communication

The following are the advantages of satellite communication:

 Installments of circuits are easy.

 The elasticity of these circuits is excellent.
 With the help of satellite communication, every corner of the earth can be covered.
 The user fully controls the network.

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication

The following are the disadvantages of satellite communication:

 Initial expenditure is expensive.

 There are chances of blockage of frequencies.
 Propagation and interference.

Applications of Satellite Communication

 Telephone
 Television
 Digital cinema
  Radio broadcasting
 Amateur radio
 Internet access
 Military
 Disaster Management

Satellite orbits
Communications satellites usually have one of three primary types of orbit, while other orbital
classifications are used to further specify orbital details. MEO and LEO and GEO
Geostationary satellites have a geostationary orbit (GEO), which is 22,236 miles (35,785 km) from Earth's
surface.

Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites are closer to Earth. Orbital altitudes range from 2,000 to 36,000
kilometres (1,200 to 22,400 mi) above Earth.

The region below medium orbits is referred to as low Earth orbit (LEO), and is about 160 to 2,000
kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above Earth.

A highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

A communications satellite orbit that is higher than a geostationary earth orbit
Q FDM vs TDM?

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):

In this, a number of signals are transmitted at the same time, and each source transfers its signals in the
allotted frequency range like 1 signal is transmitted at 30 KHz other in 40 KHz frequency and so on
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

In this, Signals are transmitted in its time slot. in time-division multiplexing, all the signals operate with
the same frequency at different times.

Types of TDM
1 Synchronous TDM
2 Asynchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
In synchronous time division multiplexing, each device (transmitter) is allotted with a fixed time slot,
regardless of the fact that the device (transmitter) has any data to transmit or not.

Asynchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

 In Asynchronous time division multiplexing, the time slots are not fixed (I.e. time slots are flexible). The
asynchronous TDM is also known as statistical time division multiplexing.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Wavelength division multiplexing is an analog technique. It is the most important and most popular method
to increase the capacity of an optical fiber

Q Propagation Modes in Networks (Wire)?

Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Dulplex

Q Propagation Modes in Optical Fiber?

Single mode, in which 1 wave can travel in optical fiber
Multi-mode, in which multiple waves can travel in optical fiber
Q What is the purpose of Gateway? Layers in gateway? Diagram?
Gateway can be a router of any device which connect two different networks. Like router connect 2 or more
networks
A gateway is a network node used in telecommunications that connects two networks with different
transmission protocols together. Gateways serve as an entry and exit point for a network as all data must
pass through or communicate with the gateway prior to being routed. In most IP-based networks, the only
traffic that does not go through at least one gateway is traffic flowing among nodes on the same local area
network (LAN) segment. The term default gateway or network gateway may also be used to describe the
same concept.
Q Difference between Packet and Circuit switching?

What Is Circuit Switching?

Circuit switching is defined as the method of switching which is used for establishing a
dedicated communication path between the sender and the receiver. The link which is established between
the sender and the receiver is in the physical form. An analog telephone network is a well-known example of
circuit switching. Bandwidth is fixed in this type of switching. Let us know in detail about the advantages
and disadvantages of circuit switching.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit Switching

Advantages

 The bandwidth used is fixed.

 The quality of communication is increased as a dedicated communication channel is used.
 The rate at which the data is transmitted is fixed.
 While switching, no time is wasted in waiting.
 It is preferred when communication is long and continuous.

Disadvantages

 Since dedicated channels are used, the bandwidth required is more.

 The utilization of resources is not full.
 Since a dedicated channel has been used, the transmission of other data becomes impossible.
 The time taken by the two stations for the establishment of the physical link is too long.
 Circuit switching is expensive because every connection uses a dedicated path establishment.
 The link between the sender and the receiver will be maintained until and unless the user terminates
the link. This will also continue if there is no transfer of data taking place.

What is Packet Switching?

Packet switching is defined as the connectionless network where the messages are divided and grouped
together and this is known as a packet. Each packet is routed from the source to the destination as individual
packets. The actual data in these packets are carried by the payload. When the packet arrives at the
destination, it is the responsibility of the destination to put these packets in the right order. Let us know in
detail about the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching

Advantages

 There is no delay in the delivery of the packets as they are sent to the destination as soon as they are
available.
 There is no requirement for massive storage space as the information is passed on to the destination
as soon as they are received.
 Failure in the links does not stop the delivery of the data as these packets can be routed from other
paths too.
 Multiple users can use the same channel while transferring their packets.
 The usage of bandwidth is better in case of packet switching as multiple sources can transfer packets
from the same source link.

Disadvantages

 Installation costs of packet switching are expensive.

 The delivery of these packets becomes easy when complicated protocols are used.
 High-quality voice calls cannot use packet switching as there is a lot of delay in this type of
communication.
 Connectivity issues may lead to loss of information and delay in the delivery of the information.
You may also want to check out these topics given below!

 Components of Basic Electric Circuit

 Circuit Diagram
 Types of Switches
Let us understand the difference between circuit and switching with packet switching.

Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching

Circuit switching is referred to as the technology of data transfer that utilizes sending messages from one
point to another. This involves sending messages from the receiver to the sender and back simultaneously. A
physical connection gets established during this process along with the receiver; a dedicated circuit is always
present to handle data transmissions, through which data is sent. Packet switching can be used as an
alternative to circuit switching. In packet-switched networks, data is sent in discrete units that have variable
lengths.
Q Logical and Physical Addressing>
Logical = IP Addressing
Physical = Mac Address