View Article Online

View Journal

Journal of
Materials Chemistry A
Materials for energy and sustainability
Accepted Manuscript

This article can be cited before page numbers have been issued, to do this please use: Y. Xu, D. Yuan, J.
Bao, Y. Xie, M. He, Z. Shi, S. Chen, C. He, W. Zhao and C. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, DOI:
10.1039/C8TA04005B.

Volume 4 Number 1 7 January 2016 Pages 1–330 This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the
Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been
Journal of accepted for publication.
Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after
Materials for energy and sustainability

acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading.

www.rsc.org/MaterialsA

Using this free service, authors can make their results available
to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited
article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited
and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available.

You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the

author guidelines.

Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes

to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s
ISSN 2050-7488
standard Terms & Conditions and the ethical guidelines, outlined
in our author and reviewer resource centre, still apply. In no
PAPER
Kun Chang, Zhaorong Chang et al.
Bubble-template-assisted synthesis of hollow fullerene-like
MoS2 nanocages as a lithium ion battery anode material
event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible
for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any
consequences arising from the use of any information it contains.

rsc.li/materials-a
 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 1 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B

¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵” ”

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

ãÔãØå³
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

! " # ! $ % & ' ( ( ' ) ) #

-
% * + & #, ) . & #,
/# 0 #+ / 1 ++ .# - . 2 + . .# # .# # . .
#. +# 2 . 2 0 # . # / / + . .# # #+ - # . 0 0- 345 $6 +#
# .2 . # .0 / + # / # .. + 0 # 0 # 7 0 / # #/ 0 #+
0 /0 / .# 0 . . /+# 2 .. .8 0 .. # #+ - + / #/ 0 8 #
+ -/ # #/ . /+# 39:(6 # + # / 8 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- .- / #.
#/# . - - .# ; 2 / # /8 # # / / 1 . /+# # .
2 0 # # 0 0- . + #- 45 $ 2 . +# # - # //
++ 0# / #+ 0 / -/ 3$"6 + #0 ' # . .#/ # :. // / + . .# # +# $"
2 .# # ' / - 0 0 #+ 2 < 0 2 . # +# + . 0 7 0 .0 #+ / + .
.# # - . # . /+# # .0 # 0 2 . /.# /# . // .. #
45 $ /.# . #2 // +# 0 #+ / -/ 0 +/ # 1 + # . / .# # +#
# . + #0 0 . .#/ # . .0 +/ # 1. # +# # # . 7 +# 2
.# .. 2 // # # / # 2. # # . /#21 #. / 1 ++ .# - . - /.#
0# . . . # / / # . 0# / #+ # .# / . /
#2 # . ++ /#2 #. . # # 5#
. -# . # #+ 0#. 2 / .
.# - . +# 0# # #// . ) /
* #// # - # # 0 . . 0 . . # . #+ .# - . . . -# 1- . 0 /. / / ## .
# 0 / / .. 0 # . . #/ 0 . 0 / # . - #0 .. - 2 / .
=1
. # .
1
0# # .# 2 0
#// . 2 1.#/ -/ # . - #0 .. / . ; #2 / . + . - . .
#// .# 2 0 / # # #+ . / +# // .# - - + # .# #
/ # . . /+ / . # #// 0 .. # .
=1>
7 . . ' . # #+ #// . 1 = :/ #. . /
. #+ 2 . 2 #// - # .# . 0 . .0 / + - # ' # / ## .
. 2 #+ #/# / / #-/ 0. - . 0 0- 2 #0 0 .< > #/
0 #+ . / # 2 # / 0 / + / #+ - . # # ./ 2 + #0 . # / .
## # ++ .
? @
. . / . #+ #/ 0 +/ / # / #. /. # - 2
. + +# + 2 # ' ;/ #0 / / 0# . . + .? * . #+ - . 2 #
+ #0 2 . 2 7 // #2 # .2 + # 0 # . . // / 0 / +# 0 0 0- . . / .
- /# # 0# . + #0 2 . 2 / # . / / . + . + # #. ./
.# #
1
# #
=
+/ #
< >
## / ..
? @ -/ . + + # / . // 0 / # .
/ # 0 / ' . .# # 0# 0 - #2 # 0 0- 7 . + . 0 ;
.# # ' . / . . / #. #+ - # . 0 0- . #0 . 0 /. +#
/ # . .# # +/ # #+ #// . + #0
?1
# 0 2 5# 0 / $ + - #/
3 / +/ # 6 #/ # 0 #+ - # . 0 0- -
!! " . /+1 #/ 0 8 # #+ #/ # 0 # +- . +
#
$ %! %! . /. 0# . . #/ 0 8 # 0 / #
& ' ( .# # . +# 0 / -/ 3$"6
!! )
Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: [details of any
.# # ' / - 0 0 2 . -# = 0 = )#0 -/
supplementary information available should be included here]. See & # A1 /# 1- . #+ - # . 0 0- .
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³¥³ ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 2 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

- 0 / #..1/ ; 2 #/ 3 / 6 +# 3) 6 (# 0 1. . /+# 3((C H6 0 /

0# / #+ $" #..1/ ; #+ - # . 0 0- . 0 / 3$$ 6 0 3 6 0 /# 3$ 6
. # > 0
=
5 0# B . ' #/ //#2 3J 6 2 . / + #0 / )#
+ 1. #+ - # . 0 0- 0 / 1 3( ) 6 # 8 3 6 2 2 . . # #
.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

# 0 / -# 8 # # .. #+ - # .
=
0 0- # / ' /- 0 = 0 * . . . //
!" #
// #+ - -.# - . .0 / # ./ #.. ..
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

+ . 0# / .# # 2 0 # .. . . . #+ 0 / 3$$ 1((C 6 # #/ 0
9#/ . /+# 39:(6 . / # #- #/ 0 . 3 -- . $(6 2 . # $ 2 0
- 2 / . - #0 / +## 2 .#/ # - ³ # / + / #/ 0 8 # "C 2 .
+ # + / . #2 # . // 0 / 0 / # . # 7 / # 2 . . +#//#2.
0 / . -/ ## # .. -/ . . + /01+# 0 ((C > >? 2 = $ 2 / 1
#
= 1=?
%#2 / ; #+ + # / # . +# 9:( /.# ; -# / + . # # ./ # #- #0# # .
/ # . /0 / # 2 - # #0 - # . / 1 //#2 .#/ # - --/ 2 # +# 0 @
0# + # 0 . .
=@ =
5# . ) $$ <= "C 2 # 0
/ 1 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- . . 2 . # ? - # 0#. .
#..1/ ; #/ 0 8 # 7 +# + # / 8 9:( #+ < 0 +# > 7 0 .. # #+ 0# #0 . 30 /
#+ - # . 0 0- . . #2 #- # . .# # - / +# 0 / .# 0 . . /+# 6 2 . #+
# . #2 # # # #+ -# / # . .#/ .3 $ 2 6 2 . /.# . # / - #
. /+# # .
<
# -/ . . ((C . . . . 2 . .# 0 1. . /+#
.0 / . 0#. / 2 +# . /. / # # # 3 H6 + 2 . . / # 2 . 2 .
0# + 9:( 0 0-
=@
. 5 0# 2 0 / -/# ; / 2 #/ # . / K
# #/ 0 . . +# 9:( -/ 0# + # . # #- 0# = - # # #- $( # #/ 0
. 0 . # / . - / 2 0 0- . -.
$% &
2 / # / . 0 . 2# / 0 # #
< 1<=
0 0- . + - . #+ . + . # ++ 7 9:( $( -/ .#/ # . 2 . # + - / #.
7 +# 2 .# #0- # #+ + # / # . #+ - # . 0 0- . 7 . .#/ # . 2 -
. + 0 #+ - # . 0 0- 2# / # ..#/ 9:( $( # #/ 0 $ ++ 0 .. #.
. # .# - 2 + . 0# / ++ .# # +# = ? -K / #. #+ -/ . /.
+# # . ' 7 . 0 / # # 2 . + . $(1 2
. 2# ; 2 /# + / # +# + - # #+ . 0 .. # #+ $( 7 . .#/ # 2 . /#
/ + . .# # #+ - # . 0 0- 345 $6 7 # . # # 1 . / .. . / /
0 / # #/ 0 #+ 0 /0 / 3$$ 6 .# 0 32 0 #+ 006K #/ #+ < ;F
. . /+# 3((C 6 2 . . .8 + -/ # + #+ < 00 0 2 / # . 7
9:( # + # /8 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- - / #. # .. 2 . # ##0 0 3 -#
/ #. #/# $ / -/ 3$"6 2 . . . < -6 7 / #. #+ - . 2 #// - 0 //
0# / # . .# # -/ $# 0 # / # #// 0 2 2 . / 0 2 + #0 /
. / D . - .# ; 2 / # /8 # 2 . #+ 0 # $(1
. + 0 # #+ # / . /+# # .2 . . 0 / 2 . .# ; 2 +# <0 / # /8 # #-
0 ; -/ 0# # / 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- 2 . 45 $ . 0 / 5# #0 .# 9:( #+ - # . 0 0-
/.# #- . // 0# . # . / + . 2 # $( 2 . . 0 / #. # ..
.# # +# $" $ 2 / / -/ 0 0 $ )$ 3 2 26 .#/ # 2 . . . .#/
+/ # 1 + # . / .# # .0 +/ 1 # # +# 0 #+ - # . 0 0-
. # -/ 2 . . . 0 // #
# / # .. + 0 # 2 .+ # + 0 ' )#0 #. # #+ #+ - # . 0 0- . #.
/ + . .# # 0 .0 2 . /.# . .. / # ..
9:( $( # #/ 0
9#. # ..
L2 HM L2 HM
$(1 < N
$(1 < < < N
$(1< < < N
// 0 /. 2 #+ . 2 # +
$(1 < N
+ # 9#/ . /+# 39:( 4/ .# :> 96 2 . .
+ #0 " (5 0 / #0 3E 0 6 $ / -/ 3$"6 45 $ < $
0 / #/ 3$F6 # 0 " 3 "6 C CG1 0 / 0 N³ . . . 0 / .2 2 # #. # .. K ³
3 $ 6 /# #0 3 )$6 # /# 3%)/ >1 @H6 $ . . . 0 / 2 . .# ; 2 +# <0
2 . + #0 ) I /# ) 0 / )# B / # /8

³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 3 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

() * 2 # %)/ .#/ # 3 0#/ B6 + .# #

7 # / +/ # +# .+# 0 + 3 7 157 6 ' /- 0 . 0 / 2 .2 . 2 2 .
2 . # # C #/ <> . #0 3C #/ )# 4( 6 !1 .# # 0 7 .# # 1 .# # # .. 2 .
## / # . #. # 3!9(6 2 . #- 2 !( $@ +# / . . . 0 #+ - # . 0 0-

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

/ # . #0 3I #. / / 4I6 ( / # . 0 / $" # # . 0 + . %)/ .#/ #
0 #. # 3(:$6 0 . . . . 3: (6 2 7 0 +/ # 0 +# $" .#/ # 2 . #
#-. . $(1?< 5 (:$ 3 : B 6 7 C .# # 1 2 ./ . +/ # #+ 45 $ . 0 / 2
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

.# # .# 0. 2 0 . - ":B( 910 .# # 0 #+ < 0 2 . / < 0B $" .#/ # 2

. 0 3":B 6 7 . + . + 2 . # # #+ = P0#/ B 2 . +# # .. #
/ / - " 1:00 17 // 3":76 0 # #+ - # . 0 0- . 0 0 + +/ #
" 1# 1% / 3" %6 0 # 2 . . # / / 0 $"1/# 0 0- 2 . / - < 0B %)/
. - # . #+ # .8 * # / 3*) 6 2 . .#/ # 3 0#/ B6 +# . + . # + - 2 . -
# - . 7 7 # / . #0 3" #/ ( + 2 #+ - # . 0 0- 2 . . #
(2 6 ' 2 # ##0 0 +# 0 -# + / # 0 # / . / -/
7 / 2 . 0 . 7 0 +/ # # ..
+, ! 2 . ; . #- / 0 # # . #+
$" .#/ # - +# + +/ # 2 # - 4F1
7# . .# # . + - #+ - # .
. . 7 +/ # 1 + # ++ 359:6 . . #
0 0- . 2 # . -# = 0 #+ .
/ +/ # -/ - +#//#2 ' #
2 # / .. -# / # 0B #+ $" .#/ # 2
/ # # #+ < O0#/ B " .# # 0 . FPE (%) = C ( MB ) f / C ( MB ) 0 × 100 %
2 +# 0 2 . ; . #+ 0 ##0 7# . .# # - # +# ++ # .
0 / ' /- 0 0 2 . 7# . -# # . 3$" $F "6 # . 3$
0 .# # +# 0 # # . #+ $" J 6 2 . +# .# # 0 . 7
.#/ # . ++ 0 /. 2 0 - 4F1 # # .2 - 4F1 . . # # #0
?< . # # #0 3( 0 8 )# B 6 2 / #+ >> <@= << =>? < @ = 0 . /
2 / #+ >> 0 7 .# # 3' 6 #+ 7# .# # / # . . . +#
0 0- .# - . 2 . / / - +#//#2 ' # . # #+ - 0 .. . 02 # $"
qe = V (C 0 − Ce) / m $ 2 0 0 .. #2 / # # #+
O0#/ BK 45 $ . 0 / 2 . / # 0
7# + . .# # ; . .# # .# 0.
. .#/ # # .# - . "J 0 .#/ # 2 . /.#
45 $ . 0 / . 2 / # $" .#/ # . 2 /
# . 0 2
# # . #+ = < O0#/ B
7# + 0 .0 + . . / +/ #
. / # ++ #+ % # $" .# # 2 .
0 +/ # 2 . /.# / # $" $ 0 .
. #+ 1 2 / # # #+ <
.#/ # 2 . 0 0 # .0 # -# 7 .0
O0#/ B
+ . . / 1 +/ # # .. 2 . /.# +# / .
7# . / -/ #+ -.# - 45 $
7 # # . - +# + +/ # 2 # -
. 0 / ' / - 0 $" .#/ # 2 . 2 . 2

( 0 // . # #+ # #+ / + . .# # #+ - # . 0 0- . . +
0 # #+ # / # .

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³ ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 4 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

4F1 . . # # #0 7 +/ # 1. # ++ 35(:6 , . . !9( . #+ #+ - # . 0 0- . #

. . # / . / . # -/ - +#//#2 . 0 / #0 #. # . #+ . + . 7 0
' # ;. > @ @ @> @ < @ ?@ @ F $(1 . 0 /
C ( MO) f 2 . - # - #+ ( . ( ) . .

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

FSE (%) = ×100% 3 6 . / * $$ 1((C # #/ 0 2 . #
C ( MO)0 + C ( MB)0
# #+ - # . 0 0- . 2 ;. ? F
<
+# C . = @ F +# C 3 6 $ 2 / . #+
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

. -.# # - . . 2 . 0# #+ $(
$-
# #/ 0 -/ // . 0#
$ ) * #+ ((C # . / #. #+ - # . 0 0- . 7
7 157 !9( / . . . . $$ 1((C
7 0 / $( # #/ 0 2 . . .8 - # # /
# #/ 0 - . ..+ // -/ # 9:( #+ - # .
+ / #/ 0 8 # #+ $$ ((C 7 / 0# #0
0 0- .
((C 2 . /8 +# + # / 8 # #+ #+ - # .
% . #2. . / # 0 #. # 3(:$6 0 . #+
0 0- .K 2 / # #- 0# #0 $$ 2 . . / #
#+ - # . 0 0- . 2 . #-. //
0 . -/ 2 0 << <> . . #2 %
0 0- . 2 #0 #. #+ #0 # 2
# . # 0 / . . #+ -# 2# . 0 .
+# 0 #+ - . . # - # +# 0 # #+ 0 # .
2 # + 0 - % C$ . 0 7 ;.
## . . . 0 0- . 7 . ## . . # /
0 /. + #+ > 0 ?= 02 -
/ 0 .. .+ .. #+ / ' -
# - 8 #+ ((C 7 ; > 0 - #
0 # # - 2 .# - #// .
0 / $$ 2 . /.# #-. 7 +# 0 # -# = <@
2 + # # .. 5# $(1 . 0 /
# + 0 $( # #/ 0 2 . . ..+ //
. + 0# #/# # # / + 2 - . 2 . #-.
. .8 7 / #+ + / #/ 0 8 # 2 . -#
2 . . + . #+ $(10# + #+ - # . 0 0- .
>? < H 2 2 . / / + #0 0 .. # #+ # .
2 / / .0## - 1+ 2 . /.# #
.
/ #. -/ 2 . . + / 0 # 2 $( # #/ 0
7 $( # #/ 0 9:( 2 ..#/ $ # #
2 . # # . .#/ # . / . +
/ #. # .. . . #2 . .. 0
# #+ - 0 7 . - # # / -
# / / 1 . /+# # . R
/ . +#//#2. 7 # #+ C # . + #0 $(
0 / # #/ 0 # / 0 # #
# #/ 0 . . D D .
#+ - . . + . # / 0 + .
. . . 2 //1; #2 # // . # #+ / #.
# 0# / ++ +# # . 7 0 /
+- . .# . /+1 /. # #+ .. . 7 . .
. . #+ #+ - # . 0 0- .2 / 8
0# / .2 - / #. D
- 7 157 . . . #2 % ! 7 .# # ;.
. # /# # +# . 2 0 #. # D . + //

% !# 57 . ,# !9( 2 . #+ #+ - # . 0 0- .
1
< < <?? 0 2 #-. +# // . 0 / . 2 / # . -. // . . .0 // 0 #+
< >
2 . - # . - # . #+ )Q -# . #+ - # . 0 0- * . 0 . #+ #+ - # .
. /+# # . . 2 // . #0 - 8 . #+ 9:( 0 0- 2 +# # . . # #+ $(
)#0 2 . 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- 3$(1 6 2# # #/ 0 . - . . # / . +# #+ .#/ #
1
2 ;. 2 #-. ? ? 0 . #+ . D . 0 + #0 - . -
$(10# + #+ - # . 0 0- . 3$(1 < $1< $(1 / #. +# . . / / # / 0 . +#
. 0 / .6 2 2 # - # . /+# .# 0 # . #+ - # . 0 0- . 7 . # 2 . # ..
<? > >
+ #0 ((C . -# / # . + #0 $$ . / % 2 # . # .

¨³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 5 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

% 7 (:$ 0 . 0 . - # . #+ #+ - # . 0 0- .

³7 C .# # .# # 0 . 2
# # / . + # #/ 0 # $ !
0 #+ / #. #+ - # . 0 0- . . . #2 % #// . / 0+ / # ' #. . 0.
. /.- . # ":7 " % 0# /. / // 0 / .. / # 0 / -/
. 0 / . - . + . + # #. 3$"6 2 . . / . #// # . .# #
# . 2 # / + / 2 . 2 # +# 0 #+ #+ - # . 0 0- . . /.
>
# 0 . ++ . # . % (! ( / + . / # .# #
7 # / #+ 0 0- . 2 - / - +# 0 2 . #-. 5 . $(1 . 0 / -
>= ><
. #0 #. # . +/ # .# # /#2 .# # - / #2 $" 2 / . + / .
>>
+# 0 2 . 2 + # % 2 # .# # 0# 2 . +# $(10# + . 0 / .
/ 3*) 6 0 . 0 2 . # # 8 $# # . 2 . 0# #- # . 2 .
# / # #- #+ 0 0- . . + 3% $6 0# #+ -/ $( # #/ 0 5# 0 /
7 $(1 . 0 / - / # #- + 2 ' / - 0 .# # 0# #+ $(1 < . 0 / 2 . @ =
*) #+ S . # / #+ 0 0- 0 2 / / 2 . . # @> ? > 0 +#
. + 2 . 0 # // - # $( # #/ 0 $(1< $(1 . 0 / . /
+# 0 / *) +# $(1 < . 0 / 2 . S . #- #+ - # . 0 0- . - # /
# = ?S +# $(1 . 0 / C / .. $(10# + 9:( / # # . 0# / +# 2 + # ( #
#+ - # . 0 0- . . // - # #- # // $(10# + #+ - # . 0 0- . - / /
#.. -/ / # ++ # .# # +# 0 + . .# # # .. +# $" # / .# #
% + 0 # 0 +# # / 2# / - ' /- 02 > 0 2 .- . #+ # #.
# . .. +#//#2 . # . . + . + + #0 / #. #+ - # .

% $ *) . #+ #+ - # . 0 0- . 7 / + 0 . # . # # *) / .2 2 #
00 / # 2 0 0- . +

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³©³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 6 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

0 0- -/ . # .. .# - ./ # / # # #+ P0#/ B6 ++ -.# # 0
>?
0 # . . . +# .# # # .. 7 2 /. 3 . 0 / .2 0# + .# # 6 # / -
$(1 2 . .# ; 2 +# < 0 / # /8 / + . #-. #/# #+ $" .#/ # + #0 ; -/ #
.# # #+ - # . 0 0- 345 $6 2 . #- 7 / -/ 2 . #+ .# # 0 /

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

45 $ .# # ' / - 0 + . .# # 0 . #/# / .. 2 <0 2 # . -/ ++
# 3< 0 6 2 2 .0 + . $(1 . 0 / 3 > +# / + . .# # #+ 45 $ . 0 / 7 /
0 6 7 2 . #. D . + 0 #+ .# ; 2 # / . # 2 . /.# . # - # #+ 4F1F . . #+
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

/ # /8 # . 0 / - / / + . $" .#/ # . 0 . . #2 % (/ 7
.# # ++ . #+ 4F1F . . . 2 .

% ( !# 7 0 1 .# # 0# . #+ ++ #+ - # . 0 0- . +# $" . ,# 7 .# # +# 0 #+
45 $ # . / # # . )# / ## . . #2 #/# . #+ $" .#/ # + - 00 .
45 $ . 0 / /# # #+ 4F1F . . #+ $" .#/ # . + - .# - - 45 $ . 0 / 2 .
.# # 0

.# # 0 # + 0 // . $"
$$' .%! # # . .#/ # - . . #+ . . /. 2
% ( . #2. / + . .# # +# 0 #+ 45 $ # / .# # #+ 45 $ +# $" 2 . / + .
. 0 / . . #2 % (, . 0 / - .# # # .. 0 0 0 #+ < 0 2 . . ++ +# $"
.# # # $" ++ # # . / . .# # # ' /- 0 (0/ / + . .# #
#+ .# # 0 .# # ./#2 # .. . +# $F " .2 /.# #-. . . #2 %
#2 // / # .# # . # - # ./ $ 7 ; -# #-. # . # # 2 . # /
# #+ .# # ++ . .0 / / # 45 $ # / / # . 2
# #+ . .# 0 0- . + 0
$" # # .#/ # 7 + . .# # 7# - . .# # - / #+ 45 $ #2
/ . 0 . / + #0 . #+ - $" .# # ; . .# 0. 2 . +# / 8
. . # 0 0- . + $" .# # # .. . /. . #2 % ( +
# # .#/ # %#2 2 / . . ' $ 7 . /. . . .# #
0- #+ . + . . # # #+ $" - # 2 . + 2 // 2 . #1. # 1# ' #
.#/ # . 2 // . / . #+ /. +# . 0# #/ B 0 .# # # ..
0# $" 0#/ / . /# 2 .# # # .. .# # * 2 . 0# ++ #+ .#/ # % 3 T 6 # .# #
> 2 . /.# . 3% 06 2 . # #- # . ++
. / # .# # ' /- 0 5 0#
2 . #+ / $" # # . .# # 7 ++ .# # 2 %
' /- 0 .# # 0# . #+ . 0 / 2 #- / . . 45 $ # / - . .
>
#2 # 0# . ++ # / -/ - 2 $" /; / # 0 .
>@
0#/ / . .# - . . # 0 0-
% () . #2. / ## #+ $" .#/ # . 32 $(-

³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 7 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

% + !# 9 +# 0 #+ 45 $ / . #+ # - $ %)/ .#/ # +# .# # 1
.# # #+ $" ,# (:$ 0 #+ 45 $ + / . 0 .

/ .# - # / .# - 0# #+ . . /. # + 0 45 $ - //
.# - - . #+ /0 .# # . . %#2 . # / -/ . # #0 - + .
.. / - . -/ +# .# # # . / # #. . + / #+ 2 + #
?
+ #0 # #0 / .-/ 7 - / #+ .# - #
. . . +# . # / # // $+/
#. #+ .# # # .. 0 ; # #0 0# 7 -# - .# # . /. # + 0 45 $
. -/ . // +# . / / # . .# # / - / +# $" 2 0
7 .# # ++ #+ 45 $ +# $" - $ %)/ .#/ # #.. -/ # / 45 $ # /8 / ++
2 . /# - 0 . 0 .# # 2 . 2 + # +/ # # .. 7 +# 2
=
0# . . #2 % 1 . . . $"1 + . 0 +/ # +# 0 #+
.# - . 0 / # / - ./ - $ %)/ 7 45 $ +# $" . /. . % 0 3
# / -/ ++ #+ 45 $ +# $" . - . -/ $" .#/ # 3= P0#/ B6 + /
.# # 2 . + / - 0 . . .. # 45 $ 2 +/ #+ -# 0B 0
.# # .# # / . 3% +!6 2 . / / . #/# / .. 2 2 . #- D . + + 2 . # . 7 2 #/
45 $ 0 .# # # # /# .#/ # 0 +/ # 2 . # +# + . # .. 3 . <
0 2 / . 0 / 0 .# # 0B $" .#/ # 6 7 . # . +/ # +# 0 #+ 45 $
++ #2 . $" 3 / @ H #+ # / . 0 / 6 >> ? ?
2 2 .. # # # . #
+ / . 7 ./ . / -/ ++ 2 . .# # . . 2 .. -/ //#2 # #+ $"
# -/ # 2 . #+ .# - 2 . / +/ # / # . 7 4F1F . . #+ $"
> 1
/ 0 . (0/ . /.2 /.# # # / . .#/ # - +# + +/ # 3% 0,6 /.# . .
?
$" .2 /0#. .# - #0 / / 3 / H6 - .
# 0# #/# #+ 45 $ + # 1 0 +/ # 3 0#. . % 0!
.# # / . 2 . #-. - (:$ . - . + #0 % +, + . ..+ / # - +/ #
. 0 / . // ; ## + - # . 0# #/# 2 # 0 #+ < 0B %)/ .#/ # $ 2 / / #/#
5 0# 7 157 !9( / .. 2 +# 0 # #+ 0 0- . /+ # . . #+ % 0! /.# /
+ ++ #+ %)/ 0 .# # # .. # / .# # .# # # ..
0 /. #+ 45 $ . 0 / . . #2 % 2 5 0# / -/ +# 0 +/ # 2 . /.#
. ..+ / .# # # # .. 2 . . .. /# . . #2 % 0) 45 $ # / 0
5 0# 2 . # #- # . #-. +# 45 $ +/ # + # ++ + / . #+ - # .
- +# .# # + / . #+ .# # / 0# #/# 2 . /.# . 2 // /
1 1
( # . - # ; ? 0 57 . .. 3% 46 // 0 +/ # 0 2 .
( . ( ;. !9( . 0 # # . // # + 0 / + . .# # +# 0
%)/ 0 # . # 0 / . # / . # # # /# 45 $ +# 2
. + # / #+ 45 $ 7 . #+ C . +/ # 1 + # / # . // . % 0/
C 3 6 ;. 2 . / ; / # +# 0 # 0# / #+
R 1
.# 0 /# . / + #0 # #+ C )/ // $0 3

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³ ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 8 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

% 0 !# 0 +/ # 0 . #+ 45 $ +# $" + . .# # .# # ,# 4FQ . . #+ $" .#/ #

- +# + +/ # )# 5 / # + # ++ +# ++ +/ # Q # / . /# ( 0
// . # #+ 0 +/ # +# 0 #+ 45 $

7 .# # - # #+ 45 $ +# ++ .2 .. # . #+ $ J 2 #. - .
- 2# / ; . #+ . ++ 2 # 2 / . . 7 . .
. . ' # . .#/ # 2 +# / + / # // 0 . #2 % 5 . . #2 % 1! 45 $ -
.# # 0 .0 7 # . #+ $" $F " . + .# # -/ #2 $" $F "K # .

% 1 !# 7 .# # 0# . #+ 45 $ +# # . # # . ,# ( # 0 .0 #+ 45 $ +#
# . # . )# 9 # # . #+ . / .# # #+ 45 $ +# $" + #0 $" $ 0 /# 7
# . # 4F1 . . #+ .#/ # . // . .K # " + #0 " J 0 %# 7 # . # 4F1 . .
#+ .#/ # . // . .

³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 9 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

.# # 0# . #+ $ J 2 ' /#2 ( 0 / #/# #+ $" $ .#/ # + #0 ; # //#2

. /.2 #-. - . / ++ + #0 . % 1! # . # # #/# #+ $ 2 0 / #
( 0 ; -/ ++ # / - / # / . / 3$"6 2 . . / / .# - - 45 $ 2 .
.# # 2 . . # . -/ +# .# # #+ # . 2 / # 3$ 6 0 2 7# 0# . 4F1 .

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

/ #. # . / 0 # #/ +# . #+ .#/ # // . . . #2 % 1/ )#0
<?
.# # #+ # . % # - . . #+ . . /. 2 #. #+ . $" $ .#/ # . -.# # ;.
2 # / 45 $ - / . / .# # #+ $" 3>> 06 $ 3=>? 06 0 .#/ # /0#.
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

-/ +# # . 2 2 . 0 / . / + #0 . - /+ # . #+ # # . * /
++ / #. # . . // . % 1, . / .#/ # .# # ; #+ $" /0#.
# . - # # . + #+ 45 $ #2 # . + .# # 2 . # / ./
- / .# # . .K 2 / # . #+ $ # + 0 $" 2 . . / / 0#
<
. # - .# - - . #+ / #. /. # .# + #0 $" $ 0 (0/ / " 2 . /.# . / /
<?
. # # .. # / - " . . .# # 0# + #0 "J 0 . ..+ // 3% 1 %6 C#
0# +# $F 2 . ?>< 0 2 2 . #+ $" . / .# # # .. # / - 0 .
3> 0 6 7 ++ #+ .# # 0# . - 2 $F #0 . / # #+ 45 $ +# / + .
?=
$" 0 - #/ 0#/ / 0 .. #+ $F #+ $" . # . + #0 0 .
* / .# # 0# +# " 3 < 0 6 2 . 0 ; -/
/#2 #. #+ $" $F 0 / # / . $1 "
?
0#/ / . 8 #+ " " . # + . 1. / .# # - # #+ 45 $ .0
7# + /# . . / .# # # 0# +/ . # +# 0 +# # # .2 .
+ # ..2 # - ; $" $ 30 .. # #+ + /# . /. . #2 % 2 3 $
6 " J 30 .. # #+ 60 .#/ # . . 0 / . . ( .2 . $" $ 2 0 0 .. #
# / . . #2 % 1) 0 .#/ # #+ 2 . 0 / # # . #+ O0#/ B 2 #/#
$" $ 2 . ; ( -. ' / 45 $ 2 . / # # ; 7 0 .#/ # 2 . +# # +/
0 .#/ # +# 0 . ; # + // .# - . 7 # 45 $ +/#2 #+ -# ? 0B 0

% 2 !# (0 +/ # 1. # 0 . #+ 45 $ +# $" $ ,# 4FQ . . #+ $" $ 0 - +# +

+/ # )# 5 / # . # ++ +# ++ / . /# ( 0 // . # #+ .0 +/ # 1. # #+ 45 $ +#
# # .

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³ ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 10 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

//#2 .#/ # 2 . #- +/ 7 2 . #. 7# + / ++ #+ 45 $ . # /
$" 2 . - 45 $ 2 / $ . // .# - +# # . .# # +# 0 +# $"
0 +/ 2 . /.# . # - 4F1 . . / ' / - 0 0 30 6 ' - 0 30 6 '0 -
#+ .#/ # - +# + +/ # 3% 2,6 / / # 30 6 2 #0 2 #. #+ # #+ -

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

# # .0 + / . # +# 0 .# - . # # ./ . . #2 ' 0#. #+
%)/ .#/ # 2 . . # / . $" / . .# # ' / - 0 0 #+ #+ - .# - . +# $" . > 1
# .. 2 . #0 / -# = . 3 3 (6 7 / -/ = 0 - # ./ .# # ' / - 0 ++ #-
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

= 1=
2 . /.# /# . . #2 % 2) 45 $ # / 0 . 2# ; . 0 #+ # / .
< ?<1@
/ H +/ # 1. # ++ + / . 7 7 2 . # . # .# # ' / - 0 +#
(:$ 0 % # + 0 45 $ # / 0 ## #+ - .# - . + #0 0 # + 2 # . # #2
#+ - # . 0# #/# + / . 0# . . / + . .# # +# # . .
# / / / # . .0 +/ # 1. # +# . . # - 2 + # + 0. 45 $
# # . . // . % 2/ +# . . # . .# - . # / / # .
2 . 2 + #
$2)

' )#0 .# #+ ' /- 0 0 ' /- 0 .# # 0# . 0 0 0 .# # . +# $" - 45 $

# #+ - # . 0 0- . 3C5$6

:' / - 0 0 ' - 0 '0 - / / #

.# - . +
30 6 30 6 30 6
9F 5 9 C5$ = ? ?= =
; C5$ > ?> ? ?<
/# 1- . C5$ > @= @ > =< =
#/ /# C5$ > @ =? = ?>
#/ . /+# C5$ >< =?@ => <
/# 9F C5$ = ?@ > ??
$ .# # # . -# C5$ < = ?@
9F 9 U9 C5$ ?< ==< ? =? > ?
9$$ 1 E C5$ > ? > @< @
) -# # . C5$ = ? @ @> =
#/ . /+# C5$ < > > < 7 . 2# ;
. / #+ 2 # / . . #2 % 4! $#
. / / #. 9:( #+ - # . 0 0- -
$4 # #- # / # + - -/ 2 $(
. 0 # -# / + . .# # +# 0 2 . # #/ 0 K 2 # / #+ $(1 . 0 / 2 .
#- D . - 0 #+ - .# ; 2 = ?S /0#. # . 2 . #-. + .
/ # / 8 # +# . $(1 . 0 / 7 +# # . . # . / / . # / 2 . +#
# / + . .# # 0 .0 2 + . 45 $ . 0 / . + 2 - 2 # / #+
# . #+ $(1 . 0 / 45 $ . 0 / +# # . < =S // . # = =S + . # / -
7 (:$ 0 . % $ 0# . 45 $ 2 . # / # #- $(1 #+ - # . 0 0- .
. 0 / / #0 #. #+ 2 +# 0 #0 # .+# 0 # / # / 45 $ D . + 0
#+ - . 0 2 / ; ## + - # . ## . #+ - .# ; 2 / # /8 # 7 . #0 # # /
. . . #2 % ( 2 . #. + ++ - / . +#//#2. 3% 4,6 . + # / 2 .
@
57 . - 2 $(1 . 0 / 45 $ . 0 / / # . + 0 / #0 #. # *
2 0 / #0 # #+ #+ - # . #+ - # . 0 0- 2 . .# ; 2 . /+# .# 0
0 0- /0#. 0 % + . #2. # . . 0 # / # . $(1 #+ - # .
# .# # V .# # .# 0. #+ $(1 45 $ 0 0- 0 # + - 2 #+ - 2
2 . #-. -# ":7 . + # . # . 7 # / 2 . / +# +# .
@
0 #+ 45 $ 2 . .0 // $(1 2 2 ./; / # 0 # - # )# . ' / . 0- #+
. .2 // + - .# ; 2 % D # 0# # / . /+# .# 0 # . # 0 0-
+ - . - 0 /#. +- 0 2 . . . + . / # # / #+ 45 $
7 # / #+ #+ - # . 0 0- . # #+ 7# + # + 0 . /+# # . 0
=
# / . / # 2 . 2 0 # # . + #+ 45 $ . + / . . #+

¥¤³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 11 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

#+ - # . 0 0- 2 . 8 - !9( . . #2 % . 00 2 # / / + . .# # #+ - # .
4) C . C 3 6 ;. #-. ? = @ F 0 0- +# # . # .0 / # / # .
. / )#0 C / /. #+ -# . 0 / . 2 . +# . + 0 # 0 # 7 $$ 1((C # #/ 0 2 .
C / /. 45 $ 2 0 ; -/ $(1 . .8 -/ 2 9:( # + - #+ - # .

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

$# # . + / 0 / ..2 . / / + #0 !9( 0 0- # / #. #/# ( -. ' /
2 . #2 % 4/ C# -/ C # # / + . .# # #+ - # . 0 0- 2 . #- -
$(1 . + 3 > H6 2 . /#2 # 45 $ . + .0 / 0 #+ - .# ; 2 / # /8 # 7 ;
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

3 ? H6 7 . . / 2 . /.# # . . 2 #-. # . #+ # / / 1 . /+#

+ #0 C / 0 0 0 . % 4 % C # . 0 # # # 0 0- . +
# . # 45 $ . + # + 0 . /+# # . .1 45 $ 2 . +# #- # // ++
0 # # . + #+ 45 $ + 0# / #+ $" + #0 ' # . .#/ # 2 / + . .# #
0 #+ - .# ; 2 +# $(1 ' / - 0 32 <0 6 .# # 3> < 0 6

5 !# 7 #0 .# #+ *) . +# $(1 45 $ . 0 / ,# ( 0 // . # +# # / # .. +
0 # )# !9( 2 . +# $(1 45 $ /# :/ 0 / . . +# . 0 / . 2 2 . . 0 + #0 !9( 2
. #7 : (C / 0 0 0 . #+ $(1 45 $
³
- . . #+ . /+# # .0 # 0 :. // . + . .# # ' / - 0 +# # . .
/ + . .# # +# 0 #+ 45 $ # / - / + # - +# #+ - # . 0 0- . #
+ #0 . / . . # 2 # / . /+# 45 $ . #2 // +# 0 #+ / -/ 3 / @ H
# . # # . + 45 $ - + .# # 1 .# # / .6 0 +/ # 1
# / 2 / # .. - / # . +# + # 3 H + # ++ +/ #+
2 0#/ / . 2 1.#/ -/ . # 0B 0 6 . / .# # .0 +/ # 1. # +#
/ 1 . /+# # . . / + #0 . / #. # # . // #+ . . / # .0 ;
# / 0 # #/ .# # +# # 45 $ # #+ 0#. #0 . 0 /. +# 0# / #+
. 2 2 . . .. / % 2 % - # . + #0 2 . 2
/ 1 . /+# # . # . + # -
// / #. .# # -/ #
. + . + # #. #+ / #.
#+ - # . 0 0- # # / # / + )
0 # . . . +# .# # # .. - /.# //#2 7 # # +/ . # /
# # . + . ++ . # 2 . +# . /' .#/
. . // . + . #0# / #. #
# .. / # / + . .# # ! 6
7 . 2# ; 2 . + // . # .# - C # /C /(
5# # #+ ) 3C#. < < < < >? < < ?? ?6
() ( I . /# 0 9 # 00 #+ )

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³¥¥³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 12 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
ãô ø ³ ¾ãéæâÕà”ãÚ”ÁÕèÙæÝÕàç”·ÜÙáÝçèæ픵³

3 > 5) > 5) 6 9 # 0 +# ) D = & # ! B " ( B B ) * J.

( #/ . # . 7 0 4 . 3 7W < =@6 Mater. Chem. A ? + 1 ==
( I B -# # #+ 9#/ 0 $ /. : 3C# < ( & % % % % E # ! * ) # B
.;/ 0 ?1 1 ? .;/ 0 <1 1 6 5 0 / . ! ! ! * J. Mater. Chem. A ? + < 1
<

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

5 . +# ) / 4 . . 3C# ? D. @<6
> B * 7 ( J. Mater. Chem. A < $
# ( 7 #/# # # 7 0 #+ (
1
9# 3E C# <7 6 3C# < < < = ?6 ? $ -/ 7 ( / C ( - C 7; I ' +
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

* . # / /.# ; # / -# # ? 1 ===@
@ 7 ( / /1 -. - . ?
(2 <??1<@<
- 7 ( / $ / 0 < +1 ? 1 ?==
9( 2 8 - " :. I 5 7 " %#+. 7 ( / + <
) # .# 4 F# E " * / > >? 1 >?
$ $ ? 1 ?? 7 ( / " 0 ( / ' + ? 1
$ $ I ( C F " - $ ( =<?
0 ; . Energ & Eeviron Sci. + @ ?<1@ 7 ( / F I E C #0 / 9#/ 0
C B 7# $ % ( . % ( ; 2 " /; $ $ 0- . :/. >
0 I ( ;; 0 = 5 7 ( / #0 /. +# 2
>1 ? 0 / . E E/#- ?
= 7 #- .# E $ $ // $ 9 C 0 = F I E / 7 ( / C ; ( 2 / '
Bioresource technol. 11 =?1 << * > @
< & * E # $ B ( # J. Mater. Chem. A < #. % ; J. Electrostat. < $+ < 1
< $ > 1 >@ >
> ) ) # " B % ! & B $ ( B ) > ! * E ( " 0 > 4
& # J. Hazard. Mater. 0$ =>?1=?@ = 1= =
? ! B B * B & # E 7 ( & ? 9 ( D ) . 0 9 ( ( D Polym. Rev.
! # & E & # J. Mater. Chem. A = >1 ? +1 =>?1< =
@ E &# J " Adv. Funct. Mater.
@ FI E I 0 C ; 7 ( / $ " ; @ 2
Adv Colloid Interfac. 4$ =1 = 7 I0 0 Journal Nanosci Nanotechno.
/.- " (0 B ! # B : % /-/ > 0 ?1
* / > + 4 = 5 1+ $ C & ! * 1 * & 12
5 9 / 5 5 $ :/ 0 / Chem. Soc. & # J. Mater. Chem. A ? + == 1 ===
Rev. < (( <@> 1<@ > = & # * ! B " ( ) * * *++
! # * B & ! 7 (# J & J. Mater. , < 1 >>= 1 >><?
Chem. A > ( >1 < = % 1* B ! ) # *1 & % 17 B 5 & # B 15
$ 9 0 ; ) B $ 0 F $ / . 1$ I ) ( 1% Adv. Funct. Mater. @< 1
0 > ? 1 ? < @<@
J B ( ) % 5E # " B J & # % % E ( # ! = $ % J * * ! *& # ) & # *
* J = 00 =@<1= *++ , ? 4 < > 1 < ?=
= % B ; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. > (+ == ! ) 7 & * ! * & # ( ( ) & #
>1 J. Mater. Chem. B ? + ? @>1?
< E 5 * $ ! % Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. =< ! & & # * * & # ( ( ) & # J.
< +( >@1 @> Membr. Sci. ? +$+ <@1 >?
> % & ! ) E # Adv. Funct. Mater. $ => $ % J * & * & # ) & # * *++
> 1 ? , ? 4 ==?@ 1==?
? *& ( & ! # * B " B ! % ! B =? ! % * 7 B & # * & # ( ( )
% J. Mater. Chem. A < $ ? =1? & # ( > 1 = 1=
@ ! $ " * ( J & & ) % =@ ) & # ! 5 ( ( Prog. Mater. Sci.
B * *++ , < 1 1 +2 ?>1 <
. ) F . ( /8 " ) # 5 .0 / ! B = ) & # ( C $ 7 ( ( Prog. Polym. Sci.
) ( 0 ; . Chem. Soc. Rev. ? (0 $0 = 1 <
> =>1? < ( ) ! & ! & ( % * & # )
" F I * 22 & # J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E. 2017, 82, 179–188.
> =1> < & * % * $ ) ) B 5 // ( ( (
/ Chem. rev. < ? 1< % * & @ = 1 =
! E ! (# $ % & # E * % & & < 5 ( C B ) ) * ( ( ) & #
% & # 9 I *# J. Mater. Chem. A > ( Surf. Interface Anal. (( @ 1@ =
=@ =1 =@ > < 5 ( C *& # B " ( ( ( ) & # Acta
" . # I ( ; 8; . ( / 2 % $ Biomater. 1 ? 1 @
:/1I Chem. Mater. < 1 = 1 <@

¥ ³ ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÅ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³
Page 13 of 14 Journal of Materials Chemistry A
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B
Ý ôÿ³ ù³àô ø üôÿ ³Öûø ü ³Ô” ” ÄÕäÙæ”

<= % (# 5 % 5 ! C B I ) & # J.
Membr. Sci. = (1 1 ?
<< " 9 - " J # 7 ) / $ $ - 7
C (0 % // ( $ E ) #.-
@ $+4 1 =

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

<> & ) * 9 * C# 8 / % B 9 !
* 9 40 B C B C 5 ## D E & #
* & @ < 1 <
Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

<? $ & * 7 ! * 15 & # ) 1( & # J.

Ind. Eng. Chem. > $( = <1=
<@ ( # 1% ( # * *++ , ? 4
< 1 >
< ! &# I I0 5 ( " ( %. # " )
($ == 1==
> ( ) # ( * B B # ( 1% " " ) $ %
# ; * % 9 ; Int. J. Biol. Macromol. = $(
= 1 <>
> 7 . 2 ##0 * %# #DD 2 2 ( D 0
B * # $ C ; / ) 9 0 #0 9
I##0- # . ; 9( #/ Eur. Polym.
J. < ( = 1=
> ) $ 1 0 $ C ; / 9 ( #/
Macromo. Chem. Phys. = 5+ ?1 @
> ) C & 9 ) ) B $ ) & # J.
Hazard. Mater. > $ 2 <<1 ><
>= ! 5 B 5 $ % & B " &
J. Am. Chem. Soc. = 0 > 1>
>< 5 ! & B 5 B +
?<1 @
>> I % ! ! $ ! J. Mater. Chem. A
? + =? 1 =?
>? B & * & " 7 & ! ( B E
*B $ ) Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1354.
>@ & & ) B & # ( B 5 ) % ( * * -
* ? + @ ? 1 @ @
> ! & ) ) & # B $ ( ( ) & #
- +" 0 ? 1@
? ( % ( # I (# $ E $ / ( ( /1 - (
( ## & < 1 ? 1 ??
? B B *1 B ( & % - *
> ( >1 ==
? 1E B 1 I 0 $ E $ / ( ( /1 - $ 7
(2 ( ( ## & < 1 ?1 <
? " % 9 / 7 # ) 7 8 &
> 1
?= J & ! " & ! * B# B ( # -
* ? + ? >1? <
?< / 5 #0- / # ) 7# B #; -
1 2 = 02 <>1 ><
?> ) / -# / & / 8 74 ' + ? 1
?? & # * ! B " ( & ) *
( < $0 ?<1 @
?@ ( B & & B B & * 3 0
> 1 < 1< @
? % 1: $ # * * 7D 7 B - 1 2
< 2$ ? 1?
@ B $ $ % $ 5 B# / # )
( + / 5 B $ /# B % ) $ #.# ( )#
& 3- ? ( @?1 =

çûü ³ý ôÿ³ü ³6³çûø³å ôÿ³æ öüø ³ ù³Öûø ü ³Åà ³ ÝÁ³ ô ø Á¿³ÅÃÄÆ¿³¤¤¿³ÄÀƳ ³¥ ³

ãÿøô ø³÷ ³ ³ô÷ý ³ ô úü ³

 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Page 14 of 14
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8TA04005B

Table of Contents

Journal of Materials Chemistry A Accepted Manuscript

Published on 13 June 2018. Downloaded by University of Massachusetts - Amherst on 13/06/2018 07:12:43.

Nanofibrous membranes with surface migration of hydrophilic and

negatively-charged groups was designed for ultrafast water purification and smart
dyes separation.