Antichresis

 Accessory contract which accompanies loan

 Kung walang loan, walang antichresis
 This is a formal contract

Article 2132. By the contract of antichresis the creditor acquires the right to receive the
fruits of an immovable of his debtor, with the obligation to apply them to the payment of
the interest, if owing, and thereafter to the principal of his credit.

Who are the parties?

 Antichretic debtor and antichretic creditor

Ano undertaking nila?

EX. Juan may utang na 1M kay Pedro pero walang pambayad na cash si Juan. Sabi ni
Juan may coconut plantation siya. Bibigay muna pamamahala ng plantation and yung
kinita niiya iaaply sa utang ni Juan.

Yung obligation ni Juan pwede may interest, pwedeng wala. (if owing na interest) - pero
if wala, diretso agad sa principal debt

Immovable lagi - cannot be personal

Income-generating na immovable

Apartment ni Juan tapos si Pedro muna mamahala and yung net magiging bayad sa
utang ni Juan kay Pedro. (minus na yung necessary expenses)

Interest muna, if wala, edi sa principal

Hindi pwede bawiin sa kalagitnaan yung property habang nagbabayad pa ng utang.

 Kelangan fully paid muna bago ibalik yung property.

 Hindi nahugot ng pera si Juan sa kanyang pocket, galing yung pambayad sa
industrial/civil fruits (ng immovable).

Interest lang ni creditor dito ay ang FRUITS ng immovable, hindi yung lupa. (Therefore,
cannot be acquired through prescription)

 Antichretic creditor's possession is NOT in the concept of an owner (open,

continuous, notorious and exclusive)
 there may be a problem here (antichretic creditor cannot possess the property in
the concept of an owner)
 What is surrendered to him is the fruits

 If implied trust, it can be repudiated (therefore can ripen into ownership by way
of prescription)

Article 2134. The amount of the principal and of the interest shall be specified in writing;
otherwise, the contract of antichresis shall be void.

 Formal contract; must be in writing

  Accessory contract
 Interest over immovables

PARTIES:
 Antichretic debtor
 Antichretic creditor

What is being delivered by the debtor to the creditor?

 An immovable

Creditor's rights
 Receive the fruits of the immovable of the debtor and apply them to the payment
of the debt (first, to the interest, if owing and if it is interest-free then sa principal
OR interest muna- if payment is hindi buo)

Halimbawa ang utang niya ay P100,000 plus interest na 6%. Halimbawa P106,000 -
okay lang if binayad niya is P106,000 so tapos na, pero nagbayad lang siya ng P80,000
- dun mo muna iaapply sa interest P6,000. And ang naiwan saka mo iaapply sa principal
because if you apply it first sa principal, there is a presumption that the interest has been
paid.

So there is a rebuttable presumption that interest has been paid.

For example installment payments, may utang kang monthly - nung March may pera ka
na so nagbayad ka na. If you are the creditor, reresibuhan mo siya ng January, hindi
March. Kase ang utang niya is Jan, Feb, and March. Kase kapag niresibuhan mo siya
ng March, there arises a rebuttable presumption that the earlier installments had been
paid.

There arises of presumption of payment of interest if you issue a receipt for the principal.

 Antichresis is different from mortgage/pledge.

Mortage
EX. Utang ka ng 1M, then sasangla yung apartment (collateral) kay creditor. Hanggang
walang default in payment, nakareserve lang ang collateral. Pero nagkakaron ng right si
creditor over the mortgage of the property.
 Foreclosure lang remedy ni creditor kapag di nakabayad si debtor (dapat hindi
niya pakielaman yun habang hindi nagdedefault si debtor)

May instances na mortgage pero creditor is living inside the property - so parang
antichresis. Pero it is actually a mortgage.

Example ni Ma'am from experience:

May utang siyang 200k with interest. Sabi niya isangla yung apartment niya. The creditor
took over the property. So ngayon siya naniningil sa tenants. Then yung asawa sabi
babayaran within the year. So after 4 months, ayaw pumayag ni creditor na tanggapin
ang bayad kase siya ang naniningil sa tenants sa apartment. (So may utang pa rin na
200k na kelangan bayaran within the year.)
  So dapat di bayaran ni debtor out of their own pocket, kunin na lang ni creditor sa
fruits ng immovable na sinurrender mo sakanya.
 Parang this is antichresis. (This is overkill kase siya na nga kumukuha ng upa ng
tenants, tapos may utang pa rin si debtor na P200k)

Undertaking of the creditor

Article 2135. The creditor, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary, is obliged to pay
the taxes and charges upon the estate.
He is also bound to bear the expenses necessary for its preservation and repair.
The sums spent for the purposes stated in this article shall be deducted from the fruits.

EX.
Coconut plantation. May utang na 100k si Juan kay Pedro. Si Pedro magmanage to pay
for the debt. Nagbabayad ng wages sa mga tao and naghire ng truck para dalhin sa
palengke. So inabot ng 20k yung necessary expenses. GR: Si creditor magbabayad sa
taxes, wages, etc. So i-minus yung 20k sa utang. P80k lang i-aapply sa utang ni Juan.
 Preservation of the immovable
 Necessary expenses + taxes ay sagot ni creditor

Pwede ba bawiin ni Juan habang di pa bayad?

 Estimated na aabutin ng 10 years yung bayaran ng utang + management of
creditor. Kaya lang, on the 5th year, sabi ni Juan nagalit anak niya kase di alam
pinagkatiwala yung apartment kay Pedro and gusto bawiin yung property habang
di pa bayad.
 Art 2136

Article 2136. The debtor cannot reacquire the enjoyment of the immovable without first
having totally paid what he owes the creditor.

But the latter, in order to exempt himself from the obligations imposed upon him by the
preceding article, may always compel the debtor to enter again upon the enjoyment of
the property, except when there is a stipulation to the contrary.
 Before full payment (bawal ibalik)
 Immovable is income-generating kase yun nga pambayad sa utang

Si Pedro halimbawa mag-aabroad, ibabalik yung property. So kapag kumita ka (Juan),

bayaran mo na lang ako. (wala nang antichresis) Ibabalik kase laborious yung trabaho
sa coconut plantation.
 Duty ng creditor is Art 2135
 If ayaw niya ng undertaking, pwede ibalik pero dapat si CREDITOR MAG-
INITIATE.

Can the creditor acquire the land by prescription?

 No.

Article 2137. The creditor does not acquire the ownership of the real estate for non-
payment of the debt within the period agreed upon.
Every stipulation to the contrary shall be void. But the creditor may petition the court for
the payment of the debt or the sale of the real property. In this case, the Rules of Court
on the foreclosure of mortgages shall apply.
Movable good faith - you acquire it in good faith

 Pwede ba mabawi?

Yung nahablutan ng necklace na si Ms. A tapos nabili ni Ms. B as buyer in good faith.

Sa Sales, where the seller is not the owner and is not authorized by the owner, the buyer
acquires no better title than the seller had. Because you cannot give what you do not
have.

Yung title ni Ms. B ay depende sa title ng seller niya - which was a robber and it was
acquired illegally. (walang ownership - therefore you cannot pass on ownership)

Authority to sell lang need ni seller to sell. (Owner, court, law, etc)
 Robber has zero title and binenta kay Ms. B. What title does Ms. B acquires? -
Nothing. No ownership.
 You cannot give what you cannot have as a general rule.

Zero title si Robber X and binenta kay Ms. B. Can we recover the stolen item from Ms.
B?
 (pwede i-recover)

Yung buyer in GF and for good value, can we recover from her considering the item is
definitely the stolen item?
 GF is not being aware of the defect in the title of the transferor.
 You do not prove GF. It is presumed.

Ms. B do not have a title because the seller was a robber.

 The buyer acquires no better than what the seller had.
 Therefore, the buyer in GF or BF has no TITLE OVER THE PROPERTY. Hence,
we can recover the stolen item.
 Recover it within 4 years kay buyer in GF kase after 4 years they acquire it
through prescription.
 Kung may suspetsya lang si Ms. B na bumili nung stolen item, BF na agad.

Movable GF - How many years by prescription before she can acquire it? - Four years.
Without good faith? - 8 years.

Immovable (GF) - 10 years.

Without good faith and without title, immovable - 30 years.

Back to antichresis….
The creditor, kahit 30-40 years na niyang pinapakinabanggan, hindi pa rin mabayaran
ang utang (matanda na mga niyog). Pwede bang sabihin ni creditor na he acquires the
property by prescription?
 Art 2137

Pactum commissorium na yung usapan na after 10 years na di ako makabayad sayo na

yan. (Void) - kase kelangan na mangyare ay i-public sale.
Ano remedyo ni Pedro as creditor?
 Specific performance
 Or to petition the court for the sale of the property

Article 2138. The contracting parties may stipulate that the interest upon the debt be
compensated with the fruits of the property which is the object of the antichresis,
provided that if the value of the fruits should exceed the amount of interest allowed by
the laws against usury, the excess shall be applied to the principal.

Mortgaged property - andyan lang yan hindi gagalawin (when the debtor defaults, that is
the time to move in and foreclose the property)
 Remedy lang ni creditor is foreclosure

If titirahan mo or if ikaw kukuha ng upa ng tenants, magiging antichresis yan.

 Therefore sa antichresis, di magbabayad si debtor out of his pocket. Kunin ang
bayad sa kita ng lupa/apartment.