‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

PEARSON BTEC International Standards Verifier

ICT Program
q
Programming Essentials in C (ICT121)
Dr. Ghada Maher
Lec. 1 Introduction to C Programming November 2023
 Aim ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

The aim of the course is to:

● familiarize the student with the universal concepts of
computer programming,
● present the syntax, semantics and basic data types of
the C language.
● discuss the customs and vocabulary of the C
language, including the most common library functions
and the usage of the pre-processor
 Learning Outcomes ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

By the end of this unit students will be able to:

• Understanding foundation concepts of programming and
information processing in computer systems.
• Applying the C programming fundamentals, and flow
control.
• Implement C programs using function, pointers, arrays,
and structures for problem-solving.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Lo1 Understanding foundation concepts of programming

and information processing in computer systems.

▪ Introduction to compiling and software development

▪ Apply Basic scalar data types and their operators.
▪ Understand the main concepts and the significant advantage of digitization
▪ Develop an Algorithm, Pseudocode , and flowchart of program to solve a problem.
▪ Understand main concepts of programming
 Outline ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

In this Lecture, you’ll learn

■To write simple computer programs in C.
■To use simple input and output statements.
■To use the fundamental data types.
■Computer memory concepts.
■To use arithmetic operators.
■The precedence of arithmetic operators.
■To write simple decision-making statements.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

1.1 Introduction

The C language facilitates a structured and disciplined

approach to computer program design. In this chapter
we introduce C programming and present several
examples that illustrate many important features of C.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
C – A Middle Level Language
In 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs writes C and in 1978 the
publication of The C Programming Language by Kernighan &
Ritchie caused a revolution in the computing world
 1.2 Why use C? ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

• Mainly because it produces code that runs nearly as fast

as code written in assembly language. Some examples
of the use of C might be:
• Operating Systems
• Language Compilers
• Assemblers
• Text Editors
• Data Bases
• Language Interpreters
1.3 Terminologies of ‘C’ ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Variables
4. Constants
5. Special Symbols
6. Character & String
7. Operators
 1.3.1 Keywords ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

• Keywords are the reserved words whose meaning has

already been explained to the C compiler.
• C has 32 keywords.
• These keywords combined with a formal syntax form a C
programming language.
• Rules to be followed for all programs written in C:
• All keywords are lower-cased.
• C is case sensitive, do-while is different from DO WHILE.
• Keywords cannot be used as a variable or function name.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫‪C’s keywords.‬‬
 1.3.2 Identifiers ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

• Identifiers refer to the name of variables, functions and

arrays.
• These are user-defined names and consist of sequence
of letters and digits, with a letter as a first character.
• Both uppercase and lowercase letters are permitted,
although lowercase letters are commonly used.
• The underscore character is also permitted in identifiers.
It is usually used as a link between two words in long
identifiers.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
1.3.2 Identifier Names

Some correct identifier names are -

✓
arena, s_count
marks40
class_one

Some erroneous identifier names are -

1stsst
oh!god
start….end

The number of characters in the variable that are

X
recognized differs from compiler to compiler
An identifier cannot be the same as a C keyword
 1.3.3 Variables ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

• Variables are named locations in memory that are used to hold a

value that may be modified by the program.
• Unlike constants that remain unchanged during the execution of
a program.
• A variable may take different values at different times during
execution.
• The syntax for declaring a variable is –
DataType IdentifierName ;
• Example- int num;
long int sum , a;
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

1.3.3 Variables
Fundamental Data
Types
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Memory location showing the name and value of a variable.

Whenever a value is placed in a memory location, the value
replaces the previous value in that location; thus, placing a new
value into a memory location is said to be destructive.
 1.3.4 Constants ‫كلية تكنولوجيا‬
‫الصناعة والطاقة‬
• Constants are the fixed values that do not change during
the execution of a program.
• C supports several types of constants.
• Numeric Constants
• Integer constants
• Real constants
• Character Constants
• Single character constant
• String Constants
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

1.3.5. Special Symbols

• ! , @, #, $ , & , * , ….. These all symbols that can be find on
Keyboard, are called Special Symbols.

• Every symbol has its special meaning in different respect at

different place that’s why it is called Special Symbols.
 1.3.6. Character & String ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

• The Characters that can be used to form words, numbers and

expressions depend upon the computer on which the program is
running.
• The characters in C are grouped into the following categories :
• Letters
• Digits
• Special characters
• White Spaces
• Remember that a character ‘a’ is not equivalent to the string “a”.
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

1.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text C

Outputs
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Program Development Life Cycle

 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Typical C
Program
Development
Environment

C systems
generally consist
of several parts
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

‫‪Outputs‬‬
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫‪Outputs‬‬
Simple input and output statements ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
1.3.7. Operators
• Operator is a symbol that operates on one or more operands and
produces output.

Example - z=x+y;

• In the above Example the symbols + and = are operators that operate
on operands x, y , and z .
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
1.3.7. Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators
and provides the
• following types of operators:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators
• We will, in this chapter, look into the way each operator works.
Arithmetic Operators: ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Precedence of arithmetic operators.
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

‫‪Outputs‬‬
Arithmetic Operators: Example ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

outputs
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Suppose variables a, b, c
and x in the preceding
second-degree
polynomial are
initialized as follows:
a=2, b=3, c=7 and x=5

Evaluate
Relational Operators ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
The following table shows all the relational operators supported
by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
 Logical Operators ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C

language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0,
then:
‫‪Bitwise Operators‬‬ ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
• Assume A = 60 and B = 13; in binary format,
they will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

The following table lists

the bitwise operators
supported by C. Assume
variable ‘A’ holds 60 and
variable ‘B’ holds 13,
then:
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫‪Assignment‬‬
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫‪Operators‬‬
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
‫‪Misc Operators‬‬ ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Execution Process of a Program ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

PROCESS SHORT CUT FILE NAME

Save F2 abc.c
Compile Alt + F9 abc.obj

Execute Ctrl + F9 abc.exe

Back up Again F2 abc.bak

 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Some of Escape Sequence

\n new line
\t tab
\\ backslash
\” double quote
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Simple decision-making statements
Syntax of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C
variable = Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3;
Or the syntax can also be in this form
variable = (condition) ? Expression2 : Expression3;
Or syntax can also be in this form
(condition) ? (variable = Expression2) : (variable = Expression3);
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Working of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C
The working of the conditional operator in C is as follows:
•Step 1: Expression1 is the condition to be evaluated.
•Step 2A: If the condition(Expression1) is True
then Expression2 will be executed.
•Step 2B: If the condition(Expression1) is false
then Expression3 will be executed.
•Step 3: Results will be returned.
Example : C Program to Store the greatest of the two ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

Numbers using the ternary operator

Output:
m is greater than n that is 5 > 4
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬
Classroom Assignment
Write a program to evaluate the following equation.

Assign a=5, x=2.

Equation1 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 6
Equation2 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑥 + 𝑎/𝑥 2 + 6
 Online C Compiler ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_c_online.php
https://onecompiler.com/c
https://www.jdoodle.com/c-online-compiler/
 ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬

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