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DSP Lab Report 8

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19 views

DSP Lab Report 8

Uploaded by

madnir99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Effects of Sampling, Aliasing

& quantization in Discrete


Time Sinusoids

5 / 10 / 24

08
EE-20-A

Muhammad Raza Madni 210401034


Riyan Abdullah 210401013
Lab # 08
Objectives:
1. Simulate and plot two continuous time (CT) sinusoids of 10 Hz and 110 Hz for 0 < t < 0.2 sec.
• Sample both sinusoids at Fs = 100 samples/sec and plot them in discrete form.
• Observe and note the aliasing effects.
• Explore and learn.
2. Simulate a DTCV sinusoid of 1/50 cycles/sample with length of the signal be 500 samples.
• Choose the method of Quantization (round-off, floor & ceil) and apply to the signal generated
above.
• Compute the error signals and SQNR.
• Explore and observe.
Equipment’s:
• Laptop
• MATLAB (software)

Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-level programming language that has been used extensively to solve complex
engineering problems.
Task # 1
Task-1: Consider the following CT signal: x(t) = sin (2 pi F0 t). The sampled version will be x(n) =sin (2 pi F0/Fs n),
where n is a set of integers and sampling interval Ts=1/Fs.
Display the signal x(n) for n = 0 to 99 for Fs = 5 kHz and F0 = 0.5, 2, 3 and 4.5 kHz. Explain the similarities and
differences among various plots. Also mention whether aliasing occurs or not.

Answers:
Following is the MATLAB function code.
% Plotting the two CTCV sinusoids
clear all;
close all;
clc;

F1 = 500;
F2 = 2000;
F3 = 3000;
F4 = 4500;
Fs = 5000;
Ts = 1/Fs;

t = 0 : 0.0005 : 0.2;
x1t = sin(2*pi*F1*t);
x2t = sin(2*pi*F2*t);
x3t = sin(2*pi*F3*t);
x4t = sin(2*pi*F4*t);
figure,
plot(t,x1t,t,x2t,t,x3t,t,x4t, 'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('cont time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.1]);
legend('0.5kHz','2Hz','3kHz','4.5kHz');
title('Two CTCV sinusoids plotted');
grid on;

% Sampling the two CTCV sinusoids


nTs = 0 : Ts : 0.2;
n = 0 : length(nTs)-1;

x1n = cos(2*pi*F1*nTs);
x2n = cos(2*pi*F2*nTs);
x3n = cos(2*pi*F3*nTs);
x4n = cos(2*pi*F4*nTs);

figure,
subplot(2,2,1), stem(nTs,x1n,'filled','LineWidth',2);
title('0.5KHz sampled');
xlabel('discrete time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.1]);
grid on;

subplot(2,2,2)
stem(nTs,x2n,'filled','LineWidth',2);
title('2kHz sampled')
xlabel('discrete time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.1]);
grid on;

subplot(2,2,3)
stem(nTs,x3n,'filled','LineWidth',2);
title('3kHz sampled')
xlabel('discrete time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.1]);
grid on;

subplot(2,2,4)
stem(nTs,x4n,'filled','LineWidth',2);
title('4.5kHz sampled')
xlabel('discrete time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.1]);
grid on;

% Plotting the sinusoids along with sampled versions


figure,
plot(t,x1t,t,x2t,t,x3t,t,x4t,'LineWidth',2);
hold
stem(nTs,x1n,'r','LineWidth',2);
xlabel('time (sec)');
ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 0.05]);
legend('0.5kHz','2Hz','3kHz','4.5kHz');
Task # 2
Task-2 Consider the sampled signal: x(n)= sin(2pi fd n)

a) For fd = 1/50 cycles/sample and N = 200 samples, write a program to quantize the signal x(n), using round-off to 64,
128 and 256 quantization levels. In each case display the signals x(n), xq(n)and xe(n)and compute the corresponding
SQNR.

b) Repeat (a) by using floor instead of rounding.


c) Comment on the results obtained in (a) and (b).
d) Compare the experimentally measured SQNR with the theoretical SQNR predicted by the following formula and
comment on the differences and similarities.
SQNR = 1.76 + 6.02*b [Note: b = No. of bits of Quantizer or bit depth]

Answers:
clear all;
close all;
clc;

part a
fd = 1/50;
n = 0:199;
q_values = [65, 128, 256]; % Three different values for q

for i = 1:length(q_values)
q = q_values(i);
x = sin(2*pi*fd*n);
Px = sum(abs(x).^2)/length(x);
xq = round(x*10^q)/10^q;
xe = xq - x;
Pe = sum(abs(xe).^2)/length(xe);
SQNR = 10*log10(Px/Pe);
disp(['For q = ' num2str(q) ', the Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: '
num2str(SQNR) ' dB.']);

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x); hold on;
stem(n,xq, 'r'); grid on;
xlabel('indices'); ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim([0 49]);
ylim([-2.1 2.1]);
legend('Original Signal','Quantized Signal');
title(['Signal and Quantized Signal for q = ' num2str(q)]);

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,xe, 'k'); grid on;
xlabel('indices'); ylabel('Error');
xlim([0 49]);
title(['Quantization Error for q = ' num2str(q)]);
end
For q = 65, the Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: 328.1227 dB.
For q = 128, the Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: 323.2797 dB.

For q = 256, the Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: 325.0692 dB.
part b
clear;
clc;
fd = 1/50;
n = 0 : 199;
x = sin(2*pi*fd*n);
q = 0 : 20 ; %No. of Digits after decimal points to be retained x = 2*cos(2*pi*fd*n);
Px = sum(abs(x).^2)/length(x);
for num = 1:length(q)
x1q = round(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num); x1e = x-x1q;
Pe1 = sum(abs(x1e).^2)/length(x1e); SQNR1(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe1);
x2q = floor(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num); x2e = x-x2q;
Pe2 = sum(abs(x2e).^2)/length(x2e); SQNR2(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe2);
x3q = ceil(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num); x3e = x-x3q;
Pe3 = sum(abs(x3e).^2)/length(x3e); SQNR3(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe3);
end
figure
plot(q,SQNR1,q,SQNR2,q,SQNR3,'--','Linewidth', 2); legend('Round-off','Floor','Ceil')
grid;
xlabel('Significant Digits'); ylabel('SQNR (dB)');
xlim([q(1) q(end)]);

legend("Position", [0.15551,0.76932,0.20407,0.12347]);
• Rounding: Using rounding for quantization generally gives a higher SQNR compared to floor, as
rounding typically introduces less error.
• Flooring: Using floor for quantization results in a lower SQNR because it consistently rounds down,
introducing a bias and typically more error.
The theoretical SQNR for a quantizer can be computed using:
SQNR=1.76+6.02×𝑏
where 𝑏 is the number of bits.
Or.
SQNR = 1.76+6.02×log (64) = 38 dB
2

SQNR = 1.76+6.02×log (128) = 43.90dB


2

SQNR = 1.76+6.02×log (256) = 49.92dB


2

…the end!

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