MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

Module 10 - Electrical Properties seatwork

(S) (USCS units) A 16 gage copper wire (0.0508-in diameter) connects a solenoid to a control circuit that
is 50 ft away. (a) What is the resistance of the wire?
Solution: (a) From Table 4.3, the resistivity of copper = 0.67(10-6) -in
L = 50 ft = 600 in
Area A = (0.0508)2/4 = 0.00203 in2
R = r (L/A) = 0.67(10-6) (600/0.00203) = 0.198 

(SI units) What is the resistance R of a length of copper wire whose length = 20 m and whose diameter =
0.40 mm?
Solution: R = rL/A, A = (0.40)2/4 = 0.1257 mm2 = 0.1257(10-6) m2
From Table 4.3, resistivity r = 1.7  10-8 -m2/m
R = (1.7  10-8 -m2/m) (20 m)/ (0.1257(10-6) m2) = 2.705 

Volumetric and Melting Properties

- Determine the increase in length of a steel bar whose length is 10 inches. If the bar is heated from room
temperature of 70°F to 500 °F.
Solution:
With reference to Table 4.1 – Coefficient of
thermal expansion for steel is;
α = 6.7 x 10-6 (in/in/F)
Solution:
The increase in length will be:
ΔL = L2 - L1 = α L1 (T2 - T1)

Substitute values;
ΔL = (6.7 x10-6) (10 in) (500F – 70F)
F
ΔL = 0.288 in

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3 at room temperature (20°C) with initial length of 10mm.
Determine its density at 650°C.
Solution: Therefore, the Density at temperature 650 C
With reference to Table 4.1 – Coefficient of thermal is;
expansion for Aluminum is; Density (ρ) = mass
α = 24 x 10-6 (mm/mm/C). volume
Solution:
Density (ρ) = mass
ρ = 2.7 g
volume
1.04605 cm3
Using the formula;
ΔL = L2 - L1 = α L1 (T2 - T1) ρ = 2.581 g/cm3

First find the length after temperature change @ 650°;

L2 = L1 + α L1 (T2 – T1)
= 10 mm + 24 x 10-6 mm/mm/C (10 mm) (650-20) °C
L2 = 10.1512 mm

The Volume after temperature change is;

(L2)3 = 1,04605 mm3 x 1 cm3
1,000 mm3
(L2)3 = 1.04605 cm3

Thermal Properties
- Determine the quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of an aluminum block (10 cm x
10 cm x 10 cm) from room temperature (21°C) to 300°C.
Solution. Substitute values in the “amount of heat energy” H
For Aluminum, C=0.21 Cal/g C (Table 4.1), formula;

Density (ρ) = mass H = C m (T2 – T1)

volume H = 0.88 Joule x (2,700 g) (300 – 21) C
Density (ρ) volume = mass g-C
H = 662,904 Joules (663 kJ)
mass = Density (ρ) volume
mass = 2.7 g x (10cm x 10cm x 10cm)
cm3

Mass m = 103 cm3(2.7 g/cm3)

= 2,700 g x 1 kg
1,000 g
Mass m = 2.7 kg

For Aluminum, C=0.88 J/g C (Table 4.2),

T1 = 21 °C
T2 = 300 °C

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- What is the resistance R of a copper wire with 10 m length and a diameter = 0.10 mm?

Solution:
Using the formula of resistance: Substitute the value to the resistance formula;
R=rL
A R = (1.7 x 10-8 Ω. m) (10 m)
(0.007854 x 10-6) m2
For copper resistivity, using Table 4.3 as a reference; r =
1.7 x 10-8 Ω. m R= 21.65 Ω

Using the formula of a circle, (with wire diameter of 0.10

mm)
A = π(D)2
4
A = π (0.1mm)2
4
A = 0.007854 mm2
A= 0.007854 x 10-6) m2

- A carbon resistor with resistance 1 kΩ at room temperature (20 oC) is heated to 120 o C.
With a temperature coefficient -5.6 x 10-4 (oC-1). What is the change in resistance of the resistor?
And final resistance of the resistor?

Solution:
Using the formula resistance change; Solving for the final resistor resistance is;
R = 1 + ΔR
R = 1 + (- 0.056 kΩ)
R = 1 - 0.056 kΩ
Given the following; R = 0.944 kΩ
- carbon resistor with resistance 1 kΩ
- room temperature 20 oC EXPRESSING YOUR ANSWER TO OHMS;
- heated to 120 o C.
- temperature coefficient -5.6 x 10-4 (oC-1) Since 1 kiloohms = 1,000 ohms
Note: oC-1 is the same as _1_
o
C R = 0.944 kΩ x 1,000 ohms
1 kΩ
Substitute the values to the resistance change formula;
R = 944 Ω
ΔR = -5.6 x 10 (120 – 20) C x 1 kΩ = - 0.056 kΩ
-4 o
o
C
ΔR = - 0.056 kΩ

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- A plane wall constructed of solid iron with thermal conductivity 0.072 J/s mm oC, thickness 50 mm and surface
area 1 m by 1 m, temperature 150 oC on one side and 80 oC on the other. Determine the heat flow rate.
Solution
Conductive heat flow rate can be calculated as: Note:
Q = k A ΔT 1 Joule/sec = 1 watt
t 1,000 Watts = 1 kiloWatt

Substitute values;
(0.072 Joule) (1,000mm) (1,000mm) (150 – 80) C
Sec-mm-C
Q = --------------------------------------------------------------
50 mm

Q = 100,800 Joule = 100,800 Watts

Sec.

Q = 100,800 Watts x 1 kiloWatt

1,000 Watts
Q = 100.8 kW

- Specific gravity (sg) is material density divided water density.

- The following are physical effects of materials properties.

Volumetric properties, Thermal properties, Electrical properties and Magnetic properties

- Melting of a pure element is the temperature at which it transforms from solid to liquid state.

- Properties related to the volume, mass, and weight of materials and the properties are affected by
temperature, Density, Thermal expansion, Melting point.

- The density is defined as the mass of a material per unit volume.

- Freezing point is the temperature at which a pure element transforms from liquid to solid state.

- Resistor materials are mostly alloys of different metals that are also conductors of electricity.

- Materials differ in their ability to conduct electricity. Accordingly, they are classified as:
Conductors, Semiconductors, Resistors, Insulators

- Semiconductors gives low electrical conductivity because no electrons are free to move.

- Resistivity is materials property that defines a materials capability to resist the current flow

- Conductivity of a material is the reciprocal of resistivity.

- Magnetic field, it is the region around the material where magnetic properties that can be detected.

- Magnets have two opposite poles, the North and South

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- The strength of the force between magnets does depends on the distance between them.

- Two magnets near each other often does feel a twisting force, or torque.

- Materials differ in their ability to conduct electricity accordingly, they are classified as;
Conductors, Semiconductors, Resistors, and Insulators

- The following are the properties of engineering materials that satisfy design requirements.
High stiffness, Strength, Toughness, and Hardness

- Engineering materials have a property such as good electrical and good thermal conductivity.

- The following is example of nonferrous metals;

Aluminum, Copper, Magnesium and Silver

- There are two main types of solids solution, Interstitial and Substitutional

- In plain carbon steels, increasing carbon content increase strength and ductility.

- Austenitic, Ferritic and Martensitic are types of stainless steel

- Corrosion is defined as the destructive and non-intentional attack on metal.

- The following are the type of corrosion

Intergranular, Chemical, Galvanic, and Pitting

- Galvanic corrosion - also known as nonmetallic corrosion, is an electromechanical process whereby

one metal corrodes withOUT any preference to another metal that it is in contact with.

- In Electrochemical processes, reduction reaction will take place in cathode and Oxidation reaction
will take place in anode.

- Ceramics is an inorganic compound consisting of a metal or semi-metal and one or more nonmetals.

- The following are physical and chemical properties of ceramics materials.

Density, Melting temperature, Electrical and thermal conductivities, and Thermal expansion

- The following are refractory ceramics examples; Furnace walls, Crucibles, and Mould

- The following are considered as ceramic glass product

Bottles, Glasses, Lenses, and Window pane

- The following are considered as ceramic cutting tools and/or grinding wheels abrasives products;
Tungsten carbide, Aluminum oxide, and Silicon carbide

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- Ceramic insulators application includes electrical transmission components, plugs and

microelectronic chip substrate.

- Which of the following are thermoplastic product; Nylon, Polystyrene, Polypropylene, and
Polyethylene

- Plastics can be molded into complex part shapes, usually with no further processing (net shape
processing).

- The following are Polymers general properties;

Good strength to weight ratios for certain (but not all) polymers
High corrosion resistance
Low density (light weight) relative to metals and ceramics
Low electrical and thermal conductivity

- The following are Polymers limitation?

Service temperatures are limited
Viscoelastic properties limitation in load bearing application
Some polymers degrade when subjected to sunlight and radiation

- The following are thermoset products;

Electrical fittings, Handle and knobs, Bonding fibers, and Spectacles lenses

- Thermoset plastics are not widely used due to process complication involved in curing and added cost
in processing. True

- The following are vulcanized natural rubber products;

Automotive Tires, Shoe soles, Bushing, and Seals

- Composite is natural occurring or engineered materials made from at least two constituent (Matrix or
reinforce) materials.

- The following are considered as by product (application) of composites;

Wind turbine, Medical table, Fiberglass cloth commonly used composites, and Glass fiber reinforced
composite.

- Metal Heat treatment is used to alter the metallurgical structure and mechanical properties of metal or
alloy through the use of controlled heating and cooling.
NOTES. Due to the word METAL heat treatment otherwise, Heat treatments are also performed
on glass, glass-ceramics, powder metals, and powder ceramics.

- The following are mechanical properties of metal is altered during heat treatment?
Tensile strength, Ductility, Impact/Toughness, Hardness

- Hardening Through process classification of heat treatment increase the strength and hardness
throughout the metal cross-section.

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F

- Quenching and Tempering - are processes that strengthen materials like steel and other iron-based
alloys. These processes strengthen the alloys through heating the material and after cooling in water, oil,
forced air, and brine.

- The following are considered used to affect cooling rate? Brine, Water, Oil, Air

- The faster the cooling, the more likely are internal stresses, distortion, and cracks in the products.

- Differential Heat Treating - Brings only the surface of the steel part rapidly up to AUSTENITIZINNG
temperature while keeping the interior lower that point.

- Flame Hardening is the Heating of work surface by one or more torches followed by rapid quenching. T

- Induction heating is a heat treating process that allows very targeted heating of metals by
electromagnetic induction.

- Nitriding is heat treatment in which nitrogen is diffused into surface of certain alloy steel parts to
produce a thin hard casing without quenching.

Video related information:

Module 10-Metals and Corrosion video

- Iron used to create steel and a wide range of engineering applications.
- Aluminum is commonly used because of its high strength-to-weight ratios. It has a low melting point at
666°C which makes it easier to process and used in casting and relatively inexpensive.
- Titanium has excellent strength-to-weight properties and it is most properly used in aviation industry.
It has a high melting point at 1,668°C but make it make more difficult to process and much more
expensive than aluminum.
- Magnesium is good for casting.
- Copper alloys/materials used for wiring.
- Nickel has a good resistance to corrosion.
- The atom of a pure metal is pack together closely and arranged in a regular grid, because of this regular
structure which is called a crystalline material and the atom is arranged in crystal lattice. glass atom is
arranged randomly which called amorphous material.
- You can think that metal atom crystal lattice as repeating number of identical unit that is called UNIT
cell.
- Metal atom can be pack in a different unit cell at room temperature which is
-Face-centered cubic
-Body-centered cubic
-Hexagonal close packed

POINT DEFECTS-because they in a single location of the lattice.

- Vacancy defect occurs when atom is missing in the lattice.
- Interstitial defect occurs when atom is squeezed in the lattice.
- Substitutional defect occurs when atom is replace by impurity atom.

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 MECH112 – Final Review Notes 2022F
Linear defects DISLOCATION DEFFECT – where the number of atom is offset from there usual
location of the lattice
- Edge dislocation, where the lattice contain extra half plain of atom.
- Screw dislocation, where the entire block of atom is shifted out of alignment of the perfect lattice
structure. It gets its name it follow the path of atom as the spiral down the lattice and look like a thread
of a regular screw.
- Dislocation is usually a combination of edge and screw.
- Because dislocation moves through the lattice by breaking and re-forming of atomic bonds the process
is irreversible the dislocation will never return when stress or shear is remove this is the underlying
information of metal deformation at the atomic level, Which is exactly the opposite in the ELASTIC
deformation in which the dislocation motion return when the load is remove.

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