1 Basic Mathematics

1. Algebra
1.1 Quadratic Equation
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a
quadratic equation. The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ....(i)
Is the general form of quadratic equation where a ≠ 0. The general solution of above equation
is

− b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
If values of x be x1 and x2 then

–b + b2 – 4ac –b – b2 – 4ac
x1 = and x2 =
2a 2a
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We can easily see that
b c
sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – and product of roots = x1 x2 =
a a

Example 1:
Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.
(1) 3/2, –1 (2) 1, 3/2 (3) 2, 3 (4) –3/2, –1
Solution:
Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
we have a=2, b=–1, c=–3.

–b ± b2 – 4ac
Now from x = ;
2a
–(–1) ± (–1)2 – 4(2)(–3)
x=
2(2)
6 3 –4
⇒ x1 = = ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x2 =–1
4 2 4

Example 2:
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0, if discriminant D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of quadratic
equation are:
(1) real and distinct, if D > 0
(2) real and equal (repeated roots), if D = 0
(3) non-real (imaginary), if D < 0
(4) None of the above
Solution:
(1,2,3)

Basic Mathematics 1
Example 3:
Find the sum and product of roots of equation 3x2 – 5x – 12 = 0.
(1) 5/3, 4 (2) –5/3, 4
(3) –4, 5/3 (4) –4, –5/3
Solution:
α + β = – b/a = 5/3
(α, β are roots of equation)
αβ = c/a = –4

1.2 Binomial Approximation

If x is very small as compared to 1
(1+x)n ≈ 1 + nx

1.3 Logarithm
Common formulae:
• logaa = 1
• log mn = log m + log n
m
• log   = log m – log n
n
• log mn = n log m
• loge m = 2.303 log10m

1.4 Application of ratio (componendo and dividendo)

p a p+q a +b
• If = , then =
q b p–q a –b
p a p+q a +b
• If = , then =
q b q b
p a p–q a –b
• If = , then =
q b q b

Example 4:
The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at height h above the surface of earth is given by
–2
 R 
g' = g   . What is the value of g' for very small height?
R + h
Solution:
–2
 h   2h 
g' = g 1 +  ⇒ g' = g 1 – 
 Re   Re 

Example 5:
Calculate the value of 0.99
Solution:
1/2
 1   1 
0.99 ⇒ 1 –  ⇒ 1 –  = 0.995
 100   200 

2 Basic Mathematics
1.5 Progression
Arithmetic progression
General form: a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d
Here a = first term, d = common difference
n
Sum of n terms Sn = [a+a+(n–1)d]
2
n
= [Ist term + nth term]
2

Geometrical Progression (GP)

General form: a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 Here a = first term, r = common ratio
a(1 – rn )
Sum of n terms Sn =
1–r
a
Sum of ∞ term S∞ =
1–r

n(n + 1)
Note: (1) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ……+ n =
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(2) 12 + 22 + 33 + 44 + ……+ n2 =
6
2
 n(n + 1) 
(1) 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ……+ n3 = 
 2 

Example 6:
1 1 1
Find 1 + + + + …. upto ∞ .
2 4 8
Solution:
1
Here, a = 1, r =
2
a 1
S∞
So,= = = 2
1–r 1
1–
2

Concept Builder-1

Q.1 Find the root of quadratic equation.

(i) 3x2 + 2x – 5 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + 3x – 6 = 0

Q.2 Find the sum and product of roots of equation.

(i) 5x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (ii) 4x2 – 3x + 8 = 0

Q.3 Find : 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + 100?

1
Q.4 Find approximate value of ?
1.02

Basic Mathematics 3
2. Trigonometry
2.1 Degrees and Radian
Let AOB be a central angle in a circle of radius r, as in figure.
Then the angle AOB or θ is defined in radius as-
Arc length 
AB
θ= ⇒ θ =
Radius r
If r = 1 then θ = AB
The relation between radians and degrees is given by:
π radians = 180°
Angle Conversion formulas B
π
1 degree = (≈ 0.02) radian
180
θ A
π
Degrees to radian : multiply by r
180 O
1 radian ≈ 57 degrees
180
Radians to degrees : multiply by
π
Standard values
π π
(1) 30° = rad (2) 45° = rad
6 4
π π
(3) 60° = rad (4) 90° = rad
3 2
2π 3π
(5) 120° = rad (6) 135° = rad
3 4
5π
(7) 150° = rad (8) 180° = π rad
6
(9) 360° = 2π rad

Example 7:
π
(i) Convert rad to degrees.
6
(ii) Convert 15° to radians.
Solution:
π 180°
(i) × = 30°
6 π
π π
(ii) 15° × = rad
180° 12

4 Basic Mathematics
2.2 Trigonometric Functions y

The trigonometric function of a general angle θ are

P(x, y)
defined in terms of x, y, and r.
r y
per y hyp r

Per
sin θ = = cosec θ = = θ x
hyp r per y x
O Base
Base x hyp r
cos θ = = sec θ = =
hyp r Base x

per y Base x
tan θ = = cot θ = =
Base x per y

• Trigonometric ratio of angles greater than 90°

Step 1 → Identify the quadrant in which angle lies.

Step 2 → If angle = (nπ ± θ) where n is an integer. Then trigonometric function of (nπ ± θ) is

equal to same trigonometric function of θ and sign will be decided by ASTC Rule.

II Quadrant I Quadrant
S A
sin positive All positive

III Quadrant IV Quadrant

T C
tan positive cos positive

 π   π 
If angle = (2n + 1) ± θ  where n is an integer. Then trigonometric function of (2n + 1) ± θ 
 2   2 
= complimentary trigonometric function of θ and sign will be decided by ASTC Rule.

Values of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ for some standard angles.

0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°

1 3 1 4 3
sin θ 0 1
2 5 2 5 2

3 4 1 3 1
cos θ 1 0
2 5 2 5 2

1 3 4
tan θ 0 1 3 ∞
3 4 3

Basic Mathematics 5
Example 8:
Find the six trigonometric ratios from given figure

5
4

θ
3

Solution:
4 3 4 5
sinθ = ; cosθ = ; tanθ = ; cosec θ = ;
5 5 3 4
5 3
secθ = ; cotθ =
3 4

Example 9:
Evaluate:-
(i) sin 120° (ii) cos 135° (iii) cos 210° (iv) tan 210°
Solution:
3
(i) sin 120° = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
2
3
(Alternative: sin 120° = sin (180° – 60°) = sin 60° = ]
2
1
(ii) cos 135° = cos (90° + 45°) = – sin 45° = –
2
(iii) cos 210° = cos (180° + 30°)
3
= – cos30° = –
2
(iv) tan 210° = tan (180° + 30°)
1
= tan 30° =
3

Example 10:
Find the value of:
(i) sin 30° + cos 60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0° (iii) tan 45° – tan 37° (iv) cos 120°
(v) tan 135° (vi) cos 300° (vii) sin (–30°) (viii) cos (–60°)
(ix) tan (–45°) (x) sin (–150°)
Solution:
1 1
(i) sin 30°+ cos 60° = + =1
2 2
(ii) sin 0°– cos 0° = 0 – 1 = –1
3 1
(iii) tan 45°– tan 37° = 1 – =
4 4
1
(iv) cos 120° = cos (180°–60°) = – cos 60° = –
2

6 Basic Mathematics
 (v) tan 135° = tan (180°–45°) = –tan 45° = –1
1
(vi) cos 300° = cos (360°–60°) = cos 60° =
2
1
(vii) sin (–30°) = –sin 30° = –
2
1
(viii) cos (–60°) = + cos 60° = +
2
(ix) tan (–45°) = –tan 45° = –1
1
(x) sin (–150°) = –sin (150°) = – sin (180°–30°) = – sin 30°= –
2

2.3 Trigonometric Identities

• sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
• 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
• 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ

2.4 Addition/Subtraction Formulae for Trigonometrical Ratios

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
(v) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ (vi) cos 2 θ = cos2θ – sin2θ = 1 – 2 sin2θ = 2 cos2θ – 1

2.5 Small Angle Approximation

If θ is small (say < 5°) then sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 and tanθ ≈ θ
Note: here θ must be in radian.

2.6 Maximum and Minimum Values of some useful trigonometrical functions

• –1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 ,
• –1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 ,
• – a 2 + b2 ≤ a cos θ + b sin θ ≤ a 2 + b2
• a sinθ + b cosθ = ( a 2 + b2 ) sin (θ + α)
b
Where α = tan–1  
a

Example 11:
Find the approximate values of
(i) sin 1° (ii) tan 2° (iii) cos 1°
Solution:
 π  π π
(i) sin
= 1° sin  1°×  = sin ≈ = 0.02
 180°  180 180
 π 
(ii) tan2° = tan  2° × 
 180° 
π π
= tan ≈ = 0.04
90 90
 π  π
(iii) cos
= 1 ° cos  1°× =  cos= 1
 180 °  180

Basic Mathematics 7
Example 12:
Find maximum and minimum values of y:
(i) y = 2 sinx,
(ii) y = 4 – cosx,
(iii) y = 3sinx + 4 cosx
Solution:
(i) ymax = 2(1) = 2 and ymin = 2 (–1) = – 2,
(ii) ymax = 4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 and
ymin = 4 – (1) = 3
(iii) ymax = 32 + 42 = 5 and
ymin = – 32 + 42 = – 5

Concept Builder-2

π
Q.1 (i) Convert 45° to radians. (ii) Convert rad to degrees.
3

Q.2 Find six trigonometric ratios from the given figure.

10
8

θ
6

Q.3 Find approximate value of

(i) cos 4° (ii) sin 2°

Q.4 Find maximum value of 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ

3. Coordinate Geometry
To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate
system. This system consists of origin and axis

3.1 Position of a point in xy plane:

The position of a point is specified by its distances from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-
axis as shown in figure.
y

x (x, y)

y y

origin x
x
(0, 0)

Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.

8 Basic Mathematics
3.2 Distance Formula
The distance between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is given by

d= (x2 – x2 )2 + (y 2 – y 1 )2 + (z2 – z1 )2

3.3 Slope of a Line

The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
∆y y – y1
m= = 2 = tan θ
∆x x2 – x 1
y
B(x2,y2)
y2
∆y
(x1,y1) θ
y1
A ∆x

x1 x2 x
`
Here θ is the angle made by line with positive x-axis. Slope of a line is a quantitative measure
of inclination.

Example 13:
For point (2, 14) find abscissa and ordinates. Also find distance from y and x-axis.
Solution:
Abscissa = x-coordinate = 2
= distance from y-axis.
Ordinate = y-coordinate = 14
= distance from x-axis.
Example 14:
Find value of a, if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3cm) is 13 cm.
Solution:
By using distance formula

(x – x1 ) + ( y2 – y 1 )
2 2
d= 2

⇒ 13
= [3 – (–9)]2 + [3 – a]2

⇒ 132 = 122 + (3–a)2 ⇒ (3–a)2 = 132 – 122 =52

⇒ (3–a) = ±5
⇒ a = –2 cm or 8 cm

Example 15:
Distance between two points (8, –4) and (0, a) is 10. All the values are in the same unit of length.
Find the positive value of a.
Solution:
From distance formula (8–0)2 + (–4–a)2 = 100
⇒ (4+a)2 = 36 ⇒ a = 2

Basic Mathematics 9
 Concept Builder-3

Q.1 Find distance between (2, 0) and (0, 2)

Q.2 Find slope of line joining (0, 2) and (2, 3)

Q.3 If slope of line joining (2, 3) and (α, 0) is 1, find value of α.

4. Differential Calculus
Calculus is the study of how things change. In this we study the relationship between
continuously varying functions.
The purpose of differential calculus is to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the
amount of variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends) varies
independently.

4.1 Average rate of change:

y B
Let a function
(x2, y2)
y= f(x) be plotted as shown in figure.
Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval [x1, x2] is
∆y
change in y
Average rate of change =
change in x (x1, y1)
A ∆x
∆y y – y1 x
= 2 = slope of secant AB.
∆x x2 – x 1

4.2 Instantaneous rate of change:

It is defined as the rate of change in y with x at a particular value of x. It is measured graphically
by the slope of the tangent drawn to the y-x graph at the point (x, y) and algebraically by the
first derivative of function y = f(x).

(x, y)

θ
x

dy
Instantaneous rate of change = = slope of tangent = tanθ
dx

10 Basic Mathematics
4.3 First Derivatives of Commonly used Functions:
dy
• y = constant ⇒ =0
dx
dy
• y = xn ⇒ = nxn-1
dx
dy
• y=ex ⇒ = ex
dx
dy 1
• y = lnx ⇒ =
dx x
dy
• y = sinx ⇒ = cosx
dx
dy
• y = cosx ⇒ = –sinx
dx
dy
• y = tanx ⇒ = sec2x
dx

4.4 Rules of Differentiation

dy
1. y = kf(x) ⇒ =kf '(x)
dx
2. Sum or Difference of Two functions
dy
i.e., y = f(x) ± g(x) ⇒ = f '(x) ± g '(x)
dx
3. Product of two functions: Product rule:
dy
y = f(x) ·g(x) ⇒ = f '(x)g(x) + f(x)g '(x)
dx
4. Division of two functions: Quotient rule:
f(x) dy f '(x)g(x) – f(x)g '(x)
y= ⇒ =
g(x) dx [g(x)]2

Example 16:
Find derivatives of the following functions:
4
(i) y = 2x3 (ii) y = (iii) y = 3ex (iv) y = 6 lnx
x
(v) y = 5 sinx
Solution:
dy
(i) y = 2x3 ⇒ = 2 [3x3–1] = 6x2
dx
4
(ii) y = = 4x–1
x
dy 4
⇒ = 4 [(–1)x–1–1] = – 2
dx x
dy
(iii) y = 3ex ⇒ = 3ex
dx
dy  1 6
(iv) y = 6 lnx ⇒ = 6  =
dx x x
dy
(v) y = 5 sinx ⇒ = 5 cosx
dx

Basic Mathematics 11
 Example 17:
d  1 d 4
(i)   (ii)  
dx  x  dx  x3 
Solution:
d  1 d –1 1 d 4 d –3 12
(i)  = (x ) = (–1)x–1–1 = – 2 (ii)  = 4 (x ) =4(–3)x–4 = – 4
dx  x  dx x dx  x3  dx x

Example 18:
t2 – 1
Find the derivative of y =
t2 + 1
Solution:
We apply the Quotient Rule with u = t2 – 1 and v = t2 + 1:
dy (t 2 + 1).2t – (t 2 – 1).2t
⇒ =
dt (t 2 + 1)2
2t 3 + 2t – 2t 3 + 2t 4t
= = 2
(t + 1)
2 2
(t + 1)2

Example 19:
Find differentiation of y w.r.t. x.
sin x
y=
x
Solution:
Here f(x) = sinx, g(x) = x
So f'(x) = cos x, g'(x) = 1
Therefore
dy (cos x)(x) – (sin x)(1) x cos x – sin x
= =
dx x2 x2

5. Function of Functions: Chain rule

Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of t. The first derivative of f w.r.t. t is equal
df dx
to the product of and
dx dt
df  df   dx 
Therefore =  
dt  dx   dt 

6. Double differentiation:
We write the second derivative of y = f(x) as
d  dy  d2 y
 =
dx  dx  dx2

12 Basic Mathematics
Example 20:
d d d
(i) (sin ωt) (ii) (cos ωt) (iii) [A cos(ωt + φ)]
dt dt dt
Solution:
(i) ω cos ωt
(ii)−ω sin ωt
d
(iii) [A cos(ωt + ϕ)] = –Aω sin (ωt + φ)
dt

Example 21:
d d d
(a) cos 3x, (b) sin 2x, (c) (A sin (ωt + φ)
dx dx dt
Solution:
d d
(a) cos 3x = – sin 3x (3x) = –3 sin 3x
dx dx
d d
(b) sin 2x = cos 2x (2x) = cos 2x . 2 = 2 cos 2x
dx dx
d d
(c) (A sin (ωt + φ) = A cos (ωt + φ) (ωt + φ) = A cos (ωt + φ). ω = A ω cos (ωt + φ)
dt dt

4.5 Maximum and Minimum value

Higher order derivatives are used to find the maximum and minimum values of a function. At
the points of maxima and minima, first derivative becomes zero.
At point ‘A’ (minima): As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of A,
y
d2 y B
slope increases so > 0. Maxima
dx2
dy d2 y
Condition for minima
= : 0 and >0
dx dx2
At point ‘B’ (maxima): As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of B,
Minima
d2 y A
slope decreases so <0. x
dx2
dy d2 y
= 0 and
Condition for maxima: <0
dx dx2

4.6 Differentiation as a tool

dy
is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’:
dx
For example:
dx
(i) v = this means velocity ‘v’ is rate of change of displacement ‘x’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt
dv
(ii) a = this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of change of velocity ‘v’ with respect to time ‘t’.
dt
dp
(iii) F = this means force ‘F’ is rate of change of momentum ‘p’ with respect to time ‘t’.
dt

Basic Mathematics 13
Example 22:
Find minimum value of
(i) y = 1 + x2 – 2x (ii) y = 5x2 – 2x + 1.
Solution:
dy
(i) = 2x – 2
dx
for minima,
dy
= 0 ⇒ 2x – 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
dx
d2 y d2 y
= 2 ⇒ >0
dx2 dx2
at x = 1 there is minima for minimum value of y
yminimum = 1 + 1 – 2 = 0
(ii) For maximum/minimum value
dy 1
= 0 ⇒ 5(2x) – 2(1) + 0 = 0 ⇒ x =
dx 5
1 d2 y 1
Now at x = , = 10 which is positive so minima at x = .
5 dx2 5
2
 1  1 4
Therefore ymin = 5   – 2   + 1 =
5
  5
  5

Example 23:
π 2
The area A of a circle is related to its diameter by the equation A =
D .
4
How fast is the area changing with respect to the diameter when the diameter is 10 m?
Solution:
The (instantaneous) rate of change of the area with respect to the diameter is
dA π πD
= 2D =
dD 4 2
When D = 10 m, the area is changing at rate (π/2) 10 = 5π m2/m.

Concept Builder-4

Q.1 Find the differentiation of y w.r.t. x.

(i) y = x4 + 12x (ii) y = x2 – 6x (iii) y = x5 + 2ex (iv) y = 4 ln x + cos x
4 2
(v) y = x3 + x – 5x + 1
3

Q.2 The volume of cube is related to its length by the equation v = 3. If change in length of cube is
10 m/sec then find the change in volume with respect to time at  = 3m.
Q.3 Find the maximum or minimum value of
(i) y = 2x + x2 – 5 (ii) y = 5x2 + 2x + 4

14 Basic Mathematics
5. Integral Calculus
5.1 Indefinite Integral
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. With the help of integration we can find a
function whose derivative is known. Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is
equal to f(x) then

∫ f(x)dx
= F(x) + c

here c is the constant of integration and this is called indefinite integration.

Few basic formulae of integration are:
xn+ 1 1
(i) ∫ x=dx +c (ii) ∫ x=
dx ln x + c
n

n+ 1
(iii) ∫ sin
= xdx –cos x + c (iv) ∫ cos =
xdx sin x + c

(v) ∫ e dx= e +c
x x

5.2 Definite Integration

When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite
integral.
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x), in an interval a ≤ x ≤ b
then
b

∫ f(x)dx = F(b) – F(a)

a

Example 24:
Evaluate ∫ 2x dx.
Solution:
The arbitrary constant

∫ 2x dx = x2 + C
An antiderivative of 2x

Example 25:
7 t
(i) ∫ 5x dx (ii) ∫x dx (iii) ∫ dx
2
2
t
Solution:
5x3
(i) +C
3
–7 –1
(ii) ∫ 7x dx + C = –7x + C
–2
=
x
t 3/2 2
(iii) ∫ t dt = + C = t 3/2 + C
1/2

3/2 3

Basic Mathematics 15
Example 26:
Examples based on above formulas:
1 x
(i) ∫ x dx (ii) ∫ sin2x dx (iii) ∫ dx (iv) ∫ cos 2 dx
5

x
Solution:
x5
(i) ∫ x dx +C
5
=
6
–cos 2x
(ii) ∫ sin2x
= dx
2
+C

1
(iii) ∫ dx= ∫x dx= 2x 1/2 + C= 2 x + C
–1/2

x
x 1 sin(1 / 2)x x
(iv) ∫ cos dx = ∫ cos x dx = + C = 2 sin + C
2 2 1/ 2 2

Example 27:
Integrate the following with respect to x:
1 1
(i) 4x3 (ii) x – (iii) (iv) cos (4x+3)
x 2x + 3
Solution:
 x3 + 1  4x4
∫
(i)= 4x dx 4 c = + c = x4 + c
3

 3 + 1  +
  4
 1 1 x2
(ii) ∫  x =
–  dx ∫ xdx –
x
= ∫ x dx 2
– ln x + c

dx ln(2x + 3)
∫ 2x + 3
(iii)=
2
+c

sin(4x + 3)
(iv) ∫ cos(4x + =
3)dx
4
+c

Example 28:
5
The integral ∫x dx is equal to
2

Solution:
5 5
 x3   53 13 
∫1 x dx =  3  =  3 – 3 
2

1  
125 1 124
= – =
3 3 3

Example 29:
4
The integral ∫ –1
3dx is equal to

Solution:
4 4
3∫ dx = 3 x  = 3[4 – (–1)] = (3) (5) = 15
–1 –1

16 Basic Mathematics
5.3 Application of integration
• Area under the curve y
y = F(x)

Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx

If we sum up all areas between x = a and x = b then
b
y
∫ f(x)dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.
a

• Average value
x =b

if y = f (x) than or yaverage =

∫ x =a
f(x)dx
x
b–a x=a x=b
x
Area under the curve dx
=
int erval

Example 30:
Find area under the curve of y = x from x = 0 to x = a
Solution:
a
a
x2 a2
∫0 ydx
= =
2 0 2

Example 31:
A gas expands its volume from V to 3V as shown in figure. Calculate the work in this process if
W= ∫ P dV [loge 3 = 1.09]

P=6/V

V
(1) 6.6 (2) 6.9 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
Solution:
3V
W= ∫ PdV
V
3V
6 3V
⇒ ∫ V dV =
V
6log e V  = 6.6 J
V

Example 32:
Calculate average value of current from t = 0 to t = 4 seconds.

I 5A

O t(sec)
2 4
(1) 2.5 (2) 3 (3) 3.5 (4) 2

Basic Mathematics 17
Solution:
b

∫ Idt total area 5×2

Iaverage = a
= =
b
total time 4
∫ dt
a

= 2.5 amp

Example 33:
Calculate average value of current from t = 0 to t = T seconds (T = 2π/ω).

I
I = 5 sinωt

T/2
O t(sec)
T

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 5 (4) 2

Solution:
T

∫ 5 sin ωt 5 T
Iaverage = 0
= –cos ωt 
T
ωT 0

∫ dt
0

1
=– [cos ωT – cos 0] = 0 [ω = 2π/T]
ωT

Concept Builder-5

Q.1 Integrate the following

1 x
(i) ∫ x dx (ii) ∫x dx (iii) ∫ sin 2 dx
6
3/2

Q.2 Integrate the following

10 π /2
(i) ∫ x dx (ii) ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx
3

0 0

Q.3 Find area under the given curve y = x2

y

(1,1)

x
(0,0)

18 Basic Mathematics
6. Graphs
y
6.1 Straight line Equation and its Graph
When the dependent variable y varies linearly
with the independent variable x, the relationship
between them is represented by a linear
C
equation of the type given below. The equation θ
–x x
is also shown in graph by an arbitrary line.
y= mx + c
Here m & c are known as slope of the line and
–y
intercept on the y-axis, respectively.

Slope:
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure to express the inclination of the line. It is expressed
by ratio of change in ordinate to change in abscissa.
y
y 2 − y 1 ∆y
Slope of a line
= m = =slope of tangent y2
x2 − x 1 ∆x
∆y
When the x and the y axes are scaled identically, slope equals θ
y1
to tangent of the angle, which line makes with the positive x-axis. ∆x
m = tanθ
c
Sometimes the slope is also called gradient. θ
–x x
x1 x2

Intercept
It equals to the value of ordinate y, where the line cuts the
y-axis. It may be positive, negative or zero for lines crossing the positive y-axis, negative y-axis
and passing through the origin respectively.

6.2 Parabola Equation and its Graph

A function of the form y=ax2+bx+c is known as parabola. The simplest parabola has the form
y=ax2. Its graph is shown in the following figure.

y = ax2

–x x
O

Basic Mathematics 19
6.3 Trigonometric functions

Among all the trigonometric functions, sinusoidal function, which includes sine and cosine both

is most common in use.

Sine Function: y = sin x

y
1

–1
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π

Cosine Function: y = cos x

y
1

–1
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π

6.4 Exponential function and its graph

Behaviour of several physical phenomena is described by exponential function to the base e.

Here e is known as Euler’s Number.

e = 2.718218

Most commonly used exponential function has the form y = ae–x.

y y

1 a
x x
0 0 1
(a) y = e x
(b) y = ae–x

20 Basic Mathematics
Example 34:
Write equations for the straight lines shown in the following graphs.
y y

(0, 3)
(4/3, 0) x
(a) x (–2,0) (b)
(0, –2)

y y

(0, 5) (0, 5)

x x
(c) (d) (5, 0)

(4, 0)
x
(e)

Solution:
3 3 y x
(a) y = x + 3; (b) y = x – 2; (c) y = 5; (d) + = 1; (e) x = 4
2 2 5 5

6.5 Rectangular Hyperbola

xy = Constant
y

6.6 Hyperboloids
k
simplest form y = (k is a positive constant)
xn
y

Basic Mathematics 21
6.7 Circle and Ellipse
x2 y 2
Circle: x2 + y2 = a2 Ellipse: + 1
=
a 2 b2
where a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept
y y

a b
x x
(0, 0) a (0, 0) a

7. Geometry
7.1 Formulae for determination of area:
1. Area of a square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length × breadth
1
3. Area of a triangle = (base × height)
2
1
4. Area of trapezoid = (distance between parallel sides) × (sum of parallel sides)
2
5. Area enclosed by a circle = πr2 (r = radius)
6. Surface area of a sphere = 4πr 2
(r = radius)
7. Area of a parallelogram = base × height
8. Area of curved surface of cylinder = 2πrl (r = radius and l = length)
9. Area of ellipse = π ab (a and b are semi major and semi minor axes respectively)
10. Surface area of a cube = 6(side)2

11. Total surface area of cone = πr2 + πrl (where πrl = πr r2 + h2 lateral area)

7.2 Formulae for determination of volume:

1. Volume of a rectangular slab = length × breadth × height = abt
2. Volume of a cube = (side)3
t
4
3. Volume of a sphere = πr3 (r = radius)
3
4. Volume of a cylinder = πr2l (r = radius and l is length) a
1 2
5. Volume of a cone = πr h (r = radius and h is height)
3
b

22 2 1
Note : =
π = 3.14 ; π= 9.8776 ≈ 10 and = 0.3182 ≈ 0.3.
7 π

22 Basic Mathematics
 ANSWER KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDERS

CONCEPT BUILDER-1 CONCEPT BUILDER-4

–3 ± 57 dy d 4 d
1. (i) 1, –5/3, (ii) 1. (i)= (x ) + (12x) = 4x3 + 12
4 dx dx dx

2. (i) 2/5, 3/5, (ii) 3/4, 2 dy

(ii)
= 2x
= 2–1
– 6(1) 2x – 6
dx
3. 5050
dy
(iii) = 5x5–1 + 2ex = 5x4 + 2ex
4. 0.98 dx

dy  1 4
(iv) =4   + (–sin x) = – sin x
dx x x
CONCEPT BUILDER-2
dy d 3 d 4 2 d d
π π π 180°
(v) =
dx dx
x + ( ) x –
dx  3  dx
(5x ) + dx (1)
1. (i) 45° × = rad (ii) × = 60°
180° 4 3 π

4 8
4 5 3 = 3x2 + .2x – 5 + 0 = 3x2 + x – 5.
2. sin θ = cosec θ = cosθ = 3 3
5 4 5

2. 270 m3/sec
5 4 3
sec θ = tan θ = cot θ =
3 3 4
19
3. (i) ymin. = –6 (ii) ymin. =
5
π
3. (i) 1 (ii)
90

4. 5
CONCEPT BUILDER-5

x7
1. (i) + c, (ii) –2.x–1/2 + c,
7
CONCEPT BUILDER-3
x
(iii) –2 cos   + c,
1. 2 2 2

1 2. (i) 2500, (ii) 0

2.
2
3. 1/3 4. 350
3. –1

Basic Mathematics 23
 Exercise - I
Algebra 8. Find the value of following:-
1. Solve for x (i) sin 15° (ii) cos 15°
(i) x2 – 12x + 36 = 0 (iii) sin 300° (iv) cos 225°
(ii) x – x – 12 = 0
2
 3π   2π 
(v) sin   (vi) cos  
 4   3 
2. Find sum of roots
9. Calculate the value of following:-
(i) x2 – 2x + 3 = 0
5
(ii) 2x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 (i) If tan θ = ; find sin θ (θ : 0° to 90°)
12
A
3. Which of the following is a quadratic
equation? (ii) 15 find AC
37°
(1) x + 1 = 0 B C

(2) x2 (2x + 3) = 0
(3) x(x2 + 1) = 0 10. As shown in diagram what is the length of

(4) (x – 2)2 + 1 = 0 arc .

1 1 1
4. Find 1 – + – + ........∞
2 4 8
(1) 2 (2) 1
πR
(3) 2/3 (4) ∞ (1) (2) 0.8
100
πR
5. 1 + e + e2 + e3 + e4 + …… ∞ = ? (for e < 1) (3) (4) None of these
200
1 1
(1) (2)
1– e 1+ e 11. Use the small angle approximations to find
1– e 1+ e approximate value for tan 4°
(3) (4)
1+ e 1– e

12. The moon’s distance from the earth is

Trigonometry 360000 km and its diameter subtends an
angle of 42’ at the eye of the observer. The
6. Change Radian into Degree: diameter of the moon is:-
(i) π/4 (ii) 5π/6 (1) 4400 km (2) 1000 km

(iii) 2π/3 (iv) 3π/4 (3) 3600 km (4) 8800 km

7. Change Degree into Radian:- 13. Approximate value of (tan 2° – cos 1°) is:-
(1) 1 (2) 2
(i) 60° (ii) 135°
 π 
(iii) 225° (iv) 240° (3)  − 1 (4) Zero
 90 

24 Basic Mathematics
 Differentiation 19. Particle's position as a function of time is
2
given by x = – t + 4t + 4 find the maximum
14. Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t. x. value of position co-ordinate of particle.

3 1
(i) y = x (ii) y =
x2 Integration
2
(iii) y = x + x + 8 (iv) y = 5 sin x
20. Find integrals of given functions
(v) y = x sin x (vi) y = sin 2x 2
2
(i) (a) 2x (b) x
(vii) y = sin x
1 5
(viii) y = 2sin(ax + b) where a, b are constants (ii) (a) (b)
x2 x2
9
(ix) y = (4 – 3x) (x) y = 4x2 + 2 3 3
(iii) (a) x (b)
2 2 x
15. Find the first derivative & second derivative (iv) (1 – x – 3x ) 2 5

–7
of given functions w.r.t. corresponding (v) x
independent variable.
(i) y = sin x (ii) y = lnx 21. Find integrals of given functions
2
(iii) y = 6x – 10x – 5x
–2 (i) ∫ 3 sin x (ii) ∫ sin3 x dx
(iv) y = sin x + cos x θ
(v) y = lnx + e
x
(iii) ∫ 7 sin 3 dθ

22. Definite integration

dy
16. What is at x = 0 1 4
dx x 
2 2
(i) ∫ 5dx (ii) ∫  2 + 3  dx
(i) y = 6x – 4x + 3 (ii) y = 3x + 2x – 5 –2 –2

2π 1
2 2
(iii) y + x = 16 (iii) ∫ sin θ dθ (iv) ∫e dx
x

0 0
2π π
Application of Differentiation (v) ∫ θ dθ
π
(vi) ∫ cos x dx
0

17. Find out minimum or maximum value of

2
Application of Integration
y = 1 – x also find out those points where
value is minimum or maximum. π
23. Average value of y = sin x in 0 ≤ x ≤ .
2
2
1 (1) 1 (2)
18. For function y = , select correct π
1 + cos2 x
(3) zero (4) 2
alternatives.
1 24. A body is moving along x axis as v = 2t + 3t
2
(i) ymax = 1 (ii) ymax =
2
+ 2 here v is velocity and t is time in second
1
(iii) ymin = (iv) ymin = 1 then find average velocity when particle
2
moves t = 0 to t = 5 second.
(1) (i, ii) (2) (i, iii)
(1) 25 (2) 40
(3) (ii, iv) (4) (i, ii, iv)
(3) 32 (4) 30

Basic Mathematics 25
 Graphs l
[For Q. (28 – 29) use the formula T = 2π ]
g
25. Find the slope and y-intercept of the line. 28. The graph of time period of simple
(i) y = 3x + 5 (ii) x + y = 2
pendulum 'T' &  will be
(iii) x – 2y = 4 (iv) 4x – 3y = 12
T T

26. Find the angle of inclination of the given (1) (2)

√ √
line.
(i) y = x + 2 (ii) x + 3y = 3 T T

(iii) 4x + 3y = 12 (3) (4)

√ √

27. Correct graph of 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 is:

y y
29. Graph of time period (T) &  will be

1 1/3 T T
x x
(1) (2) (1) (2)
 

y y

T T

x x (3) (4)
 
(3) –1/3 (4) –1/4

26 Basic Mathematics
 Exercise - II
1. The angle of 1' (minute of arc) in radian is 4. Assertion: Definite integral of a function is
nearly equal to defined as area under the curve bounded

(1) 2.91 × 10
–4
rad (2) 4.85 × 10
–4
rad with an axis.

(3) 4.80 × 10
–6
rad (4) 1.75 × 10
–2
rad Reason: Definite integral of a function is
always positive.

2. Which of the following is incorrect: (1) Both Assertion and Reason are true

(i) In third quadrant of angle sinθ is positive and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
dy
(ii) For an increasing function >0
dx (2) Both Assertion and Reason are true
(iii) Definite integral of a function gives and Reason is NOT the correct
magnitude of area between given limits explanation of Assertion.
(1) (i) only (2) (ii) only (3) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(3) (i) & (iii) (4) (iii) only (4) Assertion is false but Reason is true.

3. Given below are two statements: 5. Suggest a suitable match among function
Statement I: For every small angle θ, we given in the first column and its description
may use approximation sinθ ≈ θ ≈ tanθ. given in the second column.
Statement II: For very small angle θ, the Column-I Column-II
hypotenuse and the base become (A) sin (390°) (P) Positive
approximately of the same length. (B) sin (-30°) (Q) Negative
(1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is (C) cos 120° (R) Zero
true; Statement-II is a correct (D) tan (-120°) (S) Modulus is greater
explanation for Statement-I. than one
(2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is (T) Modulus is less than
true; Statement-II is not a correct one
explanation for Statement-I. (1) A → PT, B → QT, C → QT, D → PS
(3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is (2) A → PT, B → QS, C → QT, D → PS
false. (3) A → QT, B → QS, C → PT, D → PS
(4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is (4) A → QS, B → PT, C → QT, D → PS
true.

Basic Mathematics 27
 ANSWER KEY

Exercise - I

Algebra

1. (i) x = 6, (ii) x = +4, –3 2. (i) 2, (ii) –3

2 1
3. (4) 4. 5.
3 1– e

Trigonometry

6. Change radian to degree

(i) 45° (ii) 150° (iii) 120° (iv) 135°

7. Change degree to radian

(i) π/3 (ii) 3π/4 (iii) 5π/4 (iv) 4π/3

3–1 3+1 3 1 1 1
8. (i) (ii) (iii) – (iv) – (v) + (vi) –
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 π
9. (i) (ii) 25 10. (3)  = 0.9 × ×R
13 180

π
11. 12. (1) 13. (3)
45

Differentiation

2 –2 dy
14. (i) 3x (ii) (iii) = 2x + 1 (iv) 5 cos x (v) sin x + x cos x
x3 dx

8 4x
(vi) 2 cos 2x (vii) sin2x (viii) 2a cos (ax + b) (ix) –27 (4 – 3x) (x)
4x2 + 2

1 1 –3 –4
15. (i) cos x, – sin x (ii) ,– (iii) 12x – 10 + 10x , 12 – 30x
x x2

1 x 1 x
(iv) cosx – sin x; – sin x – cos x (v) +e,– 2+e
x x

16. (i) –4 (ii) 2 (iii) 0

Application Of Differentiation

17. Maximum value = 1 at x = 0 18. (2) 19. 8

28 Basic Mathematics
Integration

2 x3
20. (i) (a) x + c (b) +c
3

1 5
(ii) (a) – +C (b) − +c
x x

(iii) (a) x3 + c (b) 3 x + c

x3 x6
(iv) x – – +C
3 2

x–6
(v) +C
–6

cos 3x θ
21. (i) – 3 cos x + c (ii) – +C (iii) −21cos +C
3 3

3π2
22. (i) 15 (ii) 21 (iii) 0 (iv) (e – 1) (v) (vi) 0
2

Application of Integration

23. (2) 24. (3)

Graphs

1 4
25. (i) m = 3, c = 5 (ii) m = – 1, c = 2 (iii) m = , c = –2 (iv) m = , c = –4
2 3

26. (i) 45° (ii) 150° (iii) 127°

27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (4)

Exercise - II
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 1 3 1 3 1

Basic Mathematics 29