Digital cixouits Elp Hon: Functionality iam / + ChayYae cartieaS ar) EX nds CK + nod Ckt b element® are Active = TION- ~BSt0 lop-Aamp main Charge canviess =@ + Nain Cht element ave pomive = RILIC ence of each ae * aenplitude level peoo > OV | COI LV 5 O10D=r2N | 1000 7 dev -Ractos to ConviceY while demaning digital ck! © speed of oration + Depends on appli@tiod Certara applications Should be desqned to operat fasten Cea: compute?) ab compared to oThet Cen: AC combol unit) Where high Spex 'S met a C408. N yi wm + element& © pat conumptiont Pdeoluy gowd be gerd, Proctically ab Arnall os pow ble Depends on tehrotegy wad , aye feenily 3 the nurnbey of tranistos uxd to implement the functionality »@ Bree ob chy Cut '- « decids the aa occupied On Siler : ayet when 4 of tramsto T +s Mereowy ab SET > Power Comamphod + Depends en oppi@hon me ace, compensty , far » Cot woken + thould be ® small ab powide- ————— TOPICS discuned tip Lops AEX 5 counters) + Logic frit r + Compute organzan 09 | Arch tcoture Repeence —BgoKr : digg tol pesign by Mosvig mand + Fundernentals of digital Civ cuits fy A> Aron Cumer .robes “eens ad Study of howd nurmberS ane veprexeniect . 7 Areain nur bey systems One © ovecimal system = Crumans understand) @ aoary syste Cconnputey Lines Std) + Digit + each Symbot in a uM bet + Bare|Radia. No of i. Syratecls in & Number ayer Gan = IG © UNIQUE Sypro bl 4. Oly = 1, ABC DE! Note’ Fox Bok|oada %, Myrnbol with “largest roy nitude = TA (symbol = 0/12 w-1)gn gene val , an lotceen nun ber CN) 1S eepre nie 1D A Number WYSE — N= Bytrr Ors +1 tb Fo -o[ F= vadix4 — vorere. roag nitude of N iS obtained on = weight ob te Pal @ ‘to | leat Oe cant sige: yu Seri = rodt xr Acs ‘~ “he aM: BUD fe 963, (Cos 4102 = Mo no $e © tg COL Ga OD 4 Oe ae Vv BENMIink ¥7. sucewsive diviion bY the ban | stadia wll Qive vA the digits of come spondi weianiS —-_ srasti nq Pore L&B untu the auotent iS ero, Represent 766, 19 binary, octal 3 Hexedecina Bigary- Reminders Ss o O7MSsD 5G, = WO,Herade cinnall La 16 | 2956 1%] 4t @a uso 1e| a F °o @a M30 1. GO = CEH), 8o gerevah a Practional 1M 18 veprexnted od Fotiowo& N=l = PS Nd % aU digits ore C1 SNL > For Ni showin in equation@ Ini}How to find the digits x eck cor vespersting wxigqnt @ -—ntl @xv @ N= + tg BA Tad” te ABD ethene semen % oiSaartded SHU & fractional tern anaes oN -G) + Eat eon 448" stiu a fractional sabes Ferm % piscarded Hem 7 Succensive roultiplicatien by bane | PAA coil main LSLIDHAS Starting fens Ai git until cetal and ot [tov ©6275), = ©. 11), © cctat- 6K = & OGRE: 2 oa, cud of roultipication ©2®,, = 6-5), © wenoctecinal'” oy. cexxle = AO. > eu of reulti pl'ertion, © 6%), = e OeNote 3) a fractional. number doen't have Pinite Bigits abtev the decimal point then it WU have Bpetetive gequence af infinite agits =n! Convert (©.29,, into binary , octal 4 tHexade- ~Cimal @ 02 x2 bao OU xd OF xD (0-2, = (O-lea tues tues - - Des m4 © orn =G> Ob =%2 —7 Repetction Brent 1 ©D,_ = ©. BBdsd-- PapONE a nurokey Pore one is) Gti bom bat GA comest GB), te bane Ss — 48a = Le th, ce. FEES: b- 5 PES BES] o Net pose ob git valine pat Bens cannot be mere than bom Pas b= I]-> Not powible os bore Bhowid be SD dis 2M, = BN, = Os (@o be adkedl ok MSA Question)Biooay <> cctal <> Lerececimal Conversions ectal Binary oO CoO 1 oot 2 O10 3 oO. ” [00 5 tol 6 %. i1o ‘ u ip® one ° ey vernero bering) above cores, aul] bone conversion bet wan bieawy, octal, Heaadeatmal (even bavud an earn be done by converting the Qin cocks to Bary (colthout converting inte decimal)" ex (Ae. BOD) <= —C ———* —————_ ® 4D. BG > ert lb wy > o— Ce © Clo HOl- Oley Woo s bone, © Olen 11 6-270 > skort Born decimal} 7 laravy point group 3 bts and write the ‘ 425 t octal code 3 Gouin deci mat | binary point 2 br oe rite bore -he eal -alent of cool. © 1g6UVol- o101 = (US-29, = el UBODYRepresentation of binedy Nuroben = Gor) v ; . Plopating pant . unsigned + sigh P reaqaitude meprese ation Binary VS Pe, ent \ gin pecienel ef — Binamy = ecole Nay ° 000 B | Bex 5 ©0001 4 tool a oo lo 10 O10 3 ee | vw loll 4 BiL0e 12 1100 5 er WS WO] vy 6 eine WO 4 is hel ov"Signed nurokes «Sey generat urbe can be eithey poytive and ue Srould be able to DepreENt both = fix the, Systers to cpesatl on. epieseniny powitive nunnbeyts poe can Wht ov negative COMPLEEY OF digital is anch usriqned eee Fox the Barmne and ae a ve nip O-bit onary iZ veal rR IM son RRR wr 4 nitude Sign bit =O 7 PORtHINE Hurnbe 6 aign et =! id Nejative nuro ket +10 wepwe RO igned number thee re Sores of sepnerentation © Sign—moqaituce fornn @© VS corpement oven ® 2'& complement fox no)Sigo -yaggitude for sgn Come & 4 —-ve) ley mest bil = tude Lin true form Foot n iA = o Remmat 4 bi Mog, both poRIHive and negative nurnpey ‘et aa = p= tude, sepse en tation magnitude Forno roan D-1 + oO iD nai lat decireal operation + TOO ep rex.ntotions for © Cic0o % cCCCD + St 18 fough|compler to design asitheratic CHWS by WING tS sepre Sem action —sardly welNS complement fond’: ler macst bit = HAO Corwe 4 —-\eD Remaining bu = nitude Lin tye Soren fot postive uM bey and In comple- -mented fons fox negate pucobey S| + positive nurkew = IN tue form) ove = fp VS complement fvro NEG [Replace 18 with 08 x og ith 18 J N be a positive numpey (represented m4 ~~ Let Ud, = ©, DB Ancluding Ban Bt) CN) = O-, — (Nr = (loo... © =p - Or rn 210 * FH VS comple ment _ ee 201.0, - 2 DH ones Ng = We END =(O-D,- We = Oe. Da -()s_ NORAco Fe, s aepun adit nase 1\-© =O ence a 4 Should be converted te and a 0° ‘ " n u a i -vepyerent ation ~ roal 24 WS Com Pement veprerent ti oD) at 1000 “Gre oon atl NG 5 poroaeet | -Y roll ' a: Bane { -3 11 oo - LITh ainilay Aecirrak operon el —a moe IN SYNC coiTh deci mak . eal to oblain one!S complement my wind NoT . . + a . + eam ‘te dexign anit matic operations | circuit H\Sadvact Gyr" £0 had 400. TEPREMNHALIONL (ny coo + 1S compement addition rau remult ID end conv whith has to be added to the Surconnest 18 complement te decimal Sign + Pro lebt moet BIE Comte | 1+ -ve> soqynitude —? fromm gost of the bid [for swe = mognitude-to struc form] (for ne > mone tude (9 kOmplemem forre v extension o& xQn BIT eae flow ‘Te! \ (vivo tt i . ., Sqn bit C tov negosive- it Con be taken exten¥on Os tne one keke the Pxt oO of Sign bit tip enon ies |= of mest ~repYErLoe -—UyaS compement wPrccentabion'- Sqn bit CleNe - om tve) Repre nts Cin t2Uue form Foy POBItiVE numbet® ard in 2's comple ment ferro fox negative nun ress ler nost bt = Renaani 9 bit = + positive nuroke$ = Sa tue form an 21s complement Por . negarie mune = Ceonvest to IS comnpie nent for + add A to it 7 Let N be a pitive number Competent d by orbits including 3igo B™) ON) o = Ws : END io = LM. —Ws = (ieee), Oa 0 ROS Gn al T wa UN DO. 4 noney ¥A Comple rentmole ment rep renmtatt on'- 4-bit 2'8 co decimal 2% 2'S complement Tepetentat on -3 1000 Gog lool ote. HGHe rotoe*! -68 lout —U oo ia =) on it {i in SYN with Amilay decimal Opdatonr gat. and add +1 to Bt 2'5 complement + MOM = COmMPOTtable = to dexigyry OBIT RROERE operations | Cis Cuts DIS edvantages © ROQUIXA an ertya Addy to Add +1 to VS complereant — nurobeycopvest 2S compement to decimal! SO ee Sign —» frors yt roost bit Com ive [1 +-ve) saagynituce > Rsor wert of the bits (for ave mag nitude to true Porn] Thos “Ne > reo nitude. in 2S coro plernenst Fore] ono tts oni > ©Range of Nunobew'- FOX nebit vee tentakon'r ” + Range of ungigned Surmbeys to fe 2-1 oes yess + Rana ch "3 comp Mp ey . Ranog ab 23 lement * Ene By wa “6 Bes: 3(a we Et ano 9+ an@ 1Q\0 3? Igia aaia he ao 1a et (laa ibe aise aad tr loa9 1909 le ~ Qa00 * 009 ar a5 Q- — i- Le = tn = a= = nie = S- _ o- A - foe = - S- fe Wangdwoo $6 [2vave1dweo Su [or bow-o0s VOKUN pew rsad — “GOLpO FOA RII 910-77Pein% ‘te Remenrter + Range of numbers: (An gene val) Sh O Sumber 18 reperentcd On bore 4 had ‘n’ integer Agi ad ‘my Fraction digi then * Iokeger range = © to 6-1) * Frectional mange = (Ga, G57) * Range of binary mug bess : ah a voor ri nerented a N= My: * VaArithroatic opratios with Signed Nurnbeys> @ Addition ef 2S Compement Numbers sss sh a wees Ler A&B be tO NuUMress 19 2S compement forry Cwith n-bi wD = No ove Flt 5 wv No Cammy aK cod tie aie @ AwB= paitive AAD zo tneud Vy corveet WSU 1S ° tel a olloO = Atm rit TOD > No my J But overPicrO en stS ul 1 AatS = 0 +B= +t =00 PHB FID © in conrect 7 Auk [4+ +10]® Asave % Bee @ iA Zz el wv Actt = O11 +®275 = 2p1oul AB = FZ "E15" conn Z No over flow crane 42: 92 Sue a 1 = 101 vol > MO coy % Nggfover 2 (0d f cS Ne ove stow © ire tal Wd Ae -S = Oee) 10 B= +t = Peenovt MR= 42 = Gog ory 3 v No Sowers lord soneCt G2 AeA USL 2© Aiw= negative Ieaele2 | Cneu) Vit as -& = To =~ =1hlol Atm = — 8 convent vesuLt (-& © MB = negative |LrzZ thew) ~y 3 ove Mow the var4ge QireN overt lo o> ott + Acti a poutive 4% Negative Aurore avon, qeealk& In comect TWSule 4 No oves flow & T1090 PATO NUNdbes DEQUIAC 17 Poti vE num bey OF cele +u00 naeline. Numbers TOUS Ip Neqgate numeY = No ovaflovo © GW + Che = Ne o8 EVOACM) = G@ved evel Plowo f ttlHenate 4 Renuttinate arty not Ame Addi qeoo)> any bus No overtlord vis Pecompe ment acktition!> oe re [aect | AA BZ2 © A. positive ANE < © covvect - 1000 [+81 Segue ® aswe O ~e @ iweie no ever £ tow Vv cospect 7 Ault (42>© lava ia fe ese aie Sela OOS AtO= -2 = (1 OD) wecayey and No over Flow covtect FeSult @> @® ane g owe @ iv> 10) Roo = Taree O Be wee Oe! ° A=-S = he B= -5 =Hr01© eee-& (OLY es Correct — el OLY bevel 7 a “4 Tn comvect ve suk (44Dconclu OWS enue TD obtoiD The Final Sunn, end car! added te the initial Ruocw ld be BUN —This ig ‘a draroback eiibicnngatt ee eave ments) ‘ Pow Tadicanon af over eee Luitimatt % penuttinnal Caney =not same] Ud 4+ GVO = Ne cy (ud + Eve) = FNI@ 6 WOr WD of 1 ever leads to over Flor Wwe ved iw Ng 4 & weauired) ftsuptraction sk Signeok numbers Subtraction iS a Special Com of addition. Ler Subrrahend@) is Subtracted Fron (rinGencie Op taxainrtne coutgiponch 4 AiMferen ig © : o- A-®& Fur ther mere AaB wae he ater Pom tive, abica. io 2S complement Porno > then further oohile Per dos ring Rubtrac tion it Suould be compleroenied me moe to obtain IAI in tue pative forn . On fact A-GDH= ABi i plicod ON! Binoy equittplealOr Boric roultiplicanion Tues We AND gal logic Binary roultiplierS daw [be i implemented Py the 4 Ferowing me Hol <— muitiplicowd (PD) Nol = tig % Wooe muttipliey (6 Neo, = ie SCO ooco Noyxitoo, = 13212, pinot ists ltol ry TOO! HOO, = 1S6&\, Noe? sy poulliptfcand ab AO BIA 9 rruttipliey hed 7 BS the product wil have mmienun of MtO bit@ Add — sw} methecl él pabticl products @ popes rcethos by wing alepaitheo § ship! egstePy 3 registers wy A+ nouttipti Cand (20 bit eGistos) B: multiplier Co bit ~egistos> Pi product (29 bit wEQ) StO9D + S\2C of outtiplicomd § muttiplicy = MN bil Eee yf meb bith of a ado Filled ccith os.lky Thol —e anultiplicawd x11 oo multiple = A & Bs Renan es 4 ©000 Ol uc® oc20 COCO) =O = =e 3 oootlel © ou) 000 E00 ®=0 = = coo = e ooeloo oO1© jeccc oe Bo=1 — “= 1 onolcod oO! coucico Co=' - eo WoO WN © 11 910000 n A= muripicand Cn bit veqystor) Bs weutipliey Cn bit weqis tor) PT product ow wu > sarze ch roultipliCaud seduced to 9 bits. N M8B Be of p iS initialed to OO.Algparthey'- Count A= Multipicand Be Muitipliey = ae P20 0¥ x» (OO multipiiey 9 A B Pr Reavis x tol 1100 000 xxxx Bo =O —_—— — 8 not KUO coo0 xxx = BO=D — —_ 2 WoL RAL ©000 OOxx Bo = | —_ —_- ' Woy RPERI oho 100% Be =) : = —> © Wot COOO Ico! 1100 =—DoawWbacks'- a . +@&p each stoge with count b, right t bit ob Paotial product g let i bu rh omsuttipller ave Ween © move efticiemt dean ws 2 ASI On A= roultipliGaad Cr bit8) Pe poduct Con bits) initial?ecd To po. © 7 op MSR BW P are = ‘bea " " Mutt pliey sacastn. Ne CThe above methods of pin multi pl'cation ohe wePul on for unsqned umber. Te nent methool OL poultipitatioN — cam be uni os miy Applied for hotr Signed x canmioyne indege® @® Booths algo sithin': TO undes Stamd the Priloso ply ot Booths le Ws tale me binary Oot of 6M, Oxio= gokg. 7 sO Ns C... operation iS a to oY Bur a OO OD'I BRT suing a, P= pooduct Can.) Both — multiplier aed multipticand ate in 98 comple - ment for mo "Oo mB BW of Pe op. O OLA ou uP = MultiplierAgport hm's count = AS Multipi Gard P= oO multiplet @® A= loll e -A= O1Ol , arts 4 Ou Oro Olt 3 ~~ eoro roll 4 PoP4 =. Sd 2 won coool ole! oN PoP = —F 1 1ou ©P00 joro I PoP = 01 Oo en loll \o1o st PoP — gate Oo«= WOM Cab NMUlHPI IN eootHs algoritnr) owlol-- Ol oF 1O1O-- + tO Bent Com round plier in Booths algorithm ao. -: © wee \ * Booth ceded muttipliey dan be Boron os mpla Ce iO =f@ In a wx b, Jesued,= GD, , then be @s Oe ©s @ ie ® O©rerxex.--,, = C 2% @ 52-4, = ¢ Nur\bev ther) ay 4a wD in cD 1S dA) 1% @ Sn a certain pore, b O24 OUS+OIBt OBS = 223 then b = ———— © 22, HO, = GO. TRH b=D Fo Saigit wpre station, Cs CID, = (C00), Her be = 19) (Q4.62K) 5 = a)(uu. B030-- De D Bo.Ds ©> (1000 - 1000, AD (S.A), iD} femnngereo. Ns kc d oC Qu 1D (B25. 5) (Dec. Ae 6) Vin = 6, bobe of the urobey Bafiern |S Q5 Ho OF DS - 1) Radin ch the number system ip BJ 20 = BI FE NA BDH OF DCeae Codlers s Numetic (only numbers) ar Binaty, BoD: Alplanumesic C Numbers Alphabets + special choy) €a> ARC, Epenic Ghoary Number systerl coder’: Teorfentatie te computer’ O- 0000 Q> 1e0o 1—= 000} 4 100! | 2—o0l\o B= cell oe k-bt binae \> 1011 ->o0loo i a 2> Neo Codes & thay =u 5 > Qo! 6> ye ‘f eortogenehey Yale >o , => ilo > table te humans Brar carte’ we. Four Ay Eis ole we oll 1008 100} ee Note fn eco, each decimal digit wit be eucedeol Seperaely into ith equivalent BcD code insicoad oh converting ik info Binary.\ © ete _ ir 1 6, = |ooo0, = C001 O10 aeons (Beco) Code clown Fi cations + weighted 3 Neon acign eel * Set complementing + sequential ‘ Replective wagers + |Egror Numeric in Bu2\ 100) nn 2u2| hos a 1601 19 82M | hor a Value 1001 + uoeignts an bo | ok pomtive = OF Revo negative weights - Au weights positive —> peBiti ve wxigneed cous. Some = WAHHHS negative ~ Negative oo de ear pues, But 7 positive wxignied codes 6u2-3 , 631-1 Neganvt "Nag Weo¥ ge lene Ven@ ana hus 29 as Prous 8% by ea ne OE r os padQanuan pan eno antoathy 5 = ERDNOH IIZq "OH i T+D Non- weightecl fedes' + BE poSitionk have no ce gnt + Hente nO MSH ot LSB + AU bik have ual Bi Fi Canc En x88 , Gray ©) Sequential codes’ . Preceding @de +1 = succeding code Ent Bu2h, ee. Sdery cu «= X83 eset cog ort Dt smal ° ol SG f* , & + Self —Comple menting ods ae Wek Craw ts - + esental Chat not subficent) condition Ry a (ode to be Sel - comple menting = Sum of all wargnts = 1.eal 2U21, 2M, BU2-3, BUNA 1, RSS © cyele cates + No of Bit position chargy> wo codes = ‘unit distant odd emia mi Ze ayans tooak errors eF Plan coe Lud Soy shapt position eucoder) any 400 | SUC@NS VR ery xo © eaprective code : . tong LCe cpt 3 ooo y oo s O10) ot 6 oO11d 0101 5 oll 0100 8 | 000 1100 4 loo ' yi ol 1100Groy sede ie Roplective methed F o \ Lebir grey code oo d 10 “obit eM C00 coi at do | HO rietor 100 aot" ra OOCO CoOL CO 11 CO10 woo yor WHAT WTS kbt oo att Ot oloo cio (10 roo, 1000 + every Nok of ry one bit » uceful for" wv welul for BoD addihon | su + Sel} serepietrenniny code, ep toda oN NS complemented F we obtain cece OF a'S complement of pBoo to Gyrouy 'r Bo Bri Bno ~~ BL B bo Vv 4 v v - ot Go Gori Grr So en Gray code for decimal @Quivalent ct Wik — io — 1 Oo Vfl (Binary) 7% ot ‘XN 1 \Mo Cc